老年气管支气管结核临床和纤支镜特征分析

目的：观察60岁以上老年人气管、支气管结核的临床、X线及纤支镜特征。方法：回顾性总结分析了经病理证实的23例老年气管、支气管结核临床、X线及纤支镜下改变的特征。结果：（1）老年支气管结核发病率占同期支气管结核的30．3％。（2）临床上以咳嗽，尤其是刺激性干咳为主要症状（69．6％）。（3）胸部X线示肺内浸润性片状阴影占第一位（30．4％），部分病例表现为叶段肺不张、阻塞性肺炎和肺内团块阴影。（4）纤支镜下近半数病例两个以上支气管受累，炎性浸润型和肉芽增殖型分别为53．2％和43．5％。结论：老年支气管结核并非少见病，临床上以刺激性干咳为主要症状，其X线及纤支镜特征酷似肺癌，纤支镜下活检对诊断有重要价值。     

纤支镜对41例支气管结核的诊断意义

目的：探索气管-支气管结核的临床特征，分析纤维支气管镜（FB）对支气管结核的检出率及镜下特征，探讨其诊断价值。方法：分析41例经纤维支气管镜确诊的气管-支气管结核的纤维支气管镜下表现、临床症状、胸部X线及实验室检查情况。结果：纤支镜检查显示：Ⅰ型11例，占26．83％；Ⅱ型8例，占19．51％；Ⅲ型17例，占41．46％；Ⅳ型5例，占12．20％。镜下所见管腔内各种类型病变互有重迭，其病变表现具有一定特征。31例镜检前后进行痰菌涂片检查2～6次／例，仅6例阳性。41例经FB刷片行抗酸杆菌检查，有12例阳性（阳性率29．3％）。41例行活组织检查证实为结核36例（87．80％）。结论：气管-支气管结核缺乏特异性临床表现，胸部X线表现正常并不能排除支气管结核，确诊主要依靠纤支镜下活检病理、刷检涂片及痰结核菌检查。对不明原因低热和呼吸道症状经积极抗炎治疗无效者，应怀疑支气管结核及早行纤支镜检查。     

老年人支气管结核68例临床分析

目的：探讨老年人支气管结核的临床、胸部X线及在纤支镜下的特征。方法：对68例60岁以上老年支气管结核资料进行回顾性分析。结果：老年人支气管结核占同期支气管结核的15．7％;临床上以咳嗽为主要症状(88．2％);胸部X线表现以浸润性片状阴影(41．2％)和肺不张常见(35．3％);纤支镜下炎症浸润型和瘢痕狭窄型分别占42．7％和38．2％;纤支镜刷检涂片抗酸杆菌阳性率为83．5％,纤支镜病理活检阳性率为30．9％。结论：老年人支气管结核的临床症状和胸部X线表现均无特异性,经纤支镜病理活检和刷检找抗酸杆菌是确诊老年人支气管结核的主要手段。     

单纯性支气管结核58例临床分析

目的：探索支气管结核的临床特征及早期确诊方法。方法：分析58例单纯性支气管结核的临床表现、胸部X线(或CT)、纤支镜检查结果。结果：58例中痘状主要包括：咳嗽48例，咯血19例，发热12例，胸痛9例，胸闷7例。15例胸片正常，3例CT提示支气管结核。纤支镜检查38％有狭窄闭塞型病变，24％有炎症浸润型病变，19％有溃汤型病变，10％有增殖型病变，9％大致正常。49例痰涂片行抗酸染色者中3例阳性，58例行纤支镜刷片检查者中51例阳性。40例经纤支镜行活组织检查中有ll例证实为结核。结论：支气管结核确诊主要靠纤支镜检查。对疑似支气管结核者及时行纤支镜检查，并行常规刷检找抗酸杆菌和(或)组织活检，有助于诊断支气管结核。     

支气管结核132例临床诊断分析

目的：探索支气管结核的临床特征及早期诊断方法。方法：回顾分析132例2000—2002年我院住院的经纤维支气管镜确诊的支气管结核患者的临床表现、胸部X线(CT)、纤支镜检查结果。结果：132例中主要症状包括；咳嗽121例、发热42例、血痰50例、喘息26例、消瘦12例、声嘶17例。7例的X线表现正常，只有5例的CT检查结果疑为EBTB。常规细菌学检查阳性率29％。纤支镜刷检涂片检查抗酸菌的阳性率为82％。结论：本病症状多样缺乏特异性，胸部X线表现正常，不能排除EBTB，CT诊断阳性率不高，常规细菌学检查阳性率低，确诊主要依靠纤支镜检查。临床上有咳嗽发热等呼吸道症状患者经积极治疗无效者，应怀疑EBTB而及时纤支镜检查。行镜下常规刷检找抗酸杆菌和(或)组织活检可明显提高阳性率。且简便，应当普及推广。     

单纯性支气管内膜结核66例临床及纤维支气管镜下特点分析

单纯性支气管内膜结核(EBTB)是气管、支气管粘膜或粘膜下层发生的结核病变,无传统的肺部结核病灶。由于其临床症状不典型,胸部X线表现无特征性,常致误诊或漏诊,而延误治疗。近年来本院经纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)检查后诊断66例,回顾性分析报告如下。1资料与方法1.1一般资料本院200     

经纤维支气管镜诊断支气管结核135例分析

目的探讨支气管结核的纤维支气管镜下表现并提高对该病的认识。方法按纤支镜常规方法进行检查，直视下于病变部位行支气管黏膜活检、刷检涂片送病理学检查及结核菌检查。结果经病理组织学检查证实为结核病变或刷检涂片结核菌阳性者135例，占同期纤支镜检查患者的2．12％，男女比率为1.00：2.38；纤支镜下所见浸润型42例，溃疡型29例，增殖型34例，纤维狭窄型17例，增殖型合并溃疡型13例。病变部位总气管、主支气管及各叶支气管均可累及，但以右上叶支气管、双下叶支气管最多见。结论临床上支气管结核并不少见，女多于男，纤支镜检查是最有效的诊断手段。     

单纯性支气管内膜结核66例临床及纤维支气管镜下特点分析

单纯性支气管内膜结核（EBTB）是气管、支气管粘膜或粘膜下层发生的结核病变，无传统的肺部结核病灶。由于其临床症状不典型，胸部X线表现无特征性，常致误诊或漏诊，而延误治疗。近年来本院经纤维支气管镜（纤支镜）检查后诊断66例，回顾性分析报告如下。     

纤维支气管镜诊断气管-支气管结核的临床分析

目的：探讨纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)对气管-支气管结核的诊断价值。方法：分析54例患者纤支镜下特征、取材及病原学、病理检查阳性结果。结果：镜下表现复杂多样，Ⅰ型炎症浸润型10例(19％)，Ⅱ型溃疡坏死型8例(15％)，Ⅲ型肉芽增殖型30例(56％)，Ⅳ型疤痕狭窄型6例(11％)。刷检找到抗酸杆菌12例，活检符合结核病变42例，其中2项阳性7例。结论：纤支镜检查对确诊气管-支气管结核有重要意义。     

X线、CT与纤支镜对支气管结核的诊断优缺点

目的提高对支气管结核的X线、CT、纤支镜表现的认识，避免误诊。方法72例支气管结核中男35例，女37例，年龄10～80岁，平均40．2岁。X线检查50例，CT检查42例，纤支镜50例。由6名影像医师、2名肺科医师诊断，总结X线、CT、纤支镜表现及分析误诊原因。结果X线误诊30例，CT误诊19例，纤支镜误诊32例。结论支气管结核其X线、CT、纤支镜表现各有特点，认为综合应用多种检查技术，对提高诊断准确率具有重要意义。     

纤维支气管镜检查对肺部阴影的诊断价值

目的:了解纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)对肺部阴影的诊断价值。方法:对胸部X线检查或螺旋CT扫描发现肺部阴影,经住院正规抗炎治疗效果差或高度怀疑肺癌的124例患者常规行纤支镜检查,分别采用直视、刷检、肺活检、细菌学、细胞或组织病理学检查进行确诊。结果:经上述方法确诊肺癌96例(77.4%),肺结核15例(12.1%),肺脓肿4例(3.2%),真菌性肺炎3例(2.4%),异物引起的阻塞性肺炎2例(1.7%),未确诊4例(3.2%)。未确诊病例中3例经彩色B超引导下经皮肺穿刺活检明确为腺癌,1例不能确诊。结论:纤支镜结合细菌学、病理学检查对不明原因的肺部阴影的诊断具有重要价值。     

气管、支气管结核误诊原因及早期诊断方法的探讨

目的探讨气管、支气管结核的误诊原因及其早期正确诊断的方法。方法回顾性分析150例被误诊的气管、支气管结核患者的临床资料、误诊原因和诊断方法。结果临床症状缺乏特征性,以刺激性干咳为主(75.0%),其次为间断性咯血、发热、胸闷、气促等,结核中毒表现不明显或缺如;临床影像学无典型性,可表现为正常、斑片状阴影、肺不张、阻塞性肺炎、肺门影增大和肺门肿块等;误诊疾病主要为肺癌并肺不张(49.0%)、肺炎(23.3%)和支气管炎(17.3%),其他依次为肺结核、支气管扩张症、结核性胸膜炎和哮喘等;支气管镜下表现为肉芽增殖型(36.7%)、炎症浸润型(28.0%)、溃疡坏死型(24.0%)、瘢痕狭窄型(11.3%)。病变部位以左肺(49.4%)多于右肺(37.2%),左支气管受累比例最大(22.7%),病变遍及所有叶段支气管;150例中经支气管镜活检诊断131例(87.3%),毛刷涂片抗酸染色细菌学诊断41例(27.3%)。结论气管、支气管结核在临床症状、影像学和结核菌痰检学方面缺乏特征性,极易误诊。误诊的主要原因是临床医师对该病认识不足和不重视或放弃支气管镜检查。支气管镜活检和刷检是目前诊断气管、支气管结核最可靠和最准确的方法,值得临床医师推广应用。     

Fungal infections as a complication of therapy for sarcoidosis

BACKGROUND: Treatment of symptomatic sarcoidosis usually includes systemic immunosuppressive agents. These agents may render the patient more susceptible to opportunistic infections. In addition, the fungal infection may be difficult to distinguish from the underlying sarcoidosis. AIM: To examine the presentation and management of invasive fungal infections in sarcoidosis patients. DESIGN: Retrospective record review. METHODS: We reviewed the notes of all sarcoidosis patients (n = 753) seen at our clinic over an 18-month period. RESULTS: Seven patients (0.9%) with previously diagnosed sarcoidosis developed fungal infections: two each with Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis and three others with Cryptococcus neoformans. No cases of invasive aspergillus or tuberculosis were identified. The diagnosis of fungal infection was made by bronchoscopy (four cases), open-lung biopsy (one case), bone-marrow aspirate (one case), and spinal fluid examination (one case). All patients were receiving corticosteroids at the time of worsening chest X-ray or clinical status. Four patients were also receiving methotrexate prior to infection. No patient with systemic fungal infection was receiving either infliximab or cyclophosphamide. All patients responded to anti-fungal therapy and a reduction in immunosuppression. DISCUSSION: Fungal infections occur rarely in treated patients with sarcoidosis. Deterioration of chest X-ray, especially a localized infiltrate, warrants investigation.     

42例肺错构瘤临床分析

目的 研究42例肺错构瘤的临床特点、诊断要点、病理特点和治疗方案。方法 应用回顾性调查的方法对肺内及支气管腔内型错构瘤进行分析。结果 经手术病理证实错构瘤42例,男女比例为1．2：1,中位年龄52岁,60％体检胸部X线检查时发现病灶,左肺：右肺为1．1：1。胸片及胸部CT中25％有散在斑点状钙化。3例术前诊断为肺错构瘤,其余分别误诊为肺癌、肺结核、肺囊肿等,误诊率93％（39／42）。结论 肺错构瘤的术前误诊率很高,根据临床及病理特点和诊断要点并与临床最易误诊的肺癌、肺结核等展开鉴别诊断,有助于进一步提高确诊率和治疗方案的制订。     

不同取材方法对纤维支气管镜诊断肺癌的临床价值探讨

目的探讨经纤维支气管镜不同取材方法对肺癌的诊断价值。方法回顾分析钳检、刷检、灌洗及针吸活检4种不同取材方法对肺癌的检出情况。结果确诊的196例肺癌患者镜下分为四型：增生型、浸润型、外压型及正常型；钳检、刷检、灌洗及针吸活检的阳性率分别为70．7，62．2，54．8和51．7％。不同病变分别采用刷检联合其他3种检查的阳性率平均为77．9％。不同取材方法对不同镜下类型肺癌的检出不同。结论纤维支气管镜对肺癌的诊断有重要价值，4种取材方法中钳检的检出率最高；运用联合取材方法可提高肺癌的诊断率，不同取材方法对不同镜下类型肺癌的诊断价值不同。     

双频超声诊断结核性腹膜炎的价值探讨

目的探讨结核性腹膜炎的声像图表现,以提高其超声诊断水平。方法用低频与高频超声联合诊断结核性腹膜炎患者126例。并经手术,大网膜穿刺活检,腹水穿刺检查,X-线胸片、腹部平片,子宫输卵管碘油造影及PPD试验等多项检查综合判断。结果126例结核性腹膜炎全部经临床抗痨治疗痊愈证实。超声检出腹膜壁层增厚115例(91.3%);腹水无回声区126例(100%),腹水无回声区间条状或网格状光带118例(93.7%);肠壁浆膜层增厚95例(75.4%);大网膜增厚103例(81.7%)。其中经手术病理证实8例;大网膜穿刺活检证实21例;85例腹水化验细胞数增高,以淋巴细胞为主,未见癌细胞;126例均行X-线胸片检查,检出肺结核48例;39例行X-线腹部平片检查,检出腹腔淋巴结钙化灶3例;16例行X-线子宫输卵管碘油造影,检出子宫输卵管结核9例;126例均行PPD试验,强阳性123例。结论低频与高频超声联合应用,能对结核性腹膜炎进行诊断与鉴别诊断,可作为诊断结核性腹膜炎的一种有效检查方法。     

Endobronchial tuberculosis

Endobronchial tuberculosis is defined as tuberculous infection of the tracheobronchial tree. Although clinical features differ between various types and stages of endobronchial tuberculosis, common symptoms are cough, hemoptysis, sputum production, wheezing, chest pain, fever and dyspnea. Endobronchial tuberculosis is difficult to diagnose, because the lesion is not evident in the chest radiograph. Computerized tomography is very useful in evaluating bronchial lesions such as stenosis or obstruction. The most important goal of treatment in active endobronchial tuberculosis is the eradication of tubercle bacilli. The second most important goal is prevention of bronchial stenosis. Corticosteroid therapy for prevention of bronchial stenosis in endobronchial tuberculosis remains controversial, but the best results are associated with minimal delay in the initiation of steroid treatment. In inactive disease, treatment to restore full patency is appropriate. As steroids or other medication are unable to reverse stenosis from fibrous disease, airway patency must be restored mechanically by surgery or endobronchial intervention. Aerosol therapy with streptomycin and corticosteroids is useful in treatment against active endobronchial tuberculosis. Time to healing of ulcerous lesions is shorter, and bronchial stenosis is less severe in patients on aerosol therapy. Progression to bronchial stenosis may be prevented if the therapy is initiated as soon as possible.     

Endobronchial tuberculosis

Endobronchial tuberculosis is defined as tuberculous infection of the tracheobronchial tree. Although clinical features differ between various types and stages of endobronchial tuberculosis, common symptoms are cough, hemoptysis, sputum production, wheezing, chest pain, fever and dyspnea. Endobronchial tuberculosis is difficult to diagnose, because the lesion is not evident in the chest radiograph. Computerized tomography is very useful in evaluating bronchial lesions such as stenosis or obstruction. The most important goal of treatment in active endobronchial tuberculosis is the eradication of tubercle bacilli. The second most important goal is prevention of bronchial stenosis. Corticosteroid therapy for prevention of bronchial stenosis in endobronchial tuberculosis remains controversial, but the best results are associated with minimal delay in the initiation of steroid treatment. In inactive disease, treatment to restore full patency is appropriate. As steroids or other medication are unable to reverse stenosis from fibrous disease, airway patency must be restored mechanically by surgery or endobronchial intervention. Aerosol therapy with streptomycin and corticosteroids is useful in treatment against active endobronchial tuberculosis. Time to healing of ulcerous lesions is shorter, and bronchial stenosis is less severe in patients on aerosol therapy. Progression to bronchial stenosis may be prevented if the therapy is initiated as soon as possible.