枕颈部发育畸形致脊髓压迫症与损伤的关系

旨在对７５例上颈椎和枕部发育畸形的类型，临床特点及影像学表现进行研究。全组均有不同类型齿状突发育畸形，其中合并寰椎枕骨化１７例，颅底凹陷畸形１１例，根据畸形特点和稳定程度选择寰枢椎融合２９例，枕颈减压融合术４６例，结果７３例获骨性愈合，随访２６个月，优良者５９例（８１．９％）。     

枕颈CD内固定在枕颈融合术中的应用

目的：研究枕颈CD内固定在枕颈融合术中的价值和作用。方法：对13例上颈椎不稳患者行枕颈部自体植骨融合枕颈CD内固定术。其中包括寰枢椎肿瘤4例,陈旧性寰枢椎骨折脱位4例,枕寰枢椎复合性畸形4例,陈旧性横韧带断裂伴寰椎前脱位1例。结果：13例患者均获随访5－27个月,平均10个月。所有病例植骨均完全愈合,无一例发生枕颈CD椎板钩及螺钉松动等并发症。结论：枕颈CD可提供有效的节段固定,适用于枕颈不稳的治疗。     

枕颈融合Cervifix内固定术

目的：研究Cetwifix内固定在枕颈融合术中的价值和作用。方法：对47例上颈椎不稳患者行枕颈部自体植骨融合Cervifix内固定术，其中陈旧性寰枢椎骨折脱位14例，枕寰枢椎复合性畸形13例，寰枢椎肿瘤10例(其中原发性寰枢椎肿瘤6例，转移性寰枢椎肿瘤4例)，寰枢椎类风湿性关节炎伴寰椎前脱位8例，寰枢椎结核2例。结果：47例患者均获随访，时问3～38个月，平均9个月。46例植骨愈合，1例植骨块部分吸收骨不连。31例颈髓神经压迫症状均有不同程度的改善。无一例发生Cetwifix内固定螺钉松动等并发症。结论：Cervifix内固定可提供坚强有效的节段性固定，适用于枕颈不稳的治疗。     

枕颈部畸形与创伤的手术治疗

目的 探讨枕颈部畸形与创伤的手术疗效。方法 回顾性分析经手术治疗的7例枕颈部畸形与6例枕颈部创伤引起脊髓压迫症的临床资料。结果 13例均得以随访，时间为8个月～74个月，7例枕颈部畸形予以彻底减压，作枕颈融合术，现恢复正常工作和生活j例，生活能自理，但不能劳动2例；6例枕颈部创伤致齿状突骨折伴寰枢椎脱位，能复位4例，其中3例行寰枢椎融合术，1例行齿状突螺钉内固定术，不能复位2例予以寰椎后弓切除枕颈融合术，现恢复正常工作和生活3例，生活能自理．能参加轻便工作2例，不能参加劳动1例。结论 手术减压(或复位)和重建稳定是手术成功的关键。     

复杂寰枕部畸形伴右位心1例报告

正寰枕部畸形主要是指枕骨底部及第1、2颈椎先天发育异常并伴有神经系统和软组织发育异常的一种先天性畸形疾病,包括扁平颅底、颅底凹陷、寰椎融合、颈椎分节不全(Klippel-Feil综合征)、寰枢椎脱位(Arnold-Chiari畸形)等多种多样的畸形,如果同时存在两种以上的畸形则称为复杂寰枕部畸形[1]。据美国国家卫生研究院(NIH)统     

经枕颈后外侧入路行畸形齿突切除术

探索枕寰区畸形的外科治疗途径。方法在详细研究枕颈部解剖结构后,采用经枕颈后外侧入路先行枕骨大孔扩大及寰椎后弓切除减压,然后经枕颈区硬脊膜侧方显露齿突及Ｃ２椎体的后方,用高速磨钻切除畸形的齿突。作者于１９９７年１月－１９９８年１月和此术式治疗枕寰区畸形８例,其中５例合并寰枢椎脱位者行一期枕颈植骨融合。结果全组患者无手术死亡及术后感染。术后随访６－１８个月,发现８例患者躯体感觉接近正常,四肢肌张力明显     

难复性寰枢脱位的影像学表现与前方减压术式选择初探

目的：研究难复性寰枢脱位的影像学特征,探讨延、脊髓前方减压术式的选择。方法：回顾性分析了36例难复性寰枢脱位患者颅颈区X光片、CT和MRI,其中27例作了经后外侧入路前方减压术。结果：23例为枢椎完整型寰枢脱位,其寰椎侧块前移,有3例并寰椎前下旋转,4例并侧方移位,3例单侧关节脱位较严重;21例合并寰椎桃化,其中2例有枕大孔（即枕化的寰椎孔）不规则狭窄,1例有齿突椎体化畸形。13例为齿突不连型寰枢脱位,其中寰椎后脱位1例;寰椎前脱位为半脱位者8例（其中1例为“齿突骨”）,全脱位者4例。术后CT显示,经后外侧入路前方减压的27例中23例骨性减压满意。结论：就前方减压而言,经后外侧入路的治疗有寰椎“旋转”,齿突畸形（如齿突椎体化、“齿突骨”等）或枕大孔不规则狭窄等的寰枢脱位有其优势,经口入路松解并牵引复位治疗齿突不连的寰枢椎全脱位较合理。     

枢椎椎弓根钉板结合对侧椎板钉棒固定在寰枢椎及枕颈固定中的应用

目的探讨后路单侧枢椎椎弓根钉板系统结合对侧枢椎椎板钉棒系统在寰枢关节及枕颈固定中的临床疗效。方法后路单侧椎弓根钉板系统结合对侧枢椎椎板钉棒系统寰枢椎固定及枕颈固定11例,新鲜Ⅱ型齿突骨折5例,陈旧性齿突骨折3例,寰椎枕骨化畸形2例,寰枢椎不稳1例。单侧椎弓根发育狭小者6例,单侧椎动脉优势型2例,一侧椎动脉高跨2例,寰椎枕骨化畸形寰枢关节脱位行钉板系统固定失效后再次手术1例。寰枢椎固定9例,枕颈固定2例,1例难复型寰枢关节脱位行经口咽前路松解+后路复位内固定融合术,术后内固定失效行翻修手术。全部患者行后路寰枢或枕颈固定植骨融合术。比较术前、术后JOA评分变化,术后随访X线片及CT,观察寰枢椎复位及融合情况。结果所有患者均得到随访,随访时间6~32个月,平均16个月。全组患者无一例发生脊髓或椎动脉损伤,寰枢椎得到解剖复位,临床症状得到不同程度改善。术后JOA评分13~16分,平均14.9分,术前、术后JOA评分改善率为76%~92%,平均83%,术后半年复查CT显示均获得骨性融合,未见寰枢椎失稳或复位丢失征象,固定螺钉位置良好。结论单侧枢椎椎弓根钉板系统结合对侧枢椎椎板钉棒系统行寰枢关节及枕颈固定临床疗效可靠,但缺少临床对比研究。     

借助于枢椎椎板钉重建寰枢关节稳定的初步临床报告

目的 探讨以枢椎椎板置钉法完成寰枢或枕颈固定,用以治疗寰枢关节不稳的可行性.方法 对枢椎椎弓根畸形或椎动脉异位的病例以枢椎椎板置钉的方法 完成寰枢或枕颈固定.如果一侧枢椎椎弓根是大致正常的,就在该侧用椎弓根钉固定,在对侧用枢椎椎板钉固定.在寰椎以侧块螺钉固定,在枕骨以短螺钉固定.用连接棒在寰枢或枕枢间连接.在寰枢后弓间或枕骨与枢椎椎弓间植入颗粒状松质骨.结果 共完成了9个病例,其中寰枢固定2例,枕颈固定7例.使用一侧枢椎椎弓根钉固定、另一侧枢椎椎板钉固定6例,两侧均为椎板钉固定3例.9例均得到随访,随访时间4-13个月(平均9个月).所有病例均得到骨性融合.有神经症状的8例中,症状改善情况为:优3例,良1例,可2例,无变化2例.1例椎板钉进入了椎管.所有病例均没有出现脊髓和椎动脉损伤症状.结论 枢椎椎板置钉操作简便、安全,固定效果可靠.可以作为枢椎椎弓根置钉固定的后备方法 ,适用于椎弓根畸形或椎动脉异位的病例.     

儿童上颈椎畸形及不稳的手术治疗远期疗效评价

目的评价儿童枕颈部发育畸形早期临床特点和评价10年以上的远期手术治疗效果.方法回顾42例儿童枕颈畸形诊断要点及经手术减压和寰枢椎、枕颈融合术对脊髓功能、稳定功能、枕颈部发育的影响,并观察远期治疗效果.结果(1)枕颈和寰枢椎植骨均获坚强骨性融合;(2)37例术前神经功能障碍,33例完全恢复,2例神经根刺激症,2例仍有轻微脊髓压迫症状;(3)38例术后长达10年以上未发生枕颈发育障碍,4例发育后出现轻度畸形,其中1例轻度后伸,3例枕颈前屈.结论儿童枕颈部发育畸形早期作出诊断,在无脱位和明显脊髓压迫症出现之前手术稳定,对防止加重脊髓功能障碍有重要作用,并对其生长发育无明显影响.     

枕颈部畸形合并颈脊髓空洞症的外科治疗

报告８例枕颈部畸形合并颈脊髓空洞症（Ｃｈｉａｒｉ畸形Ａ型）并经手术治疗。根据临床表现和影像学（ＭＲＩ）征象，应用枕骨大孔扩大，寰椎后弓切除减压，枕颈自体髂骨植骨融合及脊髓空洞蛛网膜下腔分流术。术后症状和体征明显改善７例，无变化１例。本文对有临床症状的Ｃｈｉａｒｉ畸形的发病和治疗进行了讨论．     

Clinical significance of congenital fusion of cervical vertebrae: a report of 87 cases

Based on clinical analysis of 87 cases with congenital fusion of cervical vertebrae, the clinical significance of these lesions was discussed in detail. It was found that the C 2-3 and then the C 3-4 were the sites of frequent involvement. Fusion of 2 to 3 segments was common and showed no clinical signs of abnormality, nor associated with any other malformations. While fusion of multiple segments, though rare, was often associated with other anomalies such as short neck, lowered posterior hair line, webbed neck and malformation of internal organs and other bones. Single lesion does not give rise to symptoms until late when degenerative changes have taken place in the unfused vertebrae in most cases, or following trauma in occasional patients, usually of neurologic upsets. However, fusion at several especially levels, fusion of C 2-3 with occipitalization of atlas predisposes the nerve to damage. In short, remedy is only necessary for cases with symptoms: conservative treatment for those with symptoms caused by radiculopathy, and operation for those with symptoms of myelopathy.     

钢板螺钉内固定在枕颈融合中的应用

目的探讨钢板螺钉内固定在枕颈融合中应用的疗效。方法1999年3月-2003年7月，应用钢板螺钉内固定枕颈融合治疗难以复位的寰枢椎脱位并脊髓压迫11例，其中齿突陈旧性骨折并寰椎前脱位7例，齿突发育不良并寰椎后脱位4例。结果寰枢椎脱位获得不同程度的复位，脊髓压迫解除，神经功能明显改善，枕颈部3～5个月骨性融合。结论对于难以复位的寰枢椎脱位应用钢板螺钉内固定枕颈融合术，不但固定较牢固可靠、简便，有利于植骨融合，而且还有一定的复位作用。     

Posterior fixation and fusion with atlas pedicle screw system for upper cervical diseases

Objective： To evaluate the feasibility, safety and efficacy of atlas pedicle screws system fixation and fusion for the treatment of upper cervical diseases.
Methods： Twenty-three consecutive patients with upper cervical disorders requiring stabilization, including 19 cases of atlantoaxial dislocation （4 congenital odontoid disconnections, 6 old odontoid fractures, 4 fresh odontoid fractures of Aderson Ⅱ C, 3 ruptures of the C1 transverse ligament, and 2 fractures of C1）, 2 cases of C2 tumor （instability after the resection of the tumors）, and 2 giant neurilemomas of C2-C3（instability after resection of the tumors）, were treated by posterior fixation and fusion with the atlas pedicle screw system, in which the screws were inserted through the posterior arch of C1. The operative time, bleeding volume and complications were reported. All patients were immobilized without external fixation or with rigid cervical collars for 1-3 months. All patients were followed up and evaluated with radiographs and CT.
Results： In the 23 patients, 46 C1 pedicle screws, 42 C2 pedicle screws and 6 lower cervical lateral mass screws and 2 lower cervical pedicle screws were placed. The mean operative time and bleeding volume was 2.7 hours and 490 ml respectively. No intraoperative complications were directly related to surgical technique. No neurological, vascular or infective complications were encountered. All patients were followed up for 3-36 months （average 15 months）. Firm bony fusion was documented in all patients after 3-6 months. One patient with atlas fracture showed anterior occipitocervical fusion. There was no implant failure. Conclusions： Posterior fixation and fusion of the atlas pedicle screw system is feasible and safe for the treatment of upper cervical diseases, and may be applicable to a larger number of patients.     

经后路寰椎椎弓根螺钉系统内固定融合术治疗上颈椎疾患

目的探讨经后路寰椎椎弓根螺钉系统内固定融合术治疗上颈椎疾患的可行性、方法、疗效和适应证。方法2004年10月～2006年1月,采用后路寰椎椎弓根螺钉系统内固定融合术治疗17例上颈椎疾患患者。男13例,女4例;年龄19～52岁。寰枢椎脱位14例,其中先天性齿状突不连3例,陈旧齿状突骨折4例,新鲜齿状突骨折（C型）2例,寰椎横韧带断裂3例,寰椎骨折2例;枢椎肿瘤2例;C2、3巨大神经鞘膜瘤1例。术前JOA评分8.3±3.0分。结果17例手术时间2.1～3.4h,平均2.7h;出血量300～750ml,平均490ml。术中未发生椎动脉和脊髓损伤。1枚寰椎椎弓根螺钉前端穿透侧块内上皮质约3mm,但未影响寰枕关节活动,余位置满意。患者全部获3～18个月定期随访。螺钉位置良好,无钉棒断裂、变形及松动,3～6个月后患者均获植骨融合。术后3个月JOA评分14.6±2.2分,恢复率73%～91%,平均82%。结论经后路寰椎椎弓根螺钉系统内固定融合术治疗上颈椎疾患具有可行性,若术中操作得当,其疗效较好,适应证较广。     

Congenital atlanto-axial dislocation

Report about 105 personally operated cases of congenital atlanto-axial dislocation. This fairly common malformation in India occurs three times more in males than in females, 50% show symptoms before the age of 20 years, the other half during the third decade of life. Transient attacks of cervical cord compression occur with progressive motor and posterior column defect, and sometimes unconsciousness and cerebellar involvement are characteristic. The diagnosis is proved by X-rays including tomograms and dynamic studies. Three types of malformation can be differentiated: Group I with assimilation of the atlas, group II with anomalies of the odontoid process and group III with a normal atlas and axis. The different types and subtypes are described in detail as well as the pathological and pathogenic factors. The treatment and personal experiences show that the early treatment with posterior decompression, sometimes combined with posterior fusion was unsuccessful and resulted in a high mortality and morbidity. The antero-lateral approach, described by the author proved to be the method choice. The prognosis is dependent on the extent of the damage to the cord before treatment. Early diagnosis and treatment lead to excellent results.     

Acute traumatic atlas fractures: management and long term outcome

Fractures of the 1st cervical vertebra (C1) represent 7% of all acute cervical spine fractures. Isolated atlas fractures are most commonly bilateral or multiple fractures through the ring of C1. Frequently (44% of cases), the atlas will be fractured in combination with the axis. Treatment of isolated C1 fractures should be governed by the rules of Spence. The treatment of combination C1-C2 fractures is dictated by the type and severity of the C2 fracture. Experience with 57 cases of acute atlas fractures is reviewed. Nonoperative external immobilization was used in 53 patients (with 1 failure), and early surgical wiring and fusion were performed in 4 patients. The long term outcome from an atlas fracture is good (median follow-up, 40 months).     

经寰椎"椎弓根"螺钉内固定技术的临床应用

目的：探讨经寰椎“椎弓根”螺钉内固定技术的手术可操作性和临床疗效。方法：对42例寰枢椎脱位并有高位颈脊髓受压症状及体征的患者应用经寰椎“椎弓根”螺钉内固定技术治疗，术前均行X线、CT等影像学检查；术中在直视下行C1、C2置钉，复位固定，椎板后弓植骨。其中16例难复性寰枢椎脱位采用经口腔前路松解，一期后路经寰椎“椎弓根”螺钉复位固定融合。术后颈托固定3个月。结果：42例84枚螺钉均成功置入，复位固定满意。术后36例获3-42个月随访，平均18．6个月，患者均在3～6个月寰枢椎骨性融合，未发现螺钉松动、断钉和寰枢椎再移位现象。其中4枚螺钉穿入椎动脉孔内缘1mm，但无椎动脉损伤的临床表现。31例患者脊髓功能明显改善，5例好转。结论：经寰椎“椎弓根”螺钉内固定技术具有直视下置钉、短节段固定、术中复位、融合率高等特点，为寰枢椎脱位患者的治疗提供了一种较好的内固定术式。     

Atlas hypoplasia associated with non-traumatic retro-odontoid mass

A 38-year-old man presented with progressive cervical myelopathy due to atlas hypoplasia associated with non-traumatic retro-odontoid mass. The neuroimaging findings suggested hypertrophy of the transverse ligament of the atlas. No histological confirmation of the retro-odontoid mass was obtained. Clinical manifestations improved after posterior decompression. Decompressive laminectomy of the atlas with or without fusion can achieve a good outcome in such cases.     

先天性寰枕融合和/或C2-3融合与颅底凹陷症发病机制的关系

目的:通过对颅底凹陷症患者的影像学观察和测量,探讨寰枕融合和/或C2-3融合在颅底凹陷症发病机制中的意义。方法:选择我院自2009年3月～2011年12月治疗的50例伴有寰枢椎脱位的颅底凹陷症患者(观察组),行颅骨正侧位摄片及包含颅底部的颈椎CT扫描和三维重建,统计其中寰枕融合、C2-3融合、寰椎侧块楔形变、枢椎上关节面斜坡化的例数。并从医院数据库调用相同年龄性别分布的50例正常人的头颅影像数据作为对照。测量两组人群的枕骨斜坡角(α)、齿状突顶点到Chamberlain线的距离(a)、齿状突顶点到枕骨大孔的距离(b)、硬颚后缘投影点距离寰椎侧块下缘的距离(h)、颈脊髓脑干角(β)等参数。比较两组间的差异。结果:50例颅底凹陷症患者中40例(80%)合并寰枕融合(C0-1),28例(56%)合并C2-3融合(其中1例为C2-3-4)融合,20例同时合并C0-1、C2-3融合(40%),49例合并寰椎侧块楔形变。观察组α平均131°±11°,对照组平均135°±8°,两组间比较差异无显著性(P>0.05)。观察组a、b、h及β值分别为-8.6±3.7mm、-5.1±2.3mm、4.8±1.8mm及129°±15°,对照组分别为6.9±2.9mm、9.6±3.7mm、17.7±2.3mm及156°±17°,两组间比较差异均有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:先天性寰枕融合可以导致枢椎齿状突高位,这可能是形成颅底凹陷症的解剖基础;寰椎侧块楔形变及枢椎上关节面斜坡化可造成的寰枢关节结构性不稳;C0-1和/或C2-3融合导致C1/2之间的应力集中和寰枢关节的运动负荷增加,这可能是引发寰枢椎脱位的另一重要解剖因素。