原位肝移植后初期肝功能不良危险因素分析

目的分析原位肝移植后导致初期肝功能不良(IPGF)发生的危险因素.资料与方法分析36次原位肝移植.肝移植术后72 h内ALT和(或)AST>1500 IU/L作为IPGF组,<1500 IU/L作为非IPGF组.受体肝移植前分析指标为年龄、原发疾病、Child分级;供肝分析指标为热缺血时间、冷保存时间、冷保存末期肝活检;手术分析指标为受体手术时间、无肝期时间.结果供肝热缺血时间IPGF组显著高于非IPGF组(P=0.04),IPGF组受体肝功能Child C者、供肝冷保存时间均高于非IPGF组,但未达到显著性差异,其余因素两组无差异(P>0.05).结论供肝热缺血时间是引起IPGF的危险因素,肝移植前肝功能Child C级、供肝冷保存时间可能是潜在危险因素.     

肝移植术后初始肝功能不良的危险因素分析

目的 分析肝移植术后导致初始肝功能不良(IPGF)的危险因素.方法 随机选取2004年4月至11月行肝移植的32例患者为观察对象;将肝移植术后3 d内血清丙氨酸转氨酶(AI一)和/或天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)峰值≥1 500 U/L的受者分为IPGF组,<1 500 U/L的受者分为非IPGF组.受者肝移植前分析指标为:年龄和MELD评分;供者分析指标为:年龄,供肝冷保存时间(CIT),供肝冷保存末期(Pr)、门脉灌注后4 h(Po)以及缺血再灌注损伤(IRI)的活检病理学评分;手术中的分析指标为:受者手术时间和移植肝复温缺血时间(RWIT).结果 所有受者术后均获得长期随访.32例受者中,IPGF组有10例,非IPGF组有22例.IPGF组和非IPGF组移植肝复温缺血时间分别为(55.00±12.91)min和(41.55±8.55)min,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);IPGF组术后肝功能恢复时间显著长于非IPGF组(P<0.01);IPGF组受者术后感染率明显高于非IPGF组(P<0.05).两组移植肝总体存活率分别为90.0%和95.5%,差异无统计学意义.两组移植肝按P0评分和IRI评分中的重度损伤标准发生IPGF的概率与轻、中度损伤比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 经二项分类logistic回归分析发现,移植肝复温缺血时间和缺血再灌注损伤是引起IPGF的危险因素.     

以6种血清酶监测肝移植及预后的探讨

目的 探讨肝功常用6种血清酶ALT、AST、LDH、GGT、ALP、HBDH,监测肝移植.方法 分析49例原位肝移植术后72 h内AST或ALT＞2000 IU/L作为移植物初期功能不良(IPGF)组,＜2000 IU/L作为非IPGF组.分析存活＞3个月组34例(＞34M组)和＜34M组15例及移植后12天肝酶的动态变化.结果 IPGF组11例,非IPGF组38例.6种肝功酶IPGF组降ALP外其余均显著高于非IPGF组,且IPGF组的存活率较低.移植后12天后期LDH＞250 U/L预后不好,＜250 U/L预后较好.GGT升高峰值出现早的预后较好,反之差.结论 转氨酶对判别IPGF和预后有重要意义.LDH和GGF也是较好的预后指标.     

心脏死亡器官捐赠供受者术前及术后早期临床指标对肝移植预后的影响

目的 探讨心脏死亡器官捐赠(DCD)供受者术前及术后早期各项临床指标对受者预后的影响.方法 回顾性分析60例DCD肝移植供受者的临床资料.术前指标包括:供者年龄、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST);受者年龄、血肌酐、胆红素总量(TBil)、国际标准化比值(INR)、白蛋白、终末期肝病模型(MELD)评分、体质量指数;供肝热缺血时间和冷缺血时间.将术后72 h内ALT或(和)AST＞ 1500 U/L定义为术后早期肝功能恢复不良.应用Kaplan-Meier法对受者总体存活进行生存分析,应用log-rank检验进行存活影响因素的单因素分析,进一步应用多因素COX比例风险回归模型筛选独立影响因素.结果 60例DCD肝移植受者1和3年累积存活率分别为76％和62％.供者术前ALT、AST、供肝热缺血时间以及受者术前肌酐、MELD评分、供肝冷缺血时间、术后早期肝功能恢复不良的发生为受者预后的单因素分析影响因素.进一步筛选出热缺血时间(相对危险度=1.318,95％可信区间为1.173～1.481,P=0.000)为DCD肝移植受者预后的独立影响因素.结论 DCD供肝热缺血时间为影响肝移植受者预后的独立影响因素,控制热缺血时间有利于改善DCD受者的预后.     

改良小鼠肝移植模型建立

目的 建立改良的小鼠原位肝移植模型,探讨较优的手术方式.方法选取体质量相近的昆明小鼠作为供、受体,在两袖套法的基础上,将小鼠肝移植术划分为:供体准备手术、受体准备手术、取肝和整肝及供肝植入手术;提高肝上下腔静脉吻合质量;改进门静脉、下腔静脉及胆总管重建方法;缩短供肝冷缺血时间.检测受体小鼠术后14 d血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)及谷草转氨酶(AST)水平,并与正常小鼠比较.术后14 d切取移植物行病理学检查.结果 供肝冷缺血时间＜45 min,手术成功率达85%,术后小鼠远期存活率近78.5%.术后14 d受体小鼠血清中ALT含量为(35.7±5.8)U/L,AST含量为(110.3±13.9)U/L;与正常小鼠血清中ALT[(31.3±9.5)U/L]及AST[(113.3±15.0)U/L]水平比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).病理学检查示未见缺血再灌注损伤表现.结论 改良的模型制作手术成功率高,供肝冷缺血时间短,是一种较为理想的小鼠肝移植研究模型.     

活体肝移植术后早期移植物功能不良的危险因素分析

目的分析活体肝移植受体发生早期移植物功能不良(IPGF)的危险因素。方法回顾性分析309例活体肝移植病例资料。备选危险因素:(1)供体因素,包括年龄、性别、体质量指数(BMI);(2)受体因素,包括年龄、性别、BMI,术前肝功能Child-Pugh分级、终末期肝病模型(MELD)评分、术前肾功能不全、血清总胆红素升高、低钠血症、低钾血症;(3)移植物因素,包括移植物冷缺血时间、移植物与受体体质量比(GRWR);(4)受体手术因素:总手术时间、失血量、输血量、输血小板和无肝期≥100 min。对以上因素进行单因素分析,找出IPGF的潜在危险因素,并进行Logistic回归分析以找出独立危险因素。结果与结论受体术前肝功能Child-Pugh C级、MELD评分≥20分、血清总胆红素升高(68.4μmol/L)、低钠血症(135 mmol/L)、低钾血症(3.5 mmol/L)和无肝期≥100 min是IPGF的潜在危因素(均为P0.05),其中受体术前肝功能Child-Pugh C级为活体肝移植发生IPGF的独立危险因素(P=0.019)。     

冷缺血时间对脑-心双死亡供肝移植术后早期肝功能的影响

目的 探讨冷缺血时间(cold ischemic time,CIT)对脑-心双死亡(donation after brain plus cardiac death,DBCD)供肝肝移植术后早期肝功能的影响.方法 前瞻性地评估DBCD供肝肝移植术后1周肝功能的变化,通过与心脏死亡(donation after cardiac death,DCD)供肝肝移植比较,分析CIT与术后1周肝功能受损程度的相关性以及早期肝功能受损程度与术后早期并发症的相关性.结果 DBCD组CIT时间较DCD组明显缩短(4.6±1.8h比7.9±3.7h,P=0.002).DBCD组术后第1、3天ALT明显低于DCD组(535±227 IU/L比864±386 IU/L,P=0.026;254±94 IU/L比519±165 IU/L,P=0.003),相应的DBCD术后早期相关并发症发生率也明显低于DCD组(26.7％比57.1％,P=0.03).CIT时间长短与术后1周肝功能受损程度明显正相关(r2=0.914,P＜0.001),而术后早期肝功能的受损程度则与术后早期并发症的严重程度明显正相关(rs=0.791,P=0.002).结论 DBCD供肝肝移植具有较短的冷缺血时间,移植术后早期肝功能受损程度明显减轻,术后早期相关并发症也相应减少.DBCD是当前较为理想的供肝肝移植治疗模式.     

用于再灌注损伤研究的两种肝移植模型的筛选

目的:筛选一种用于研究肝移植过程中缺血再灌注损伤的大鼠肝移植模型.方法:将SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(S组)、原位肝移植组(OLT组)与自体肝移植组(AT组).比较各组大鼠手术时间、存活率及术后24 h血清中总胆红素(TB)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)及血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量,观察肝组织形态学改变.结果:与S组相比OLT组、AT组术后血清TB、ALT、AST升高明显,AT组较OLT组术后存活率明显提高,血清TB、ALT、AST及TNF-α含量明显降低,肝形态异常变化减轻(P<0.05).结论:自体肝移植模型手术简单、成功率高、可比性强,且排除了免疫损伤的影响,更好地反映了肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的病理生理过程,比较适宜作为肝移植缺血再灌注损伤研究的动物模型.     

供肝缺血预处理对大鼠肝移植缺血再灌注损伤的保护性作用

目的：探讨供肝热缺血预处理对大鼠供肝冷缺血再灌注（I/R）损伤中的保护作用及其机制。方法：采用SD大鼠建立原位肝移植动物模型，供肝冷缺血期为120 min，受体无肝期16～20min。随机分为3组：假手术组，获取供肝前仅作肝脏周围韧带的解剖;肝移植组，获取供肝前不作肝门阻断;缺血预处理（IPC）组，获取供肝前阻断肝门5min，再灌注5min。术后2，4，24，72h检测血清ALT、抗氧化酶活力、血清NO水平及细胞因子TNF-α。结果：肝移植组及IPC组术后ALT及过氧化物含量均明显高于假手术组，而IPC组低于肝移植组(P﹤0.05)，其抗氧化酶活力较移植组明显升高（P﹤0.05）; NO水平在IPC术后2，4，24，72h均显著高于假手术组，72h时肝移植组明显高于IPC组及假手术组(P﹤0.05)，而IPC组高于假手术组;肝移植组血清中TNF-α释放明显高于假手术组(P﹤0.05);IPC组TNF-α的释放显著低于肝移植组(P﹤0.05)。结论：供肝热缺血预处理对大鼠供肝冷缺血I/R损伤具有明显保护作用;其机制可能是IPC快速提高并稳定了血清中NO水平，降低了炎性细胞因子TNF-a的产生，从而减少移植肝细胞的损害。     

无心跳供肝发生胆道严重缺血性病变的危险因素分析

目的 探讨无心跳供肝发生严重胆道缺血性病变的危险因素.方法 北京朝阳医院2002年7月至2006年6月实施的同种异体原位肝移植病例中排除肝肾联合移植、二次肝移植、供受体ABO血型不符病例,统计人选病例131例,术后随访时间均>180 d.排除混杂因素后采用Logistic回归分析缺血再灌注相关性严重胆道并发症的危险因素.结果 无心跳供肝胆道二次热缺血时间>60 min是术后严重缺血性胆道并发症的独立危险因素.热缺血与冷保存协同作用于供肝,单独或同时延长热缺血、冷保存时间,术后严重缺血性胆道并发症发生率增高.结论 无心跳供肝热缺血或冷保存时间延长的协同作用以及胆道二次热缺血时间>60 min是肝移植术后严重缺血性胆道并发症的危险因素.将热缺血时间带入拟合直线回归方程可预知冷保存时间的相对"安全"时限.     

三种不同肝血流阻断法在肝脏手术中的应用

本文采用第一肝门阻断，常温下全肝血流阻断以及氏温灌注下全肝血流阻断等三种不同的肝血流阻断技术，以处理累及肝脏不同部位的肝肿瘤及肝外伤，作者描述了三种肝血流阻断技术的方法，各个方法应用的指征，并对肝脏缺血耐受的时限以及肝血流阻断技术在肝硬化病人中的应用等问题进行了讨论。     

Transplantation of a severely lacerated liver – a case report with review of the literature

Abstract:  Using lacerated livers for liver transplantation (LTx) can add an option to the extended donor criteria. We present an LTx case using a severely lacerated liver and review of the literature for reported cases. We used a high-grade lacerated liver from a 19-yr-old brain-dead patient caused by traffic accident. The liver had grade IV and II lacerations in the right and left lobe, respectively. Lacerations were managed by sealants, stitching and perihepatic packing. The liver was transplanted to a 49-yr-old man suffering from hepatocellular carcinoma on hepatitis C-induced liver cirrhosis. The two-yr follow-up was uneventful. All published LTx cases using traumatized livers (n = 18) were analyzed. The liver injury ranged from subcapsular hematoma to deep ruptures. Most reported lacerations were in the right lobe, which were managed by digital compression, suturing, electrocautery, and perihepatic packing. The reported complications were primary non- (18%), or poor function, liver abscess, bilioma, and subhepatic hematoma each in one case (5.5%). Six-month graft and patient survival were 71% and 88%, respectively. With meticulous management lacerated livers can be transplanted successfully. Because of complexity of the management, procurement and transplantation should be done by experienced liver surgeons. These organs are marginal grafts and should be offered to selected patients.     

原发性肝癌肝动脉和门静脉血液动力学变化的临床研究

应用彩色多普勒血流声像仪对４０例原发性肝癌病人的肝固有动脉和门静脉血流进行宣测定，并与１６例肝硬变病人和２０例正常人对比。结果发现：原发性肝癌病人肝固有动脉的血流速度、血流量显著高于正常人和肝硬变病人；门静脉血流量，与肝硬变病人相似，明显高于正常人，但门静脉血流速度低于正常人；肝固有动脉与门静脉供血比例高达１：１．４９，大于正常人和肝硬化病人。     

供肝切取与保存技术中几个关键环节的探讨

目的 探讨提高和完善供肝切取与保存技术，提高器官利用率，减少肝移植术后近、远期并发症的发生。方法 1995年5月至2005年6月我院实施了122例原位肝移植，采用腹腔器官联合快速切取技术进行了165例供肝和供肾联合切取，先行经肠系膜上静脉至门静脉插管，随即行腹主动脉插管，UW液原位灌洗。灌洗开始后优先处理胆道，用UW液经胆总管冲洗胆道。整块切取肝脏、双侧肾脏。回手术室进一步修剪，对变异的肝动脉（25例，20．5％）整形使之变为单支。结果 165例供肝热缺血时间120～310s，冷缺血时间260～840min。移植肝通血20～30min后均有金黄色胆汁分泌。术后均未发生原发性无功能和器官功能延迟。结论 对于脑死亡的供者器官切取采取原位灌洗，整块切取及体外修整，可最大限度地缩短热缺血时间，有效避免变异血管损伤，进而提高供者器官的利用率。确切的胆道冲洗对避免肝内外胆管自溶和术后胆道狭窄非常重要。良好的供肝切取与保存是移植成功的保证，可有效地减少手术并发症，进而取得良好的疗效。     

Highly symptomatic adult polycystic liver disease: options and results of surgical management

BACKGROUND: The majority of patients afflicted with adult polycystic liver disease (APLD) are asymptomatic. For those who are symptomatic, there are a variety of treatment procedures that have been proposed but these lack verification through long-term studies with respect to safety and long-term effectiveness. Choice of surgical procedure is related to the severity of APLD and morphology of the cysts within the liver. The aim of the present study was to analyse the immediate and long-term results of fenestration and combined resection-fenestration at Singapore General Hospital. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of clinical, operative, imaging and follow-up data was carried out for 12 patients (10 women and two men) with symptomatic APLD who underwent surgery from January 1992 to December 2000. The primary outcome measures assessed were postoperative alleviation of symptoms, performance status, complications, mortality and long-term recurrence of symptoms. RESULTS: Nine patients underwent 12 fenestration procedures and three patients had combined resection-fenestration. Fenestration was carried out for eight of nine patients with a dominant cyst morphology and combination resection-fenestration was carried out for those three patients with diffuse cyst morphology. There was no operative mortality and all patients were discharged from hospital free of their preoperative symptoms. Overall morbidity rate was 58%. The mean follow up for the present cohort was 29.3 months. Only two patients had recurrence of symptoms. One patient with dominant cyst morphology who underwent laparoscopic fenestration had recurrence at 26 and 43 months but this was successfully treated finally with open fenestration. The other patient had diffuse cyst morphology and was treated with fenestration for recurrent cyst infection that recurred 1 month postoperatively. This required subsequent intravenous antibiotics and percutaneous drainage for resolution of symptoms. CONCLUSION: Treatment for symptomatic APLD should be based on the morphology of the liver cysts. Fenestration is a safe and acceptable procedure for patients with a dominant cyst pattern where liver size can be reduced after the cysts collapse. A combination of resection-fenestration is suitable for those with a diffuse cyst pattern where grossly affected segments are resected in combination with fenestration to allow for reduction in liver size.     

Resolution of hypophosphatemia is associated with recovery of hepatic function in children with fulminant hepatic failure

Fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) is a rare but often fatal disease in children. Clinical and laboratory predictors of liver regeneration and recovery, however, have not been well established. We hypothesized that hypophosphatemia may indicate recovery of liver synthetic function in children with FHF. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of children with FHF who were admitted to UCLA and recovered hepatic function either spontaneously or by liver transplantation (LTx). Serum phosphate (Ph) and prothrombin time or international normalized ratio (INR) were compared over the patient's clinical course. Records of 39 children who spontaneously recovered experienced profound hypophosphatemia that resolved as liver synthetic function improved. Similar patterns were seen in the 84 children who recovered after LTx. We found that hypophosphatemia precedes the recovery of liver synthetic function in children with FHF who recovered with or without transplantation, and that Ph levels return to normal as liver synthetic function improves. These data suggest that hypophosphatemia may be a useful laboratory indicator of recovering liver function in children with FHF.     

肝癌肝切除手术方式的理论基础及临床价值

治愈性肝切除治疗肝癌的主要目的是切除有足够切缘的肿瘤,同时亦保留足够的余肝体积和功能以支持病人快速康复。近年来,肝脏外科发展迅速,新的切肝技术涌现。概括而言,肝切除手术仅有5个操作步骤,即：（1）分离韧带和游离肝脏。（2）阻断第一肝门的有关分支,即阻断有关切除肝脏部分的入肝血流及胆管。（3）阻断第三肝门的肝短静脉。（4）阻断第二肝门的有关肝静脉。（3）+（4）等同于阻断有关切除肝脏部分的出肝血流。（5）离断肝实质。此外,在关腹前须彻底止血清洗。不同肝切除方法以不同的顺序联合上述5个步骤。部分肝切除可分为解剖性与非解剖性肝切除。理论上,解剖性肝切除比非解剖性肝切除的优点多。因此,非解剖性肝切除只应施行在肿瘤位于数个肝段的交界处,或肿瘤较小并且位于肝脏周边的病人。解剖性肝切除是基于肝内解剖,将肝脏分为两个半肝,4个肝区（或扇区）和8个肝段。解剖性肝切除是根据肝内解剖平面进行,故出血较少且余肝功能较好。手术可在术前或术中计划,而且手术可遵循肿瘤学的原则进行。解剖性肝切除可采取以下方法进行：（1）基于肝脏表面解剖学标志和使用术中超声引导。（2）首先控制Glisson肝蒂供应准备切除的肝段。（3）术中超声引导穿刺供应将要切除肝段的门静脉分支,并注入染料。（4）使用球囊导管通过肠系膜上静脉的属支进行性阻断门静脉或注入染料。最新的三维可视化技术在肝脏领域的应用,使解剖性肝切除手术在术前可进行更好地规划。     

原位肝移植治疗终末期肝病9例初步报告

１９９３年９月至１９９６年７月分别为９例终末期肝病病人施行了原位肝移植术。其中４例为原发性肝脏恶性肿瘤，５例为良性终末期肝病。移植术式除１例背肽式肝移植和１例减体积肝移植外，其余７例均为原位全肝移植，并为１例多囊肝，多囊肾，合并肝，肾功能损害闰人施行了肝，肾联合移植术。     

AN INITIAL EXPERIENCE WITH A POSTERIOR INTRAHEPATIC APPROACH FOR LIVER RESECTIONS

This is a report of an initial experience using a recently devised posterior approach to the intrahepatic Glissonian sheaths of the liver, for the purpose of hepatic resections. Between February 1991 and October 1903. 22 patients. median age 58 years (range 36–77) underwent either a right or a left hepatectoiny or a segmentectomy procedure of the liver using this technique. Seventeen of these patients underwent this operation for malignant disease of the liver. Median operating time was 930 min (range 100–285) with nine of the 22 patients requiring an intra-operative blood transfusion. There was one postoperative death, from liver failure, and 17 of the patients were alive at the early time of reporting. It is concluded that this technique is a useful addition to the surgeon's armamentarium for operating on the liver.