利用食物垃圾生产微生物蛋白饲料的发展前景

介绍了目前食物垃圾的主要处理方法,重点介绍了利用食物垃圾生产微生物蛋白饲料.并根据实验数据进一步说明食物垃圾生产微生物蛋白饲料的发展前景.     

微生物选育技术在生活垃圾堆肥处理中的应用

通过对环境中的各种微生物进行筛选分离和育种，可以得到降解能力强的高效菌种，将这些高效菌种应用于城市生活垃圾的堆肥处理中，能够有效加快有机物的分解，缩短发酵周期，提高堆肥产品质量。并对微生物选育技术在城市生活垃圾堆肥处理中的应用进行了综述与展望。     

典型餐厨垃圾预处理效果比较

以粤菜系和川湘菜系餐厨垃圾为研究对象,采用新型破碎压榨技术对这2种典型餐厨垃圾进行预处理以比较其有效成分的分离效果,结果表明:新型破碎压榨预处理之后,川湘菜和粤菜系餐厨垃圾的平均减量率分别为82.65%、91.27%,粤菜系餐厨垃圾减量率略高于川湘菜系餐厨垃圾;川湘菜系餐厨垃圾压榨液中含水率、p H分别低于粤菜系餐厨压榨液的4.99%、14.75%,而压榨液中盐分含量高于粤菜系餐厨压榨液的25.85%,且具有显著性差异(P0.05),说明川湘菜系餐厨垃圾压榨液干物质率高,但处于偏酸性和盐含量较高的环境;川湘菜系餐厨垃圾压榨液中油脂含量高于粤菜系餐厨的76.75%,而总糖含量低于粤菜系餐厨的56.18%,且都具有极显著性差异(P0.01)。因此,经过新型破碎压榨预处理后,川湘菜系餐厨垃圾压榨液应优先回收油脂,避免对后续发酵、产蛋白饲料等资源化处理工艺产生负面影响;而粤菜系餐厨垃圾宜采用耐酸耐盐性的菌种发酵产乙醇、厌氧发酵产沼气等核心处理工艺。     

高压蒸汽灭菌工艺处理餐厨垃圾

分析了济南市餐厨垃圾微生物含量及其危害,提出将餐厨垃圾分选后经过高温高压蒸汽灭菌处理.处理后的干物质直接干燥粉碎制成蛋白饲料,液体经油水分离提取出油脂作工业原料,废水经活性污泥处理后达标排放.实现餐厨垃圾处理的无害化、资源化.     

餐厨垃圾特性及处理技术

介绍了餐厨垃圾的特性,综述了餐厨垃圾粉碎直排法、填埋法以及生物处理方法:蚯蚓堆肥、提取生物降解性塑料、固态发酵、生物发酵制氢、好氧堆肥、厌氧发酵等.得出生物处理法对环境的影响较小,且可以回收能源并产生对环境有益的二次产物,应用前景广阔.     

商丘城市生活垃圾发酵处理效果观察

目的调查城市生活垃圾发酵处理效果。方法用微生物对100吨城市生活垃圾进行发酵处理,第6天垃圾的温度超过70°且在此温度保持7天,然后温度逐渐下降至15天。结果处理后在垃圾固有微生物中,细菌总数、真菌数、产气夹膜杆以及粪大肠菌群的量分别下降了95.51%、99.90%、87.60%和99.7%。对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、白色念球菌以及蛔虫卵的杀灭率分别为99.90%、100%、96.10%、99.89%以及99.33%。结论城市生活垃圾发酵处理能很好地使垃圾达到无害化标准。     

垃圾分类回收对现行填埋工艺的影响与对策研究

卫生填埋，有着投资少、见效快和日受纳垃圾量变化承受能力强的特点，是我国城市垃圾处理使用最为广泛的方法。本文提出随着垃圾分类收集回收利用的开展，将引起垃圾中废纸和废塑料含量降低，厨房类垃圾含量和含水率提高。这种变化会造成填埋场垃圾填入作业和二次污染控制难度增加，并指出可以通过在填埋前增加好氧发酵环节，利用有机物的好氧发酵方法使垃圾中的易腐有机物迅速稳定化和大幅度地降低含水率，有效地解决填埋场面临的这一难题。     

垃圾分类回收对现行填埋工艺的影响与对策

分析了垃圾分类回收后对垃圾填埋工艺中的填埋作业、垃圾堆体稳定性、渗滤液处理、填埋气体收集的影响,这种影响将会造成填埋场垃圾填埋作业和二次污染控制难度增加.并指出可以通过在填埋前增加好氧发酵,使垃圾中的易腐有机物迅速稳定和大幅度地降低垃圾含水率,有效地解决填埋场面临的这一难题.     

微生物除臭剂对污泥和生活垃圾臭气抑制效果的中试研究

通过菌种分离和筛选,得到7种具有除臭功能的菌株,并复配形成微生物除臭剂。在污泥填埋单元和垃圾中转站集装箱中,考察了微生物除臭剂对污泥和生活垃圾中H2S、NH3、CS2等恶臭组分以及臭气浓度等的去除效果。研究发现:在5 d后,该微生物除臭剂对污泥填埋单元中H2S、NH3、CS2和臭气浓度的抑制率分别为12.6%~29.7%、19.7%~56.1%、1.0%~11.1%和57.8%~65.3%;在48 h内,对生活垃圾集装箱中H2S、NH3、CS2和臭气浓度的抑制率分别为25.9%~52.8%、23.6%~60.0%、0.7%~29.7%和25.0%~57.8%。此外,该微生物除臭剂还可有效抑制集装箱垃圾VOC的释放。     

自动酿酒综合征

自动酿酒综合征,又叫肠道发酵综合征,是一种由肠道微生物群紊乱引起的罕见病.这种综合征不是因为饮酒导致的乙醇中毒,而是因为吃了碳水化合物导致的乙醇中毒.人体肠道里的酵母菌或白色念珠菌可以将食物和饮料中的碳水化合物发酵成乙醇,这种情况又称为"内源性乙醇发酵".     

磷脂复合食品对小鼠的营养评价

磷脂复合食品是以磷脂为主要营养成分的保健食品。它含有多种营养素,磷脂和蛋白质含量都比较高。动物试验表明,基础饲料中添加10％磷脂复合食品或磷脂复合食品稀释粉,均能促进小鼠生长(P<0.01),延长小鼠游泳时间(分别延长57.3％和58.3％,P<0.01),缩短小鼠走完迷宫所需时间并减少错误次数(高剂量组分别较对照组减少57.4％和66.7％,P<0.05)。结果提示,磷脂复合食品具有促进生长,增强耐力,提高学习能力和增强记忆力等营养保健作用。     

饲料中粗蛋白检测不确定度的建立

依据国标GB/T 6432—94饲料中粗蛋白的测定方法,讨论了饲料粗蛋白检测中的测量不确定度的影响因素,对测试过程中的测量不确定度分量进行了分析、评定和计算,求出饲料中粗蛋白测量结果的合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度分别为0.29%和0.58%,并对测量结果进行了表述。     

餐厨垃圾的处理方法综述

综合目前国内外餐厨垃圾处理的研究方法及应用实践,介绍了焚烧法、堆肥法、湿热处理法、生产生物柴油、发酵生产蛋白饲料、厌氧发酵产氢和高温炭化等方法,比较各种方法的优缺点,从而倡导使用对环境影响较小,且可实现餐厨垃圾处理的无害化、减量化、资源化的生物处理法.     

The effects of inulin supplementation of diets with or without hydrolysed protein sources on digestibility, faecal characteristics, haematology and immunoglobulins in dogs

Dogs with food allergy are often treated by giving a diet with hydrolysed protein sources. Prebiotics might also be successful in prevention and treatment of allergic disease through their effect on the colonic microflora, analogous to studies on probiotics in allergic children. The present study was set up to investigate the effect of supplementing inulin (IN) to commercial hypoallergenic dog diets on apparent nutrient digestibility, faecal characteristics, haematology and Ig in dogs. Supplementation of 3 % IN did not affect faecal pH, food and water intake and urine production. Compared with the intact protein diet with a limited number of ingredients (L), the diet with a hydrolysed protein source (H) resulted in an increased water intake (P<0.001), which could be due to the osmotic effect of free amino acids. Faeces production was increased by IN due to increased faecal moisture content. Increased faeces production on the H diet was mainly due to a higher DM excretion. Subsequently, the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of DM was lower in the H diet group. A similar result was noted for ADC of diethyl ether extract and crude ash. The ADC of crude protein was higher in the H diet group, whereas IN decreased the ADC of crude protein. Differences in the ADC of crude protein among the different diets disappeared after correction for a higher faecal biomass, except for the dogs fed the L+IN diet. Total faecal IgA concentrations were lower in the H group (P<0.05) because of lower antigenic stimulation of hydrolysed protein, which implies that hydrolysed protein is really hypoallergenic. The present study indicates that the use of hydrolysed protein diets for canine food allergy treatment can affect digestibility and that combination with IN affected apparent protein digestibility but not IgA response.     

磷脂复合物对大鼠延缓衰老的作用

本文报告了磷脂复合物对９月龄ＳＤ大鼠血红细胞ＳＯＤ活力，心肌丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量及尾动脉容积脉搏图的影响，试验表明，基础饲料添加１０％磷脂复合物原粉或稀释粉均能使血红细胞ＳＯＤ活力显著增加，（Ｐ＜０．０１，Ｐ＜０．０５）。其中高剂量组心肌丙二醛含量显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５），且容积脉搏图中降中峡相对深度显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结果提示，磷脂复合物有增加血红细胞ＳＯＤ活力，降低脂质过氧化和减少尾动脉外周阻力的作用。     

Production of rice protein by alkaline extraction improves its digestibility

Rice seed endosperm has two types of protein bodies (PB). Type I protein body (PB-I) accumulates prolamin and is hard to digest, while type II protein body (PB-II) mainly consists of glutelin, an easily digestible protein. A simple method to process rice protein and improve its digestibility was tested from the viewpoint of its application to food manufacturing. Rice protein prepared by alkaline extraction followed by neutralization sedimentation (AE-RP) was compared with that prepared by starch degradation by alpha-amylase (SD-RP). The crude protein content of AE-RP and SD-RP was 84.7% and 78.2%, respectively. There were no major differences in protein composition among AE-RP, SD-RP and rice flour by SDS-PAGE, except 16 kDa polypeptide. With respect to amino acids, all the groups showed quite similar compositions, although cysteine and methionine were lower in AE-RP. In an in vitro digestion study with pepsin and pancreatin, both the SDS-PAGE analysis of protein pattern and the crude protein content of undigested residue clearly demonstrated that AE-RP has a higher digestibility than SD-RP. To find the cause of the difference in digestibility, the structural property of protein bodies by two production methods was compared using electron microscopy. PB-II of AE-RP was transformed into small, amorphous granules, while that of SD-RP was still kept partial protein body structures. PB-I of AE-RP kept its protein body structure, but produced double layers. From the finding that glutelin-gold was detected by immunochemistry not only in small, amorphous granules but also in PB-I, mainly the cortex layer, in AE-RP, it became clear that PB-I was swollen and fragile as a result of alkali treatment. These results strongly indicate that the improvement in digestibility of AE-RP is a result of the structural change of PB-I and -II caused by alkaline extraction.     

Effect of incorporation of mushroom (Pleurotus sajor-caju) powder on quality characteristics of Papad (Indian snack food)

Papad is familiarly known as an Indian food adjunct or snack food. In this study, attempts have been made to increase the protein, minerals and crude fibre content of the papad with incorporation of Pleurotus sajor-caju powder to develop a novel snack food. Mushroom powder was added in different proportions with other ingredients of the papad and the prepared papad was subjected to physicochemical and sensorial analyses. Mushrooms pretreated with 1% potassium metabisulphite followed by whey treatment had better colour and reduced drying time. Drying at 50°C produced more amount of mushroom powder (350 μ) and had higher acceptability of rehydrated samples. The papad enriched with 20% mushroom powder showed increased values of protein (15.8%), minerals (38.87%) and crude fibre (218.18%) content and had maximum sensory score. Therefore, papad supplemented with oyster mushroom powder may help to reduce protein malnutrition, constipation and mineral deficiency disorders.     

Use of a nylon-bag technique for pig feed digestibility studies

1. The use of a nylon-bag technique for pig feed digestibility determination was studied. Bags, measuring 25 x 40 mm and containing feed samples, were introduced into the pig gastrointestinal tract through a duodenal cannula, and recovered in the faeces between 23 and 69 h later. The disappearance of organic matter and crude protein (nitrogen x 6.25) from the bags was compared with in vivo apparent digestibility, determined by conventional faecal-collection methods, and neutral-detergent-fibre content for eleven feeds. The residues left in the bags after passage through the intestine from whole-crop-pea (Pisum sativum) and barley-grain samples were analysed for starch, non-starch polysaccharide residues, Klason lignin, crude protein and ash. 2. Dry matter disappearance of barley or whole-crop peas was not influenced by increasing bag pore size from 10 to 36 microns or sample weight from 250 to 1000 mg. Pepsin (EC 3.4.2.1) pretreatment had no effect on the degradation in the bags of the feeds investigated. 3. Organic matter and crude protein disappearance from the bags exceeded in vivo apparent digestibility by up to 0.10 and 0.42 units respectively. In vivo apparent organic matter digestibility could be predicted (P less than 0.001) by the organic matter disappearance from the bags and the neutral-detergent-fibre content of the feed, while in vivo apparent crude protein digestibility was highly correlated (P less than 0.001) to all these indices but poorly to crude protein disappearance from the bags. 4. Klason lignin was the least degraded component measured in the whole-crop-pea and barley residues from the bags, while starch was completely digested.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

鸡渣蛋白质营养液的动物实验研究

用从生产保健品过程中排弃的全鸡渣经水解提取的蛋白质制成液体，以不同剂量每天给大鼠灌胃一次，连续4周。结果高剂量组大鼠身长和体重增长、饲料效价（FE）和蛋白质功效比值（PER）、肝总氮和肝含氮率均与阳性对照组接近而大于阴性对照组；对大鼠脏器重量和脏器与体重比、血中血红蛋白含量则未发现有明显影响。显示其吸收利用和营养价值与纯正鸡精保健产品相似，值得提取利用。