Necrostatin-1 Protects Against <Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">d</Emphasis>-Galactosamine and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Hepatic Injury by Preventing TLR4 and RAGE Signaling

Fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) is a life-threatening clinical syndrome results in massive inflammation and hepatocyte death. Necroptosis is a regulated form of necrotic cell death that is emerging as a crucial control point for inflammatory diseases. The kinases receptor interacting protein (RIP) 1 and RIP3 are known as key modulators of necroptosis. In this study, we investigated the impact of necroptosis in the pathogenesis of FHF and molecular mechanisms, particularly its linkage to damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP)-mediated pattern recognition receptor (PRR) signaling pathways. Male C57BL/6 mice were given an intraperitoneal injection of necrostatin-1 (Nec-1, RIP1 inhibitor; 1.8 mg/kg; dissolved in 2% dimethyl sulfoxide in phosphate-buffered saline) 1 h before receiving d-galactosamine (GalN; 800 mg/kg)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 40 μg/kg). Hepatic RIP1, RIP3 protein expression, their phosphorylation, and RIP1/RIP3 complex formation upregulated in the GalN/LPS group were attenuated by Nec-1. Nec-1 markedly reduced the increases in mortality and serum alanine aminotransferase activity induced by GalN/LPS. Increased serum high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and interleukin (IL)-33 release, HMGB1-toll-like receptor 4 and HMGB1-receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) interaction, and nuclear protein expressions of NF-κB and early growth response protein-1 (egr-1) were attenuated by Nec-1. Our finding suggests that necroptosis is responsible for GalN/LPS-induced liver injury through DAMP-activated PRR signaling.     

TNF-α诱导MLO-Y4细胞发生RIP3介导的程序性坏死

目的:探讨肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)能否诱导小鼠长骨骨样细胞株MLO-Y4发生程序性坏死及其发生机制。方法:将MLO-Y4细胞分为正常对照(control)组、TNF-α处理组、TNF-α+necrostatin-1(Nec-1)处理组、TNF-α+Z-VAD处理组和TNF-α+受体相互作用蛋白3(RIP3)-siRNA组。用流式细胞术检测各组细胞凋亡或坏死率,透射电镜鉴定细胞形态学变化,用Western blot法测定RIP1、RIP3和cleaved caspase-3的蛋白水平,应用激光共聚焦显微镜观察RIP1和RIP3蛋白的共表达,应用荧光标记法检测各组细胞活性氧(ROS)水平。结果:TNF-α诱导MLO-Y4细胞24 h,凋亡和坏死率明显高于control组(P0.01)。与TNF-α组相比,Nec-1、Z-VAD和RIP3-siRNA均能降低细胞的凋亡或坏死率(P0.01)。在TNF-α组可见大量坏死样细胞,在Z-VAD组仍可见到坏死样细胞,而在Nec-1和RIP3-siRNA组未见到坏死样细胞。Western blot实验结果显示Nec-1可有效抑制RIP1蛋白表达,而Z-VAD对RIP1和RIP3蛋白表达无影响,RIP3-siRNA可有效降低RIP3蛋白表达(P0.01)。与TNF-α组比较,Nec-1可有效降低RIP1-RIP3蛋白共表达阳性细胞百分率(P0.01),而Z-VAD对其无影响。与control组相比,TNF-α组的ROS水平明显增高(P0.01);与TNF-α组相比,Nec-1、Z-VAD及RIP3-siRNA均能有效抑制ROS水平(P0.01)。结论:TNF-α能诱导MLO-Y4细胞发生RIP3介导的程序性坏死;ROS可能是MLO-Y4细胞程序性坏死的执行者。     

营养组合物对再生障碍性贫血小鼠细胞线粒体形态及跨膜电位的影响

目的 探讨营养组合物治疗再生障碍性贫血的作用机制.方法 BALB/c小鼠100只,适应性喂养1周后,随机分为:正常对照组、再障模型组(AA)及不同剂量的营养组合物组.采用皮下注射乙酰苯肼100mg/kg,次日X射线2.0Gy照射后,于试验第5天环磷酰胺80 mg/kg腹腔注射,第15天重复以上步骤但不给予射线处理的方法...     

营养组合物促进再障小鼠造血干细胞增殖与血红蛋白合成

目的评价促进造血干细胞增殖与血红蛋白合成营养组合物对小鼠再生障碍性贫血造血功能的影响。方法BALB/c小鼠100只,适应性喂养1周后,随机分为:正常对照组、再障模型组及不同剂量的营养组合物组。采用乙酰苯肼、X射线、环磷酰胺联合应用的方法建立再生障碍性贫血小鼠模型,以铅砖屏蔽施以假照射及单纯等量生理盐水相应部位注射为正常对照组。试验第7天开始,营养组合物高、中、低剂量组小鼠每天灌胃,分别给予1445.55,963.7,674.59 mg/(kg·d)营养组合物,直至第45天,颈椎脱臼法处死小鼠,观察试验小鼠的血象、骨髓象、造血细胞内的线粒体、造血干细胞集落的形成及肝脏、脾脏的病理变化。结果营养组合物组的外周血象三系细胞、骨髓有核细胞数、造血干细胞集落的形成明显高于再障模型组(*p<0.05,*p<0.01),且呈剂量-效应关系,促红细胞生成素(EPO)因代偿作用含量显著降低(*p<0.01)。骨髓透射电镜显示,不同剂量的营养组合物组与再障模型组比较,同类造血细胞内线粒体数目明显增多(*p<0.01)。造血干细胞集落实验证明,营养组合物组集落形成率明显高于再障组。不同剂量的营养组合物组与再障模型组相比,肝脏组织水肿减轻,小叶结构明显清晰,肝细胞形态正常,脾脏虽仍有部分充血,但脾小体个数较再障模型组明显增多。结论营养组合物促进再障小鼠外周血细胞生成和骨髓造血干细胞的增殖,促进骨髓造血细胞内线粒体的增加,对肝、脾的损伤具有明显恢复作用。     

Lactoferrin accelerates reconstitution of the humoral and cellular immune response during chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression and bone marrow transplant in mice

Experimental evidence from previous studies supports the conclusion that orally administered lactoferrin (LF) restores the immune response in mice treated with a sublethal dose of cyclophosphamide (CP). The aim of this study was to elucidate potential benefit of LF in mice undergoing chemotherapy with busulfan (BU) and CP, followed by intravenous (i.v.) injection of bone marrow cells. CBA mice were treated orally with busulfan (4 mg/kg) for 4 consecutive days, followed by two daily doses of CP delivered intraperitoneally (i.p.) at a dose of 100 mg/kg and reconstituted next day with i.v. injection of 10(7) syngeneic bone marrow cells. One group of these mice was given LF in drinking water (0.5% solution). After treatment, mice were immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) to subsequently measure delayed type hypersensitivity responsiveness and with sheep red blood cells to determine humoral immunity by evaluation of splenic antibody-forming cells. As expected, both humoral and cellular immune responses of mice that were treated with these chemotherapeutic agents was markedly impaired. Here we report that this impairment was remarkably attenuated by oral administration of LF. Humoral immunity fell to levels that were 66-88% lower than that of untreated animals. Humoral immunity of LF-treated animals was equivalent to that of untreated mice within 1 month. Cellular immune responses were inhibited by chemotherapy treatment to a lesser degree, reaching levels that were approximately 50% lower than those of untreated animals. Again, LF mitigated this decrease, resulting in responses that were only slightly lower than those observed in untreated animals. Furthermore, when mice were given a lethal dose of BU (4 x 25 mg daily doses, i.p.) followed by a bone marrow transplant, LF caused enhanced lympho-, erythro-, and myelopoiesis in the bone marrow and appearance of transforming splenic lymphoblasts, similar to effects caused by administration of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). In summary, our study suggests that LF may be a useful agent to accelerate restoration of immune responsiveness induced by chemotherapy in bone marrow transplant recipients.     

Hematological and bone marrow parameters in busulfan-treated rats: effects of silymarin extract

Busulfan is an alkylating agent that can be used in the treatment and control of chronic myeloblastic leukemia. Milk thistle seed extract of dried herb in 1 to 4 % silymarin is a powerful antioxidant flavonoid. In this study, busulfan and bone marrow suppression were used to assess whether the effect of silymarin can suppress cell death, or at least reduce it. Forty-two Wistar male rats were fed with a standard diet, divided into six groups of eight rats and treated as follows. Group 1—control group (received nothing). Group 2—control silymarin, 175 mg/kg/day silymarin was gavage for 14 days. Group 3—anemic control group, 20 mg/kg/day busulfan was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) for 14 days. Group 4—experimental group 1 received 20 mg/kg/day busulfan (i.p.) for 14 days, and after 2 weeks, 175 mg/kg/day silymarin was gavage for 14 days. Group 5—two groups received 20 mg/kg/day dose busulfan (i.p.) for 14 days, and after 2 weeks, 250 mg/kg/day silymarin was gavage for 14 days. Group 6—three groups received 20 mg/kg/day dose busulfan (i.p.) for 14 days, and after 2 weeks, 325 mg/kg/day silymarin was gavage for 14 days. Hematological and bone marrow parameters were measured using standard routine procedures. The results showed that after 2 weeks, in the group that had received busulfan with healthy controls, leukocyte parameters were influenced more by the drug similar to the control group. In samples of bone marrow cells after treatment with silymarin, a slight difference between the groups was observed, but the cells are promyelocyte, myelocyte, and metamyelocyte, and band width in the control group of healthy controls and patient groups treated with silymarin was different. Decrease in bone marrow cells of control group was significantly different from the control group treated with silymarin. The effects of silymarin on bone marrow cells and peripheral blood leukocytes lead to reduced cell death, reducing oxidative stress and protecting cells against apoptosis, and the mechanisms, probably due to antioxidant properties, are unknown.     

Receptor Interacting Protein 2 (RIP2) Is Dispensable for OVA-Induced Airway Inflammation in Mice

Purpose

Asthma is a pulmonary chronic inflammatory disease characterized by airway obstruction and hyperresponsiveness. Pattern recognition receptors are known to play a key role in the development of allergic diseases as well as host defenses against microbial infection. Receptor interacting protein 2 (RIP2), a serine/threonine kinase, is an adaptor molecule of NOD1 and NOD2, and genetic variation in this receptor is known to be associated with the severity of allergic asthma in children. In this study, we examined the role of RIP2 in the development of allergic airway inflammation in a mouse model.

Methods

Airway inflammation was induced in mice through intranasal administration of ovalbumin (OVA) after 2 intraperitoneal immunizations with OVA. Lung inflammation and mucus hypersecretion were examined histologically and total cell infiltration in bronchoalveolar (BAL) fluids was determined. Levels of the Th2-related cytokines, IL-5 and IL-13, in lung extracts were measured by ELISA. Serum antigen-specific IgE and IgG1 levels were also assessed.

Results

OVA-induced lung inflammation and mucus hypersecretion were not different between WT and RIP2-deficient mice. The IL-5 and IL-13 levels in the bronchoalveolar (BAL) fluids were also not impaired in RIP2-deficient mice compared to WT mice. Moreover, RIP2 deficiency did not affect serum OVA-specific IgG1 and IgE levels.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that RIP2 is not associated with the development of allergic airway inflammation.     

RIP3: a molecular switch for necrosis and inflammation

The receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIP3/RIPK3) has emerged as a critical regulator of programmed necrosis/necroptosis, an inflammatory form of cell death with important functions in pathogen-induced and sterile inflammation. RIP3 activation is tightly regulated by phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and caspase-mediated cleavage. These post-translational modifications coordinately regulate the assembly of a macromolecular signaling complex termed the necrosome. Recently, several reports indicate that RIP3 can promote inflammation independent of its pronecrotic activity. Here, we review our current understanding of the mechanisms that drive RIP3-dependent necrosis and its role in different inflammatory diseases.     

RIP1-mediated regulation of lymphocyte survival and death responses

RIP1 is an adaptor serine/threonine kinase associated with the signaling complex of death receptors (DRs) including Fas, TNFR1, and TRAIL-Rs which can initiate apoptosis. While DRs are dispensable throughout development, RIP1 deletion results in perinatal lethality. The developmental defect caused by absence of RIP1 remains unexplained. In previous studies, RIP1-deficient hematopoietic progenitors failed to reconstitute the T cell compartment and our recent data indicate a new role for RIP1 in TCR-induced activation of the pro-survival NF-κB pathway. Here, we show that RIP1 is also critical for B cell development. In addition, RIP1(-/-) B cells stimulated through LPS/TLR4 are impaired in NF-κB activation but have no major defect in the Akt pathway. Recently, RIP1 has also emerged as a critical player in necrosis-like death, necroptosis, in various cell lines. We have demonstrated that RIP1 deficiency can reverse the embryonic and T cell proliferation defects in mice lacking FADD, a caspase adaptor protein, which indicates a potential role for RIP1 in mediating in vivo necroptosis. We provide an overview and discussion of the accumulating data revealing insights into the diverse functions of RIP1 in survival and death signaling in lymphocytes.     

应用环磷酰胺构建C57BL/6J小鼠免疫抑制模型

背景：在免疫增强剂的研究中,常用到免疫抑制模型,如何建立免疫抑制模型成为免疫增强剂作用评价的关键。 目的：应用环磷酰胺构建C57BL/6J小鼠免疫抑制模型。 方法：将小鼠随机分为正常对照组、环磷酰胺50 mg/kg 5 d组,环磷酰胺80 mg/kg 3 d组,环磷酰胺80 mg/kg 5 d组,环磷酰胺100 mg/kg 5 d组和环磷酰胺100 mg/kg隔天给药组。正常对照组小鼠腹腔注射生理盐水0.1 mL,连续5 d。环磷酰胺50 mg/kg 5 d组,环磷酰胺80 mg/kg 3 d组,环磷酰胺80 mg/kg 5 d组和环磷酰胺100 mg/kg 5 d组小鼠分别以环磷酰胺50,80,80,100 mg/kg腹腔注射连续5,3,5,5 d。环磷酰胺100 mg/kg隔天给药组小鼠腹腔注射100 mg/kg环磷酰胺,隔天1次,共注射3次。 结果与结论：与正常对照组比较,腹腔注射环磷酰胺可导致小鼠外周血中CD3⁺T,CD3⁺CD4⁺T及CD3⁺CD8⁺T细胞明显下降(P < 0. 05);谷丙转氨酶(除环磷酰胺50 mg/kg 5 d、80 mg/kg 3 d组)、谷草转氨酶、尿素显著升高(P < 0.05),其中环磷酰胺80 mg/kg 5 d组、环磷酰胺100 mg/kg 5 d组和环磷酰胺100 mg/kg隔天给药组对肝肾功能的影响更为明显。提示腹腔注射环磷酰胺可建立CD3⁺T,CD3⁺CD4⁺T及CD3⁺CD8⁺T细胞明显下降的免疫抑制模型,其中以环磷酰胺50 mg/kg 5 d和80 mg/kg 3 d方式对肝肾功能的损伤较小。     

Effect of AC II, an herbal formulation in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in BALB/c mice--Implication in HIV treatment

Effect of AC II, herbal drug formulation in reducing immunosuppression caused by administration of cyclophosphamide was studied. Mice were injected cyclophosphamide (CTX) 50 mg/kg b.wt. for 14 days with or without the drug and total WBC, bone marrow cellularity and alpha-esterase positive cells were determined. On day 15, total WBC count in cyclophosphamide treated mice was 1500 +/- 420 cells/mm3, while in AC II-treated mice it was 7658 +/- 376 cells/mm3. On day 16, administration of cyclophosphamide reduced bone marrow cellularity to 3.42 +/- 0.38 x 10(6) cells/femur from the normal value of 13.83 +/- 0.96 x 10(6) cells/femur. In AC II treated group bone marrow cellularity was increased to 8.05 +/- 0.7 x 10(6) cells/femur. The number of alpha-esterase positive cells was found to be reduced to 177 +/- 25 cells per 4000 cells in CTX treated groups. But in AC II-treated group the number of alpha-esterase positive cells were raised to 843 +/- 86 cells per 4000 cells, which was closer to that of normal (710 +/- 49 cells per 4000 cells). Results indicate the usefulness of AC II to combat immunosuppression induced by chemical and biological agents.     

Transplacental genotoxicity of triethylenemelamine, benzene, and vinblastine in mice.

Transplacental cytogenetic effects of triethylenemelamine (TEM), benzene, and vinblastine on maternal mice and their fetuses have been investigated using micronucleus and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) as genetic endpoints. CD-1 mice were treated on day 14 and 15 of gestation with TEM (0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/kg), benzene (439,878, and 1,318 mg/kg), and vinblastine (0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection at 24 hr intervals, and sacrificed 40 hr after the first injection. Erythrocytic precursor cells in maternal bone marrow and fetal livers (2-4) from each pregnant mouse were used for the micronucleus and/or the SCE analyses. Significant dose-related increases in both micronuclei and SCE were found in maternal bone marrow and fetal liver following TEM treatment. Benzene at the highest dose (1,318 mg/kg) also caused a significant increase in micronuclei and SCE in both maternal bone marrow and fetal liver cells. The embryonic genotoxic effect of TEM was much higher than that of benzene for both genetic endpoints, and the frequency of micronuclei induced by benzene was higher in fetal liver than in maternal bone marrow cells. Vinblastine, a spindle poison, induced micronuclei but not SCE. Micronuclei induction by vinblastine was 7 fold greater in maternal bone marrow than in fetal liver cells. All three chemicals were cytotoxic in maternal bone marrow cells, but not in fetal liver cells except for TEM, which showed a weak cytotoxicity in fetal liver cells in the micronucleus assay. These results indicate that TEM, benzene, and vinblastine are transplacental genotoxicants in mice.     

自噬对肾大部切除大鼠肾小管上皮细胞程序性坏死的影响

目的:探讨自噬是否参与肾大部切除(SNx)大鼠肾小管上皮细胞的过度死亡,及其与程序性坏死的关系。方法:48只雄性SD大鼠随机分为control组(6只)和SNx组(42只),分别行假手术和SNx。将24只SNx大鼠分为0、4、8和12周组;其余SNx大鼠分为SNx+vehicle组、SNx+necrostatin-1(Nec-1)组和SNx+3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-MA)组,每组6只。检测0、4、8和12周组大鼠肾组织RIP1、RIP3、LC3和beclin-1的mRNA和蛋白表达水平;用Nec-1和3-MA干预SNx大鼠,Western blot法检测LC3-Ⅰ、LC3-Ⅱ和beclin-1的蛋白水平,透射电镜和TUNEL染色判定Nec-1和3-MA对SNx大鼠肾小管上皮细胞死亡的影响,并观察Nec-1和3-MA对SNx大鼠肾组织的病理变化、活性氧簇(ROS)、血尿素氮(BUN)和血肌酐(SCr)含量的影响。结果:SNx术后8周大鼠肾组织RIP1、RIP3、LC3和beclin-1的mRNA和蛋白水平达最高值(P0.01);Nec-1和3-MA干预SNx大鼠的LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ和beclin-1蛋白水平、发生程序性坏死的肾小管上皮细胞及TUNEL阳性细胞数量均显著降低(P0.01)。另外,Nec-1减低SNx大鼠肾组织的ROS含量,但3-MA无此作用。结论:自噬参与了SNx大鼠肾小管上皮细胞过度死亡;抑制自噬可减轻SNx大鼠肾小管上皮细胞程序性坏死及其肾损伤。     

硫化氢通过抑制坏死性凋亡对抗高糖引起的H9c2心肌细胞损伤

 目的: 探讨硫化氢(hydrogen sulfide,H₂S)能否通过调控坏死性凋亡(necroptosis)对抗高糖(HG)引起的H9c2心肌细胞损伤。方法: 应用Western blot法检测心肌细胞内能反映坏死性凋亡的RIP3蛋白和cleaved caspase-3蛋白的水平;细胞计数盒测定心肌细胞存活率;双氯荧光素染色荧光显微镜照相法检测细胞内活性氧簇(reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平;罗丹明123染色荧光显微镜照相法测定线粒体膜电位(mitochondrial membrane potential,MMP);Hoechst 33258核染色荧光显微镜照相法测定凋亡细胞的数量。结果: 应用HG(35 mmol/L葡萄糖)处理H9c2心肌细胞3 h、6 h、9 h、12 h和24 h均能明显地上调RIP3蛋白的表达水平,其中24 h时RIP3蛋白水平增加最明显。400μmol/L硫氢化钠(NaHS;为H₂S的供体)预处理或坏死性凋亡的特异性阻断剂necrostatin-1(Nec-1;100μmol/L)共处理心肌细胞均能明显地抑制HG对RIP3蛋白表达的上调作用。此外,NaHS预处理或Nec-1共处理心肌细胞均显著地抑制HG引起的心肌细胞损伤,使细胞存活率升高,ROS生成及MMP丢失减少。另一方面,400μmol/L NaHS预处理心肌细胞能使凋亡细胞数量及cleaved caspase-3表达明显减少。结论: H₂S可通过抑制坏死性凋亡保护心肌细胞,对抗高糖引起的损伤。     

多药耐药基因修饰的小鼠骨髓细胞对造血功能的保护作用

目的:将体外转染了人多药耐药基因(MDR1)的小鼠骨髓细胞,移植给经致死剂量照射的受体小鼠,观察该基因对小鼠造血功能的保护作用。方法:分离经5-Fu预处理的供体小鼠骨髓有核细胞,体外转染由逆转录病毒介导的人多药耐药基因MDR1,然后移植给经85Gy致死剂量照射的同系受体小鼠,以紫杉醇(Taxol)、长春新碱(VCR)、柔红霉素(DNR)筛选,观察小鼠血象、生存期和生存率变化,应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)和流式细胞仪(FCM)分析人多药耐药基因在小鼠中的整合与表达。结果:致死剂量辐照后,移植组小鼠造血功能逐渐恢复,未移植组15d内全部死亡。腹腔注射紫杉醇或静脉注射长春新碱、柔红霉素后,实验组生存率和生存期明显高于对照组(P<005)。表明MDR1基因能保护骨髓细胞,并且具有体内选择和富集作用,PCR分析提示,实验组外周血、骨髓、肝、脾组织中均检测到原病毒整合,RT-PCR与FCM检测到MDR1基因表达。结论:人MDR1基因修饰的小鼠骨髓细胞,能有效重建经致死剂量照射的受体小鼠造血功能,一定程度上保护骨髓免受化疗药物所致的细胞毒性作用。     

抗RIP3抗体的制备及其亚细胞定位

目的:制备兔抗受体相互作用蛋白3(RIP3)的抗体,并探讨其在鼠源NIH3T3细胞株中的定位。方法:用RTPCR技术从NIH3T3细胞株中克隆鼠rip3基因,进行原核表达及电洗脱纯化。以高纯度的RIP3抗原免疫新西兰兔制备抗血清并纯化。用Westernblot检测该抗体的特异性,以免疫荧光法确定RIP3在NIH3T3细胞株中的定位,以及TNFα和zVAD.fmk对其定位的影响。结果:获得特异性的兔抗RIP3蛋白的抗体。免疫荧光的结果显示,RIP3定位于细胞质中。单用TNFα或zVAD.fmk处理NIH3T3细胞后,RIP3的定位均无明显变化;而用zVAD.fmk和TNFα共同处理细胞后,在核内外均有RIP3分布。结论:成功地克隆rip3基因并制备高特异性的兔抗RIP3抗体。RIP3在NIH3T3细胞株中定位于细胞质中,为进一步研究RIP3在TNFα诱导的caspase非依赖的细胞凋亡途径中的作用奠定了基础。     

A comparison of baseline and cyclophosphamide-induced sister chromatid exchanges in bone marrow and spleen cells of mouse and Chinese hamster

Baseline sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequencies were investigated in bone marrow and spleen cells of mice and Chinese hamsters. No significant difference in SCE frequency was noted for bone marrow in both species and for bone marrow and spleen in mice on per cell and per pg DNA basis. However, a significant difference was noted between species in spleen and between cell types in Chinese hamsters. Also, statistically significant differences were noted between species for both cell types when the same data were expressed on per chromosome basis. SCE levels in cultured bone marrow and spleen cells after intraperitoneal administration of the antineoplastic drug cyclophosphamide (10 and 20 mg/kg) differed significantly in mice and Chinese hamsters on per cell, per pg DNA content, and per chromosome basis. The spleen cells were much more sensitive to the effects of cyclophosphamide than bone marrow cells in both species. The replicative indices did not differ significantly between treated and control animals in either bone marrow or spleen cells of both species. Since SCE frequency is a sensitive measure of DNA damage, and bone marrow and lymphocytes are the most widely used cell types in human and animal in vivo assays, the methodologies and results reported here may be useful for comparative mammalian cytogenetic studies.     

RSK3 mediates necroptosis by regulating phosphorylation of RIP3 in rat retinal ganglion cells

Receptor-interacting protein 3 (RIP3) plays an important role in the necroptosis signaling pathway. Our previous studies have shown that the RIP3/mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL)-mediated necroptosis occurs in retinal ganglion cell line 5 (RGC-5) following oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). However, upstream regulatory pathways of RIP3 are yet to be uncovered. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of p90 ribosomal protein S6 kinase 3 (RSK3) in the phosphorylation of RIP3 in RGC-5 cell necroptosis following OGD. Our results showed that expression of RSK3, RIP3, and MLKL was upregulated in necroptosis of RGC-5 after OGD. A computer simulation based on our preliminary results indicated that RSK3 might interact with RIP3, which was subsequently confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. Further, we found that the application of a specific RSK inhibitor, LJH685, or rsk3 small interfering RNA (siRNA), downregulated the phosphorylation of RIP3. However, the overexpression of rip3 did not affect the expression of RSK3, thereby indicating that RSK3 could be a possible upstream regulator of RIP3 phosphorylation in OGD-induced necroptosis of RGC-5 cells. Moreover, our in vivo results showed that pretreatment with LJH685 before acute high intraocular pressure episodes could reduce the necroptosis of retinal neurons and improve recovery of impaired visual function. Taken together, our findings suggested that RSK3 might work as an upstream regulator of RIP3 phosphorylation during RGC-5 necroptosis.     

不同剂量环磷酰胺诱导正常小鼠免疫抑制的对比研究

目的观察不同剂量环磷酰胺对正常小鼠免疫抑制的影响。方法采取不同的时间给予正常小鼠腹腔内注射小同剂量的环磷酰胺(CY),观察对小鼠免疫学指标的影响。结果正常小鼠腹腔注射20、80、100mg/kg的CY后,各剂量组均出现不同程度的免疫抑制。结论给予正常小鼠腹腔注射20、80、100mg/kg的CY,可建立免疫抑制模型,并且连续3d腹腔注射剂量为80mg/(kg·d)1CY的效果盛明显。