Incidence and risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with verified arterial thrombosis: a population study based on 23 796 consecutive autopsies

BACKGROUND: The relationship between atherothrombotic disease and venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains unclear. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a cohort of 23,796 consecutive autopsies, performed using a standardized procedure and representing 84% of all in-hospital deaths between 1970 and 1982 in an urban Swedish population, we investigated the relationship between verified arterial thrombosis and VTE, with the hypothesis that patients with thrombosis in major artery segments have increased odds of VTE. RESULTS: We found an increased risk of VTE in patients with arterial thrombosis (Odds ratio; OR adjusted for gender and age 1.4, 95% confidence interval; CI 1.3-1.5) (P < 0.001). Patients with cervico-cranial and peripheral artery thrombosis had an excess risk even when controlling for age and major concomitant diseases. A negative association between coronary thrombosis and VTE in the univariate analysis (OR 0.7; 95% CI 0.6-0.8) (P < 0.001), was less pronounced in the multivariate analysis (OR 0.8; 95% CI 0.7-1.0) (P = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: A positive association between atherothrombosis and VTE was confirmed, except in patients with coronary thrombosis, where IHD as competing death cause is a possible confounder. Our findings indicate a potential for directed prevention, but may also imply similarities in etiology.     

Venous thromboembolism: disease burden, outcomes and risk factors

The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in the community has important implications for VTE prevention and management. This review describes the disease burden (incidence), outcomes (survival, recurrence and complications) and risk factors for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism occurring in the community. Recent comprehensive studies of the epidemiology of VTE that reported the racial demography and included the full spectrum of disease occurring within a well-defined geographic area over time, separated by event type, incident vs. recurrent event and level of diagnostic certainty, were reviewed. Studies of VTE outcomes had to include a relevant duration of follow-up. VTE incidence among whites of European origin exceeded 1 per 1000; the incidence among persons of African and Asian origin may be higher and lower, respectively. VTE incidence over recent time remains unchanged. Survival after VTE is worse than expected, especially for pulmonary embolism. Thirty percent of patients develop VTE recurrence and venous stasis syndrome. Exposures can identify populations at risk but have a low predictive value for the individual. An acquired or familial thrombophilia may predict the subset of exposed persons who actually develop symptomatic VTE. In conclusion, VTE is a common, lethal disease that recurs frequently and causes serious long-term complications. To improve survival and prevent complications, VTE occurrence must be reduced. Better individual risk stratification is needed in order to modify exposures and target primary and secondary prophylaxis to the person who would benefit most.     

Differential risks in men and women for first and recurrent venous thrombosis: the role of genes and environment

Men have a higher risk of first and recurrent venous thrombosis than do women. However, the pathophysiology underlying this phenomenon is as yet unknown. In this review article, we assessed the prevalence and strength of genetic and acquired risk factors for venous thrombosis for men and women separately, because it is likely that either a difference in effect or distribution of a risk factor explains the risk difference between the sexes. We also summarized the sex‐specific results of previous studies on the risk of first and recurrent venous thrombosis. Few explanations for the sex difference were found. The major factor, explaining about 20% difference in population‐attributable fraction, was body height. No difference in prevalence or strength for other venous thrombosis risk factors was observed, such as plaster cast immobilization, hospitalization, surgery, trauma, malignancy, hyperhomocysteinemia, factor V Leiden, prothrombin G20210A, or blood group non‐O. Alternative explanations for the sex difference are hypothesized in this review, including X‐ or Y‐linked mutations or a mutation on a gene with a sex‐specific effect. Future studies should focus on the sex‐specific risk of venous thrombosis to unravel the pathophysiology and thereby improve sex‐specific treatment and prevention strategies. Even so, male sex can be used as a tool through which individuals at increased risk of first or recurrent venous thrombosis may be identified.     

Racial differences in venous thromboembolism

Summary. The incidence of venous thrombosis (VTE) varies by race, with African‐Americans having over 5‐fold greater incidence than Asian‐ancestry populations, and an intermediate risk for European and Hispanic populations. Known racial differences in genetic polymorphisms associated with thrombosis do not account for this gradient of risk, nor do known racial variations in environmental risk factors. Data on the incidence of and risk factors for VTE outside of Europe and North America and in non‐European ancestry populations are sparse. Common genetic polymorphisms in European‐Ancestry populations, such as factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A, and environmental risk factors, such as obesity, may account for some of the increased risk in European populations, and high factor VIII, high von Willebrand factor and low protein C levels and increased prevalence of obesity may explain some of the increased risk in African‐Americans. The low rates in Asian populations may be partially explained by low clinical suspicion in a perceived low‐risk population and lack of access to healthcare in other populations. As risk factors for thrombosis, such as surgery and treatment for cancer, are applicable to more people, as obesity increases in prevalence in the developing world, and as surveillance systems for VTE improve, VTE may increase in previously low‐risk populations. While differences in VTE by race due to genetic predisposition will probably always be present, understanding the reasons for racial differences in VTE will help providers develop strategies to minimize VTE in all populations.     

Incidence and cumulative recurrence rates of venous thromboembolism in the Taiwanese population

Summary. Background: Little information is available on the epidemiology of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in Asian populations. Objectives: To investigate VTE incidence, VTE cumulative recurrence rates and risk factors for VTE recurrence among the adult Taiwanese population. Methods: This population‐based cohort study used the Taiwanese National Health Insurance claims databases to identify 5347 adult patients (2463 men, 46.1%) with VTE diagnosed in 2001 and 2002. We calculated the crude incidence of VTE and its recurrence. We also conducted a nested case–control study (n = 3576) among this population to estimate the association between VTE recurrence and exposure to potential VTE risk factors by conditional logistic regression. Results: The crude incidence of VTE was 15.9 per 100 000 person‐years, and its recurrence rate was 5.1% per person‐year. During 11 566 person‐years of follow‐up, the cumulative rates of VTE recurrence at 6, 12, 24, 36 and 47 months were 6.7%, 9.4%, 12.4%, 13.9%, and 14.4%, respectively. By conditional logistic regression, histories of VTE [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.71, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.32–2.16] or malignant neoplasm (adjusted OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.26–1.99), major extremity trauma (adjusted OR 2.76, 95% CI 1.82–4.52), serious neurologic diseases (adjusted OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.12–1.84) or undergoing major surgery (adjusted OR 4.57, 95% CI 1.72–12.50) were associated with higher risks of VTE recurrence. Conclusions: The incidence of VTE is lower in the Taiwanese population than in Caucasians. Most VTE recurrences occur within 12 months, but they continue to occur beyond 1 year. The VTE recurrences are associated with malignancy, history of VTE, and major surgery after a previous VTE.     

关注妊娠期静脉血栓栓塞症

肺血栓栓塞症(PTE)和深静脉血栓形成(DVT)合称为静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE)。妊娠期女性由于存在高凝状态、静脉淤滞、血管损伤等特殊的生理变化,VTE发生风险增高。对存在VTE症状或体征的孕产妇,除非存在明确的抗凝禁忌,否则均应尽快行客观检查同时给予抗凝治疗直到完全排除VTE诊断。低分子肝素(LMWH)不通过胎盘,且无哺乳禁忌,是妊娠及产褥期VTE患者抗凝治疗的最佳选择。一旦开始LMWH初始治疗,应该在余下孕程持续使用,直到产后6周,且总疗程不少于3个月。     

What happens after venous thromboembolism?

Summary.  Venous thromboembolism (VTE) comprises deep vein thrombosis (DVT) with or without symptomatic pulmonary embolus (PE). The incidence of a first episode of VTE is 1.5 per 1000 person-years [ 1 ] ( J Thromb Haemost , 2007; 5 :692–9) with a per-person lifetime incidence of 5% [ 2 ] ( Arch Intern Med 1998;158:585–93). The risk of recurrence after DVT and PE is similar but the pattern of recurrence tends to reflect the initial event, for example recurrence with PE is more common in patients with previous PE [ 3 ] ( Circulation 2003; 107 :122–30). At least 50% of patients, who present with symptomatic DVT, have asymptomatic PE and conversely, a majority presenting with symptomatic PE have asymptomatic DVT [ 3 ] ( Circulation 2003; 107 :122–30). This suggests that whilst DVT and PE are manifestations of the same pathology, the phenotypic expression of the disease is predetermined. This may be an important consideration for long-term anticoagulant therapy as the risk of fatal PE is the greatest in patients with previous PE [ 4 ] ( Ann Intern Med 2007; 147 :766–74). At present, the only factor reported to be associated with the pattern of VTE is the factor V Leiden mutation [ 5 ] ( Thromb Haemost 1999; 81 :345–8). This suggests that the kinetics of thrombin generation and the resulting fibrinolytic response may influence clot structure and likelihood of embolization.     

恶性肿瘤合并静脉血栓栓塞107例临床分析

目的 探讨恶性肿瘤合并静脉血栓栓塞(VTE)患者的临床特征,为恶性肿瘤合并VTE的早期预防及诊治提供临床依据.方法 对我院2009年6月至2011年6月收治的107例恶性肿瘤合并静脉血栓患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究.结果 107例恶性肿瘤合并VTE患者中,单纯深静脉血栓(DVT) 90例(84.1％);肺血栓栓塞症(PTE)17例(15.9％),其中合并DVT 7例(6.5％,7/107).平均年龄(59.6±10.5)岁,≥60岁63例(58.9％).Ⅲ～Ⅳ期恶性肿瘤61例(57.0％).69例(64.5％)VTE发生于恶性肿瘤诊断后3个月内,43例(40.2％)VTE发生于手术后1个月内,其中术后1～7天30例(28.0％).91例DVT患者中84例接受抗凝治疗,49例治疗后好转,有效率为58.3％(49/84).PTE患者溶栓联合抗凝治疗2例,1例治疗后明显好转,1例好转;单纯抗凝治疗12例,3例明显好转,6例好转,3例无效.本组PTE患者抗凝溶栓治疗的有效率78.6％(11/14),病死率29.4％ (5/17).结论 恶性肿瘤诊断后3个月内、手术后1个月尤其是1周内,Ⅲ～Ⅳ期、≥60岁的患者高发VTE.VTE(尤其是PTE)可以增加恶性肿瘤患者的病死率,影响其预后.对于恶性肿瘤合并VTE患者的早期诊断与治疗是降低病死率及改善预后的关键.     

Wells、修正后的Geneva评分与肺栓塞严重程度指数对下肢深静脉血栓患者发生肺栓塞的预测价值

目的：探讨下肢深静脉血栓形成（DVT）患者发生肺栓塞（PE）的临床评分价值及相关影响因素。方法回顾性分析300例DVT患者的资料,根据是否发生 PE分为两组,对两组一般情况及 Wells、mGeneva评分及肺栓塞严重程度指数（PESI）进行比较;再以是否发生PE作为因变量,以血同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）是否增高、C反应蛋白是否升高、D-二聚体是否升高、性别、年龄、体质量、是否合并糖尿病、高血脂、高血压、是否有冠心病病史、脑梗死病史、吸烟史、饮酒史、Wells评分、mGeneva评分、PESI分值、左右侧肢体发病、DVT类型、是否并发下腔静脉（IVC）血栓、是否有静脉血栓病史及是否放置了 IVC滤器为自变量引入模型进行二分类多因素 logistic回归分析,探求 DVT患者发生PE的危险因素。结果300例DVT患者PE发生率25．3％（76／300）。两组在合并IVC血栓、Wells及mGeneva评分方面存在差异（P＜0．05）;Logistic回归分析显示,Wells 评分和合并 IVC血栓是发生 PE的危险因素,是否放置了IVC滤器是发生 PE 的保护性因素（OR 值＝2．262、534．752、0．046;95％的可信区间：1．102～4．646、54．010～5294．568、0．002～0．841）。结论在DVT患者中 Wells评分预测 PE的发生价值较大,合并 IVC血栓是 PE的危险因素,放置 IVC滤器是PE的保护性因素。     

Prediction of recurrent venous thromboembolism by the activated partial thromboplastin time

BACKGROUND: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a multi-factorial disease. Extensive thrombophilia screening is costly and often inconclusive. Simple laboratory methods are required to predict the risk of recurrence. OBJECTIVE: To assess if measurement of activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) allows stratification of patients with VTE into high- and low-risk categories with regard to recurrence. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We prospectively followed 918 patients with a first unprovoked VTE and studied the relationship between recurrence and an APTT after discontinuation of anticoagulation. APTT was expressed as a ratio of test to reference coagulation times. Study endpoint was symptomatic recurrent VTE. RESULTS: Venous thromboembolism recurred in 101 (11%) patients. Patients without recurrence had a greater APTT ratio than those with recurrence (0.97 +/- 0.09 vs. 0.93 +/- 0.09, P = 0.001). After 4 years, probability of recurrent VTE was 8.5% (95% CI: 5.5-11.5%) among patients with a ratio equal to or > 0.95 and 15.6% (95% CI: 11.4-19.9%) among patients with a lower ratio (P = 0.005). Compared with patients with an APTT ratio < 0.95, the relative risk (RR) of recurrence among patients with a ratio equal to or > 0.95 was 0.56 (95% CI: 0.38-0.84, P = 0.005) before and 0.58 (95% CI: 0.39-0.87, P = 0.009) after adjustment for sex, age, factor V Leiden, and factor II G20210A. CONCLUSIONS: Measurement of APTT allows stratification of patients with VTE into high- and low-risk categories with regard to recurrence.     

超声下不同部位下肢静脉血栓与肺栓塞发生的相关性分析

目的:通过下肢静脉超声检查结果分析不同部位下肢静脉血栓与肺栓塞(pulmonary embolism,PE)之间的关系,为PE患者的病情评估以及治疗方案提供参考。方法:回顾性分析2018年1月至2019年12月上海交通大学附属胸科医院心内科收治的312例患者临床资料。患者均行CT肺动脉造影及下肢静脉超声检查,按照检查结果分为PE组和非PE组,根据超声检查结果及病史资料的差别作单因素和多因素相关性分析。结果:2组患者的性别构成比、年龄、肺癌合并情况、下肢静脉血栓发生情况及部位均存在显著差异(P0.05)。PE组肌间静脉、股静脉、腘静脉、胫后静脉和腓静脉血栓发生率均显著高于非PE组(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果表明,存在下肢静脉血栓与肺栓塞的发生有显著关联(OR=8.344,95%CI 4.867～14.304),其中存在肌间静脉血栓(OR=2.996,95%CI 1.630～5.509)、腘静脉血栓(OR=5.536,95%CI 1.646～18.623)、胫后静脉血栓(OR=6.685,95%CI 1.789～24.990)均与更高的PE发生率显著相关。结论:下肢静脉血栓患者发生PE的风险显著增加,肌间静脉血栓、腘静脉血栓、胫后静脉血栓均为PE的独立危险因素。     

下腔静脉滤器置入术在下肢深静脉血栓治疗中的应用

目的：探讨下腔静脉滤器在治疗下肢深静脉血栓中的应用价值。方法：19例下肢深静脉血栓患者，经股静脉或颈静脉途径成功置入下腔静脉滤器，随访4～36个月。结果：无致死性肺动脉栓塞发生，无滤器移位，l例患者术后2个月时出现下腔静脉血栓形成。结论：下腔静脉滤器置入方法简单，安全，可有效防止肺动脉栓塞的发生，但应严格掌握适应证。