先天性巨结肠免疫组织化学研究

为观察神经标志物PGP9．5和S－100蛋白在先天性巨结肠（HD）中的表达,采用一抗为抗PGP9．5和抗S－100蛋白的PAP免疫组织化学方法,探讨其在临床诊断中的意义。结果：（1）在对照组结肠壁神经丛中可见染色深浅不一的PGP9．5免疫反应阳性神经节细胞,神经纤维均匀分布在肠壁各层;神经节细胞胞体不表达S-100蛋白,表现为细胞状“空白区”。（2）HD结肠壁神经发育异常,PGP9．5和S－100蛋白免疫反应性神经纤维明显增生,分布紊乱,未见有PGP9．5阳性神经节细胞;在神经丛中,增生的S－100蛋白阳性神经纤维中偶见有细胞状的“空白”区。提示结肠壁神经发育异常是HD的主要病理生理变化,神经丛中PGP9．5阳性反应的细胞团块和S－100蛋白染色的神经丛中细胞状“空白”区,可特征性地提示神经节细胞的存在,用于HD的临床诊断敏感度高。     

S-100蛋白与Cathepsin D在先天性巨结肠诊断中的应用

目的观察S-100蛋白(S-100)和组织蛋白酶D(cathepsin D，CAD)在先天性巨结肠(Hirschspnmg’s disease，HD)中的表达。方法应用免疫组织化学染色观察25例HD患儿及10例对照组儿童结肠。结果(1)在正常对照组与HD扩张段组肠壁肌间和黏膜下层可见CAD只对神经丛中神经节细胞阳性表达，对神经纤维与神经胶质细胞均不表达。S-100染色与CAD染色相反，神经纤维与神经胶质细胞均阳性表达，神经节细胞阴性表达，表现为阳性神经丛中细胞状“空白区”。(2)在HD狭窄段组肠壁神经丛中缺乏CAD阳性表达。S-100染色神经丛中细胞状“空白区”未观察到；S-100强阳性表达的神经纤维束显著增生，扭曲呈波浪状。结论S-100和CAD的免疫组化染色对诊断HD具有重要意义。     

免疫组织化学方法在先天性巨结肠诊断中的应用

目的观察不同抗体在先天性巨结肠(HD)手术切除标本中的表达情况,寻找一个特异性抗体帮助快速、正确诊断HD。方法选择5个抗体包括神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、S100、组织蛋白酶D(CathepsinD,CAD)、外周蛋白(Peripherin),蛋白基因产物(PGP9.5),利用免疫组织化学方法分别标记HD手术切除后标本的远端及近端根部。结果PGP9.5、NSE、Pe-ripherin在肠壁肌间、黏膜下神经丛及神经节细胞中均阳性表达,S100阳性表达黏膜下、肌间神经丛,对神经节细胞则阴性表达,CAD仅阳性表达神经节细胞而不表达神经丛。结论与其他抗体相比,CAD具有结果明显、易判断、快速等特点,是帮助诊断HD的一个特异性抗体。     

先天性巨结肠肠壁S-100蛋白的表达和神经元型一氧化氮合酶阳性神经的异常分布

目的探讨先天性巨结肠(HD)肠壁S-100蛋白的表达和神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)阳性神经的异常分布。方法对25例HD的病变肠段行S-100蛋白和nNOS染色,比较其染色结果和分布特点。结果扩张段及狭窄段结肠壁S-100在神经丛内的神经纤维、施万细胞及周围细胞均有阳性表达,而在神经节细胞则无阳性表达;扩张段nNOS阳性神经节细胞和神经纤维形态分布良好,狭窄段无nNOS阳性神经节细胞,散在分布细小nNOS阳性神经纤维以黏膜层为多。扩张段及狭窄段中神经纤维数密度无明显差异(t=1.251 P>0.05),但前者神经纤维直径明显较后者大(t=4.492 P<0.01)。结论神经分布异常是HD发病的机制之一,S-100与nNOS的协同检测可作为HD明确诊断的重要手段。     

外周蛋白和组织蛋白酶D在先天性巨结肠症中的表达

目的:观察外周蛋白(peripherin，PR)和组织蛋白酶D(cathepsin D，CD)在Hirschsprung症(HD)肠壁中的表达并探讨其诊断价值。方法：应用免疫组织化学染色观察9例HD及5例对照组患儿结肠。结果：在正常结肠肠壁内有CD或PR阳性神经节细胞，肠壁各层均有PR阳性神经纤维，但无CD阳性神经纤维染色。在无神经节细胞肠段的肠壁内缺乏CD或PR阳性神经元，亦无CD阳性神经纤维染色，肌层和黏膜下层内PR阳性神经纤维明显减少或缺如。结论：CD和PR是肠神经节细胞特异性较高的标志物，二者的免疫组织化学染色将有助于HD及其同源病的诊断。     

先天性巨结肠患儿肠道内Smoothelin的表达

目的 本研究旨在探讨先天性巨结肠(Hirschsprung's disease,HD)肠壁中Smoothelin(SM)的变化和临床意义. 方法 自2007年1月至2013年1月,随机选取53例经病理证实先天性巨结肠患儿术中切除的肠段样本(狭窄段即无神经节细胞段、移行段和扩张段即有神经节细胞段).男33例,女20例,年龄3月龄~4岁(平均年龄1.3岁).取材分别为狭窄段、移行段和扩张段肠壁组织各1.0cm3大小,迅速用pH7.4的PBS液冲洗,不同浓度的蔗糖溶液中脱水,-80℃保存.同时留取相同部位的肠壁组织做组织HE染色病理学检查外,辅以PGP9.5、神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)及S-100免疫组织化学染色,证实符合HD诊断.采用RealTime-PCR和免疫蛋白印记法方法从RNA和蛋白水平对SM在HD患儿肠道组织内的表达进行检测,并分析其参与HD发病过程的可能机制. 结果 SM mRNA表达在先天性巨结肠病扩张段、移行段和狭窄段分别为(27.13±16.44)×10-3、(21.60±10.02)×10-3和(19.66±9.92)×10-3;蛋白表达分别为43.13±12.44、36.83±9.43、23.63±4.97.移行段和狭窄段SM mRNA和蛋白均低于扩张段(P<0.05).结论 SM可能参与HD的发病过程.     

先天性巨结肠症及其同源病神经标志物的表达以及图形测量定量研究

目的免疫组织化学方法检测4种肠道神经标志物在正常结肠、先天性巨结肠症（HD）、神经元发育不良-B（IND-B）及神经节细胞减少症（HG）病变结肠的表达特点，并采用图像分析技术对肠道神经系统进行定量分析。方法组织蛋白酶D、蛋白基因产物9．5、S-100蛋白和外周蛋白4种抗体，对10例正常结肠、20例HD、8例IND-B型及20例FIG的患儿结肠石蜡标本切片采用过氧化酶标记的链霉卵白素免疫组织化学染色。ImageJ图像处理软件对所有数码图像（×400）中神经丛、节细胞计数以及节细胞形态进行定量测量。结果组织蛋白酶D仅在神经节细胞表达阳性，不表达于神经纤维；PGP9．5和外周蛋白在肠壁肌间、黏膜下神经丛及神经节细胞中均有阳性表达；S-100在神经节细胞中表达阴性。定量分析：HD病变肠段缺乏神经节细胞；IND-B病变肠段肌间神经节细胞与正常比较计数明显增多，节细胞直径以及细胞核直径分别为正常的1．22倍和1．34倍（P〈0．01）；HG病变肠段神经丛内节细胞数量明显减少（P〈0．05）。结论免疫组织化学染色图像分析技术使不同病变间的形态差异得到定量分析，有助于对HD和同源病的病理学研究以及临床诊断和鉴别诊断。     

The expression and significance of calretinin in the colon of patients with Hirschsprung's disease

目的 本研究应用免疫组织化学染色方法,观察对照组肠壁、先天性巨结肠症(Hirschsprung's disease,HD)患儿有神经节细胞段和无神经节细胞段肠壁神经组织中钙视网膜蛋白(Calretinin,CR)的表达结果,目的在于了解HD的病理生理改变以及寻找诊断先天性巨结肠的简便有效的方法.方法 收集苏州大学附属儿童医院小儿外科2005至2008年手术切除HD标本54例,包括HD扩张段与痉挛段.以15例年龄与之相符的无HD患儿的手术切除结肠标本作为对照组.分别对HD痉挛段、扩张段、对照组肠壁组织切片进行CR的免疫组织化学染色和HE染色,计算机成像系统照相存盘,用图像分析软件(Image-Pro-Plus)分别判定CR在HD扩张段与痉挛段神经丛中阳性染色面积百分比.所得数据用SPSS 12.0统计软件包进行处理分析.结果 ①无论是HE或免疫组化染色HD的扩张段神经节细胞皆存在,肌层神经纤维有不同程度的排列改变,神经节细胞大小不等;痉挛段均未见神经节细胞;②在正常结肠及HD扩张段肠壁免疫组化染色可见钙视网膜蛋白在肌间及黏膜下神经丛中对神经节细胞呈强阳性表达,神经纤维也呈阳性反应;而HD痉挛段肠壁的免疫组化染色则可见钙视网膜蛋白在肌间神经丛及黏膜下神经丛大多表达阴性(90.7％),仅少量呈弱阳性表达(9.3％);③定量分析:CR分别在HD痉挛段之间神经丛中阳性染色面积百分率(0.00665±().00387)与其在HD扩张段神经丛中阳性染色面积百分率(0.26483±0.14626)存在差异,有显著统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 钙视网膜蛋白免疫组化染色可很好的显示正常结肠及HD扩张段肠壁的神经节细胞及神经纤维,而在HD痉挛段该指标免疫组化染色结果呈阴性或弱阳性表达.钙视网膜蛋白可能作为诊断HD的神经标志物之一.     

全结肠巨结肠肠壁内神经标志物表达及神经支配的研究

目的通过免疫组织化学染色研究不同神经标志物在全结肠型无神经节细胞症（TCA）和常见型巨结肠（HD）肠壁内表达的差异。方法复旦大学附属儿科医院1996年1月～2005年12月间收治TCA确诊病例18例，收集结肠、回肠全层标本。对照组为常见型HD及肛门直肠畸形各10例。采用免疫组织化学染色技术对肠壁内神经标记物：S-100蛋白、外周蛋白、蛋白基因产物9．5（PGP9．5）、神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）的不同程度的表达进行比较。数据采用t检验分析。结果PGP9．5、S-100蛋白、NSE和外周蛋白在对照组和TCA组、HD组近端肠壁内表达差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；移行段内可见少数成熟和不成熟神经节细胞，神经标志物表达低于HD组（P〈0．01）；18例TCA远端肠壁内均无神经节细胞，粗大的神经干较HD少见，神经标志物表达明显低于HD组（P〈0．01），以PGP9．5最明显。结论研究表明TCA和常见型HD病变肠段中存在明显的神经标记物阳性表达差异，提示全结肠巨结肠肠壁内神经支配异常不同与常见型巨结肠。     

AQP1在先天性巨结肠肠壁的表达及其意义

目的：本研究应用免疫组织化学染色方法,观察先天性巨结肠症（Hir －schsprunffs dis-ease,HD）患儿有神经节细胞肠段、无神经节细胞肠段及非 HD 小儿肠壁（对照组）中水通道蛋白—1（AQP1）的表达结果,探讨 AQP—1在先天性巨结肠症的表达意义及其在 HD 发病机理中可能起到的作用。方法收集江西省儿童医院小儿外科2009—2014年经手术切除的 HD 肠组织标本65例,包括扩张段与痉挛段;将21例年龄与之相仿的非 HD 患儿的手术切除结肠标本作为对照组。分别对 HD 痉挛段、扩张段、对照组肠壁组织切片进行 HE 染色和 AQP1、组织蛋白酶 D 和 S100的免疫组织化学染色,通过计算机成像系统照相存盘,分别判定 AQP1在各组肠组织黏膜下、肌间神经丛中阳性细胞染色面积的百分比,所得数据用 SPSS 19．0统计软件包进行处理分析。结果①对照组、HD 的扩张段经 HE 和组织蛋白酶 D 和 S100免疫组化染色,均证实神经节细胞存在;痉挛段未见神经节细胞（图1,2）;②对照组、HD 痉挛段、扩张段肠组织中见 AQP1表达于所有血管内皮细胞;③在正常结肠、HD 扩张段肠组织黏膜下丛、肌间神经丛中,神经节细胞和雪旺细胞均可见 AQP1呈阳性表达,HD 痉挛段相应部位 AQP1表达大多呈阴性（90．2％）,仅少量呈弱阳性表达;④半定量分析：AQP1在神经丛中阳性染色评分,HD痉挛段评分低于 HD 扩张段评分,二者间差异具有统计学意义（P ＜0．01）。结论AQP1在 HD 痉挛段和正常结肠、HD 扩张段肠壁神经丛的表达有显著差异,我们猜测在肠道神经系统发育过程中,AQP1对神经节细胞迁移具有一定的调控作用,在 HD 的发病机理中扮演了一定角色并可能成为一种新的诊断 HD 的神经标志物。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

A profile of respiratory symptoms in urban and rural South Australian school children

This report describes the cross-sectional analyses of data from the first year of a longitudinal study using questionnaire and respiratory function data over a 5 year period from a sample of rural South Australian school children. The cumulative or lifetime prevalences of respiratory symptoms were estimated in 825 rural and 1261 urban school children aged between 5 and 15 years in order to determine if the prevalence rates differed between rural and urban school children. The study found the overall cumulative prevalence of asthma and/or wheezy breathing (AWB) to be 24.1% in the rural school children compared to 27.6% in the urban school children. Most children developed AWB symptoms before the age of 7 years, with 20% reporting moderately severe symptoms and 10% having more than one attack per fortnight. The cumulative prevalence of bronchitis, loose/rattly cough (BLRC) differed significantly between the rural school children (34.1%) and urban school children (47.9%). The BLRC symptoms preceded the development of AWB in many cases. Urban school children also reported a higher prevalence of atopic conditions.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Hauttemperaturen verschiedener Körperoberflächenareale des Rumpfes bei Säuglingen

Summary In two groups of infants (3–53 weeks old) skin temperatures were controlled in different areas of the trunk—i.e.: regions of sternum, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys—at different room-temperatures (group I: 21–25°C; group II: 29–32°C). Rectal temperatures of some probands in both groups also had been controlled simultaneously. A definite change in the reaction to heat was proofed in different periods of the first year of life. In higher environmental temperatures the skin temperature was almost constant at every controll-point of the skin, even in older infants. In lower environmental temperatures the skin temperatures lowered continuously with age till 7. to 9. moth. From 10. to 12. month the lowering of skin temperature discontinued. The rectal temperatures were relatively constant in all infants. Only in infants from 7. to 12. month, whose skin temperatures were controlled in lower as well as in higher environmental temperatures, a tendency to higher rectal temperatures was proofed in warmer environmental temperatures.The significance of these results is discussed.

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Untersuchungen mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.