血管扩张型骨肉瘤的临床、影像和病理分析

目的 进一步分析血管扩张型骨肉瘤的临床、影像及病理学的诊断特征和诊断方法,以加深对其认识和提高诊断水平.方法 回顾性分析10例经病理证实的血管扩张型骨肉瘤资料并结合文献深入分析其临床、影像和病理学表现.10例均行X线平片和MR检查,其中2例同时行CT检查.结果 10例血管扩张型骨肉瘤发生于股骨下端5例、股骨颈1例、肱骨上端和胫骨上段各2例.10例X线平片和2例CT 图像上肿瘤表现为溶骨性骨质破坏,伴骨体轻度膨胀4例,骨破坏区大部分边缘不清且无硬化边,均有Codman三角和大小不一的软组织肿块,肿块内无明显肿瘤性成骨;10例MRI上肿瘤大部或完全由多发囊腔构成,均出现骨膜反应,其中7例囊腔内见少量散在的较小液-液平面.10例病理学上肿瘤均有类似动脉瘤样骨囊肿的血腔结构,但囊壁或囊间隔中见恶性肿瘤细胞以及数量不一的肿瘤性成骨组织,其中6例仅见少量灶状的肿瘤性骨样组织.结论 影像学上类似动脉瘤样骨囊肿的表现和一般恶性骨肿瘤生长方式的特点,以及病理上的血腔结构和囊壁或囊间隔内的恶性肿瘤细胞是血管扩张型骨肉瘤的影像和病理学诊断特征.密切结合临床、影像和病理分析有助于临床及时正确诊断.     

血管扩张型骨肉瘤的临床、影像和病理分析

目的 进一步分析血管扩张型骨肉瘤的临床、影像及病理学的诊断特征和诊断方法,以加深对其认识和提高诊断水平.方法 回顾性分析10例经病理证实的血管扩张型骨肉瘤资料并结合文献深入分析其临床、影像和病理学表现.10例均行X线平片和MR检查,其中2例同时行CT检查.结果 10例血管扩张型骨肉瘤发生于股骨下端5例、股骨颈1例、肱骨上端和胫骨上段各2例.10例X线平片和2例CT 图像上肿瘤表现为溶骨性骨质破坏,伴骨体轻度膨胀4例,骨破坏区大部分边缘不清且无硬化边,均有Codman三角和大小不一的软组织肿块,肿块内无明显肿瘤性成骨;10例MRI上肿瘤大部或完全由多发囊腔构成,均出现骨膜反应,其中7例囊腔内见少量散在的较小液-液平面.10例病理学上肿瘤均有类似动脉瘤样骨囊肿的血腔结构,但囊壁或囊间隔中见恶性肿瘤细胞以及数量不一的肿瘤性成骨组织,其中6例仅见少量灶状的肿瘤性骨样组织.结论 影像学上类似动脉瘤样骨囊肿的表现和一般恶性骨肿瘤生长方式的特点,以及病理上的血腔结构和囊壁或囊间隔内的恶性肿瘤细胞是血管扩张型骨肉瘤的影像和病理学诊断特征.密切结合临床、影像和病理分析有助于临床及时正确诊断.     

血管扩张型骨肉瘤的临床、影像和病理分析

目的 进一步分析血管扩张型骨肉瘤的临床、影像及病理学的诊断特征和诊断方法,以加深对其认识和提高诊断水平.方法 回顾性分析10例经病理证实的血管扩张型骨肉瘤资料并结合文献深入分析其临床、影像和病理学表现.10例均行X线平片和MR检查,其中2例同时行CT检查.结果 10例血管扩张型骨肉瘤发生于股骨下端5例、股骨颈1例、肱骨上端和胫骨上段各2例.10例X线平片和2例CT 图像上肿瘤表现为溶骨性骨质破坏,伴骨体轻度膨胀4例,骨破坏区大部分边缘不清且无硬化边,均有Codman三角和大小不一的软组织肿块,肿块内无明显肿瘤性成骨;10例MRI上肿瘤大部或完全由多发囊腔构成,均出现骨膜反应,其中7例囊腔内见少量散在的较小液-液平面.10例病理学上肿瘤均有类似动脉瘤样骨囊肿的血腔结构,但囊壁或囊间隔中见恶性肿瘤细胞以及数量不一的肿瘤性成骨组织,其中6例仅见少量灶状的肿瘤性骨样组织.结论 影像学上类似动脉瘤样骨囊肿的表现和一般恶性骨肿瘤生长方式的特点,以及病理上的血腔结构和囊壁或囊间隔内的恶性肿瘤细胞是血管扩张型骨肉瘤的影像和病理学诊断特征.密切结合临床、影像和病理分析有助于临床及时正确诊断.     

毛细血管扩张型骨肉瘤

作者描述了两个毛细血管扩张型骨肉瘤的病例。强调了这个肿瘤与动脉瘤样骨囊肿在病理和X线方面鉴别的困难。组织学上,它们含有由同样组织构成的含有血液及坏死肿瘤组成的囊性空腔,其轮廓常以由形成不良的细胞所组成的隔为界限。在毛细血管扩张型骨肉瘤和动脉瘤样骨囊肿两者均可发现少量的类骨质形成。因恶性细胞常位于类似囊     

毛细血管扩张型骨肉瘤影像诊断（附11例报告）

骨肉瘤是常见的原发性恶性骨肿瘤,约占原发性骨肿瘤的12．2％,其病理特征为肿瘤细胞直接产生骨样组织和不成熟的肿瘤骨。随着对骨肿瘤的深入研究,发现骨肉瘤的恶性程度有很大差异,临床、病理、X线表现各有不同,治疗方案和预后也各有差别,从而将一些骨肉瘤从典型（传统）骨肉瘤中分出来,称之为骨肉瘤亚型,毛细血管扩张型是其中一种亚型。为提高对毛细血管扩张型骨肉瘤认识,笔者将经临床病理证实的11例作回顾性分析。     

毛细血管扩张型骨肉瘤的影像表现及其与病理的关系

目的:分析毛细血管扩张型骨肉瘤影像学表现与病理的关系,以提高诊断准确性.方法:回顾性分析经手术病理证实的毛细血管扩张型骨肉瘤9例,术前分别经X线平片、CT平扫、MR SE T1WI、T2WI和T1WI增强扫描,仔细复习影像征象并和手术病理作对照.结果:9例毛细血管扩张型骨肉瘤中,位于股骨5例,胫骨3例和髂骨1例.位于长管状骨者,5例位于干骺端,2例位于骨干,1例接近骨端.肿瘤直径6.3～11.8 cm.所有肿瘤均为溶骨性骨质破坏,破坏区呈椭圆形5例,不规则地图形4例.病灶呈囊状9例,7例病灶境界不清,7例病变见骨膜增生,伴软组织肿块8例,所有病例软组织肿块境界清楚.5例行CT检查,病灶密度低于肌肉或与肌肉相仿,CT显示骨膜增生及软组织肿块较平片清楚,增强扫描软组织明显强化.4例行MR检查,T1WI为混杂信号3例,低信号1例;T2WI为低、等和高信号混杂4例.T2WI 4例均可见明显囊状改变和液-液平面,均可见软组织成分,软组织构成囊壁和分隔,部分呈不规则肿块结节,T2WI软组织信号高于肌肉.结论:毛细血管扩张型骨肉瘤好发于长管状骨干骺端,呈卵圆形或地图样溶骨性破坏,容易呈多囊状坏死,但肿瘤内常见软组织成分,常伴骨膜增生和骨外软组织肿块,CT增强扫描和MR有助于显示病灶的软组织成分.     

骨肉瘤亚型的影像征象分析(附7例报告)

目的 分析骨肉瘤亚型的临床及影像学特征,以加深对骨肉瘤亚型的认识.方法 回顾性分析7例经临床及病理证实的骨肉瘤亚型病例并结合文献深入分析其影像表现.结果 本组7例病例中2例为毛细血管扩张型,分别位于股骨下段和股骨头,表现为明显膨胀性、溶骨性骨质破坏,软组织肿块明显.3例骨皮质旁型均发生于股骨,2例股骨上段,1例股骨下段,表现为高密度致密性骨块,突起的骨块与骨皮质之间见有透亮线,影像表现比较有特征性.1例小细胞型,位于股骨下段干骺端,表现为不规则的溶骨性骨质破坏,病灶密度不均,可见明显的成骨,软组织肿块明显.1例骨膜型,位于胫骨上段干骺端,表现为骨表面的软组织肿块,其内可见丛毛样钙化,与其下的骨皮质垂直并呈放射状排列.结论 骨肉瘤亚型较多而复杂,部分亚型影像特征明显,部分影像诊断困难,需结合临床及病理.     

成骨肉瘤的超声诊断及彩色多普勒血流显像特征（附60例分析）

作者论述了成骨肉瘤的超声诊断及彩色多普勒血流显像研究的方法与结果，通过６０例成骨肉瘤的超声影像与手术，病理、放射影像的对比分析，根据其骨质破坏、骨膜反应及周围软组织肿物的超声灰阶图像的特点，研究其病理组织学分型的超声诊断规律和成骨肉瘤的彩色多普勒血流显像特征。     

骨肉瘤的影像学表现

目的 总结骨肉瘤的影像表现,探讨其影像特征.方法 经穿刺或手术病理证实的35例骨肉瘤,所有病例均进行了X线检查,同时有25例进行CT或MR检查,8例进行MR增强检查.影像学表现并与病理学对照进行分析.结果 股骨远端17例与胫骨近端8例为骨肉瘤好发部位.其特征性影像表现为骨质破坏、肿瘤骨、骨膜反应及软组织肿块,部分病例侵犯骺板及骨骺,甚至突破关节面或向关节对侧骨质跳跃转移.MR T1WI增强检查表现为早期肿瘤组织边缘强化而中心充盈延迟.CT可显示筛孔征及细小的肿瘤骨.结论 骨肉瘤具有一定的影像特征;X线是骨肉瘤的首选检查方法,CT和MR可为临床提供更为全面的影像学信息.     

原发性骨淋巴瘤的临床、病理及影像研究进展

原发性骨淋巴瘤临床少见,但放疗及化疗效果好,常规不选择手术治疗。因此,在放化疗前正确诊断很重要。其临床表现无特异性,重要影像特征为干骺端及骨端虫蚀样骨质破坏,而骨皮质破坏轻微并伴周围巨大软组织肿块。确诊主要依赖于病理组织学特点及免疫组织化学显示特异蛋白表达。现综述原发性骨淋巴瘤的临床、病理组织学表现、影像特征的研究进展。     

继发性骨肉瘤的临床特点及影像学表现

目的:分析继发性骨肉瘤的临床特点及影像学表现.方法:回顾性分析经手术病理证实的25例继发性骨肉瘤患者的病例资料.25例均行X线及CT检查(5例行增强CT),16例行MRI增强检查.结果:本组患者的中位年龄45岁(14～76岁),中位恶变时间为8年(0.5～18.0年).25例中骨纤维结构不良、骨母细胞瘤等良性肿瘤或肿瘤样病变恶变12例,表现为溶骨性破坏、软组织肿块形成及病灶迅速增大等与原发骨肉瘤相仿的影像学改变;骨巨细胞瘤植骨后恶变继发性骨肉瘤8例、金属植入相关的继发性骨肉瘤2例,均表现为移植骨吸收、周围出现明显软组织肿块及肿瘤骨形成;放疗后继发性骨肉瘤2例,以成骨性骨质破坏为主;Paget病继发性骨肉瘤1例,表现为在患骨增粗、不规则变形基础上,出现溶骨性破坏及软组织肿块.病理结果:镜下有不同程度的细胞异形性、肿瘤骨形成.所有病例术后随访时间为1.5～12.0年(平均3.4年),8例出现肺部转移.结论:病理组织学上继发性骨肉瘤与原发性骨肉瘤无明显差异,但结合其临床资料及影像学表现可明确诊断.     

Telangiectatic osteosarcoma of the skull base.

We present a patient with a distinctive lesion of the skull base, which, at imaging, showed expansile destruction of the sphenoid bone, hemorrhage with fluid-fluid levels, and contrast enhancement of a solid portion. These features ordinarily suggest either giant cell tumor or aneurysmal bone cyst; however, pathologic examination confirmed instead a rare variant of osteosarcoma of the telangiectatic type. Although imaging findings can indicate any of these possibilities, biopsy is an essential step in arriving at the diagnosis.     

Imaging findings in pseudocystic osteosarcoma

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to describe four female patients with osteosarcoma whose clinical and imaging findings primarily suggested either simple or aneurysmal bone cyst. All lesions were osteolytic, intracompartmental, and expanded bone without periosteal reaction. None of the patients presented during the peak age incidence for osteosarcoma. From imaging to histologic diagnosis, the discovery of osteosarcoma ranged from 1 week to 3 years. CONCLUSION: Atypical osteosarcoma may rarely mimic simple or aneurysmal bone cyst radiologically and may show a nonmalignant rate of growth. It may be more frequently encountered in females and may not present during the peak age incidence for osteosarcoma. Microscopically, the tumors were not cystic, necrotic, or telangiectatic but were conventional osteosarcoma and osteoclast-rich osteosarcoma.     

Diaphyseal telangiectatic osteosarcoma as a second tumor after bilateral retinoblastomas

 In this report, we describe the clinical, imaging, and pathologic findings in a case of diaphyseal telangiectatic osteosarcoma arising 23 years after successful treatment of bilateral retinoblastomas. To our knowledge, telangiectatic osteosarcoma occurring as a second tumor in this setting, outside the radiation treatment field, has not been previously reported. The association of the RB-1 gene defect with retinoblastomas and other tumors is discussed. Also, the computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings in telangiectatic osteosarcoma are described and discussed.     

Telangiectatic osteosarcoma: radiologic-pathologic comparison

PURPOSE: To describe the imaging characteristics of a large series of telangiectatic osteosarcomas with pathologic findings for comparison. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed 40 pathologically confirmed telangiectatic osteosarcomas. Patient demographics and images from radiography (n = 36), bone scintigraphy (n = 17), angiography (n = 4), computed tomography (CT) (n = 25), and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (n = 27) were evaluated by three authors in consensus for lesion location, size, and intrinsic characteristics. There were 27 men (68%) and 13 women (32%) in the study, with an age range of 4-83 years (mean age, 24 years). RESULTS: Lesions frequently affected the femur, tibia, and humerus. Radiographs showed geographic bone lysis, a wide zone of transition, and matrix mineralization. CT demonstrated low attenuation, MR demonstrated high signal intensity on T2-weighted images, and both demonstrated hemorrhage, which simulated the appearance of aneurysmal bone cyst. Viable sarcomatous tissue surrounding hemorrhagic and/or necrotic regions was best seen at contrast material-enhanced CT and MR imaging, with thick peripheral, septal, and nodular enhancement in all cases. Subtle matrix mineralization in this viable tissue was best seen at CT. An associated soft-tissue mass was also seen in 19 of 25 cases (76%) at CT and in 24 of 27 cases (89%) at MR imaging. CONCLUSION: CT and MR imaging findings of telangiectatic osteosarcoma often include thick nodular tissue (and matrix mineralization at CT) in a largely hemorrhagic and/or necrotic osseous lesion with an associated soft-tissue mass, which allows distinction from aneurysmal bone cyst.     

长骨骨干骨肉瘤X线、CT及MRI表现

目的 分析长骨骨干骨肉瘤X线、CT和MRI表现,探讨有关的临床特点和鉴别诊断.方法 28例长骨骨干骨肉瘤患者,均经手术与病理证实,其中病变位于股骨干18例、腓骨干4例、肱骨干4例、胫骨干2例.所有患者均行X线、CT和MR检查,对其影像学表现与手术病理结果进行对照,并由双盲法分析确认.结果 28例中,X线和CT显示广泛骨质破坏16例,骨膜反应22例.X线显示软组织肿块18例,肿瘤骨和瘤样钙化12例.CT平扫显示软组织肿块22例,增强扫描显示软组织肿块24例,肿瘤骨和瘤样钙化16例.MRI显示骨质破坏和骨膜反应10例,软组织肿块26例,其周围可见软组织水肿及骨髓水肿.骨膜反应在SE T1WI上呈等低信号,T2WI呈等信号.软组织肿块在T1WI为等信号,T2WI及STIR呈等高信号.软组织水肿及骨髓水肿在T2WI及STIR呈高信号.MRI增强检查显示病灶均呈不均匀强化,骨髓水肿和软组织肿块均见强化.结论 X线、CT和MRI从不同方面反映长骨骨干骨肉瘤的影像病理特点,其发病率低,骨破坏范围大,无病理性骨折.成骨型骨干骨肉瘤较易诊断,溶骨型应与Ewing瘤、恶性巨细胞瘤等鉴别.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the findings of diaphysial osteosarcoma in long bone on X-ray,CT and MRI, and discuss their clinical features and manifestations for differential diagnosis. Methods Twenty-eight cases with diaphysial osteosarcoma in long bone proved by surgery and pathology were reviewed retrospectively. Eighteen tumors were located in the femur, 4 in fibula, 4 in humerus and 2 in tibia. All of the patients were examined by X-ray, CT and MRI. The imaging manifestations on X-ray, CT and MRI were analyzed, and the relationship of the imaging features with the pathological types was also observed. The imaging signs were correlated with the pathologic findings with a double blind method. Results Of the 28 cases, there were 16 cases with large bone destruction, 22 cases with periosteal reaction on X-ray and CT. On X-ray, 18 cases showed soft tissue mass and 12 cases with neoplastic bone and tumor calcification.While on CT, 22 cases showed soft tissue mass on plain scan and 2 more cases displayed soft tissue mass after the injection of contrast mediun. Sixteen cases showed neoplastic bone and tumor calcification on CT.On MRI, there were 10 cases with bone destruction and periosteal reaction with iso- and hypo-intense on T1WI and iso- signals on T2WI. Twenty-six cases showed soft tissue edema and bone marrow on MRI. The soft mass were iso-signals on T1 WI and iso-hyperintense signals on T2 WI or STIR. The soft tissue edema was found hyperintense signals on T2WI or STIR. The lesions had heterogeneous enhancement especially in bone marrow with edema and adjcent soft tissue. Conclusion The X-ray, CT and MRI can reflect the pathological changes of diaphysial osteosarcoma in long bone from different aspects. Lower incidence, large bone destruction and no pathological fracture were the features of diaphysial osteosarcoma. The osteogenic type is diagnosed easily, but the osteolytic lesion should be differentiated from Ewing sarcoma, malignant giant cell tumor of bone and so on.     

骨肉瘤亚型影像诊断(附4种亚型8例报告)

目的探讨骨肉瘤亚型的临床、影像学特征,以提高对骨肉瘤亚型的认识。方法结合文献回顾性分析经临床、病理证实的4种亚型8例骨肉瘤的影像学表现。结果3例毛细血管扩张型分别位于股骨上段、股骨下段和肱骨远段,X线显示骨质呈膨胀性、溶骨性破坏,软组织肿块,其中1例类似动脉瘤样骨囊肿;3例骨旁型位于肩胛骨、股骨中段和股骨下段,X线显示骨致密性骨块为主要表现,骨髓腔内未见异常,突起骨块与骨皮质之间见有透光带;1例骨膜型位于股骨下段,CT显示骨皮质轻度破坏,骨髓腔内未见病灶,有巨大的软组织肿块,肿块密度不均;1例髓内高分化型位于肱骨中上段,X线显示骨质囊状破坏,界限清楚,髓腔扩张,骨皮质变薄。结论该4种亚型各自具有一定影像特征,有助于诊断。