面神经管及邻近结构在横断薄层切片与高分辨率计算机断层摄影图像的对照

目的:为面神经及耳科病变的影像诊断和手术治疗提供解剖学基础。方法:15例成人头部标本,以眦耳线(CML)为基线,获得间隔为1.0mm,厚度为1.0mm的高分辨率计算机断层摄影(HRCT)图像,扫描后的头部标本按原定位截取以耳颞区为中心的组织块并将其制成厚为1.0mm的连续横断簿层切片。标本切片与HRCT图像对照,对颞骨内面神经、听小骨、骨半规管、前庭、耳蜗等结构进行观测。结果:面神经膝状神经节(GG)多位于外半规管层面;匙突多与锤砧关节位于同一层面;锥隆起多位于鼓岬层面。结论:面神经水平段起始部、OG、面神经迷路段三者在外半规管层面内呈倒"V"字型排列;面神经垂直段位于面神经隐窝深面,面神经隐窝、锥隆起、锥隐窝三者在鼓岬层面内从内向外呈"ω"字型排列。     

面神经颞骨内段在冠状薄层切片与高分辨率计算机断层摄影图像上的应用解剖

目的:为面神经及耳科病变的影像诊断和手术治疗提供解剖学基础.方法:15例成人头部标本,以与眦耳线(CML)相垂直的直线为基线,获得间隔为1.0mm,厚度为1.0mm的高分辨率计算机断层摄影术(HRCT)图像,扫描后的头部标本按原定位截取以耳颞区为中心的组织块并将其制成厚为1.0mm的连续冠状薄层切片.标本切片与HRCT图像对照,对颞骨内面神经、听小骨、骨半规管、前庭、耳蜗等结构进行观测.结果:颞骨冠状HRCT扫描,有30～32层,膝状神经节居第5～7层,面神经水平段起始部和面神经迷路段居第7～8层,面神经垂直段居第16～17层,面神经隐窝、锥隆起、锥隐窝三者在第14～15层从外向内呈"M"字型排列.结论:耳颞区火棉胶冠状薄层断面标本能良好显示面神经及其周围结构的解剖位置和毗邻关系,可直接与高分辨率CT冠状扫描图像进行对照研究,其结果对耳科疾病的影像诊断及手术治疗有参考价值.     

后鼓室颞骨切片与CT对照研究

目的：为后鼓室及耳科病变的影像诊断和手术治疗提供解剖学基础。方法：l5例成人头部标本，以眦耳线（cML）为基线，获得间隔为1．00mm，厚度为1．00mm的CT图像，扫描后的头部标本按原定位截取以耳颞区为中心的组织块并将其制成厚为1．00mm的连续横断薄层切片。标本切片与CT图像对照，对颞骨内砧骨窝、鼓索隆起、茎突隆起、面神经隐窝、鼓室窦、岬小桥、外耳道上棘等结构进行观察。结果：砧骨窝深度为1．49mm，至面神经锥曲的距离为5．67mm。后鼓室窦内侧壁至面神经水平部的距离为3．14mm。外耳道上棘至面神经垂直段、鼓索神经、鼓岬的距离分别为16．76mm、15．94mm和21．81mm。结论：耳颞区断面标本与CT图像进行对照研究，其结果对耳科疾病的影像诊断及手术治疗具有参考价值。     

人工耳蜗植入术的应用解剖学研究

目的探讨后鼓室入路人工耳蜗植入术的有关解剖,为人工耳蜗植入手术提供解剖学基础。方法取成人颞骨标本60侧(左、右各30侧),在放大6倍的手术显微镜下进行观察和测量,结果进行统计学处理。结果圆窗龛(窝)的形态大体分为2种类型:近圆形(52%)和近半圆形(48%)。圆窗龛下壁有一窦腔者占86.7%。岬下脚出现率为11.7%,岬小桥出现率为33.3%。颈静脉窝高位,窝顶达圆窗龛上缘者占11.7%,均未影响圆窗龛的形态。外耳道上棘至锥隆起、鼓索隆起、圆窗龛前唇(缘)、面神经管锥曲的距离分别是(18.02±1.21)mm、(15.22±1.32)mm、(20.09±1.20)mm、(14.96±2.03)mm。鼓索隆起至面神经管锥曲、锥隆起的距离分别是(3.33±0.42)mm、(3.79±0.56)mm。锥隆起向后至面神经管的距离平均为(3.58±0.47)mm。结论后鼓室进路即是通过面神经隐窝的进路,面神经隐窝大小各异,鼓索隆起至面神经管锥曲和至锥隆起的距离,可作为面神经隐窝的宽度。人工耳蜗植入术经面神经隐窝入路较理想,距圆窗龛较近,有利于电极插入。该入路靠近面神经管,手术操作时应注意保护面神经。圆窗龛前唇遮盖圆窗膜,手术时必须磨去前唇暴露圆窗膜。     

P>面神经隐窝及其周围结构在耳的横断薄层和HRCT上的定位及毗邻关系/P>

目的 明确面神经隐窝及其周围结构在横断薄层和高分辨率CT(HRCT)上的定位及毗邻关系.方法 横断薄层切片与HRCT图像对照,辨识面神经隐窝及其周围结构.结果 面神经隐窝及其周围结构多在弓状隆起下方8～13层面出现,面神经、面神经隐窝、鼓索隆起、鼓索神经出现率为100%,岬小桥出现率为70%.面神经至鼓索神经之间的距离由上向下逐渐增大,至圆窗龛层面最大,男性右侧为(5.20±0.06)mm,左侧为(5.16±0.09)mm;女性右侧为(5.16±0.05)mm,左侧为(5.10±0.08)mm.两侧无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论 火棉胶薄层切片与HRCT扫描图像结合能良好显示面神经隐窝及其周围各解剖结构.     

幼儿人工耳蜗植入面神经隐窝的应用解剖学

目的:对幼儿面神经隐窝等相关结构进行观测,为幼儿人工耳蜗植入及其它耳科手术提供形态学依据。方法:取1～5岁儿童尸头14个(28侧),模仿经乳突后鼓室径路,进入后鼓室;在手术显微镜下观察测量与面神经隐窝相关的解剖学数据。结果:经面神经隐窝入路从不同的角度可清楚地看到锥隆起、面神经管凸(面神经水平段)、砧镫关节、镫骨底板、匙突、圆窗龛及鼓岬等主要结构。面神经垂直段长度为(10.58±1.20)mm,面神经圆窗龛平面到乳突表面、面神经锥曲段到鼓索神经、水平半规管到面神经水平段以及鼓索神经起点到茎乳孔的距离分别为:(11.90±1.80)mm,(3.79±0.45)mm,(1.94±0.43)mm,(5.14±0.80)mm。结论:幼儿面神经隐窝与成人的不同点以及幼儿面神经隐窝的相关测量数据,可为幼儿手术中避免面神经损伤提供形态学依据。     

后鼓室手术入路的应用解剖学研究

目的　为后鼓室入路手术提供解剖学依据。方法　利用成人 6 0侧颞骨标本 ,用牙科钻磨开乳突腔 ,打开外耳道外侧壁和鼓室盾板 ,充分暴露后鼓室入路手术中有关的解剖结构。以外耳道上棘、面神经管锥曲为测量标志 ,在手术显微镜下 ,对在手术中遇到的解剖结构之间的距离进行了测量。结果　外耳道上棘至砧骨窝、锥隆起、鼓索隆起、面神经管锥曲、外侧半规管、后半规管、前庭窗、蜗窗、匙突、乙状窦垂直部前缘中点、窦膜角的距离分别是 17 19、18 0 2、15 2 2、14 4 9、15 39、17 35、19 5 8、2 0 0 9、2 0 32、15 6 8、18 76mm。面神经管锥曲至鼓索隆起、水平半规管、后半规管的距离分别是 3 33、1 5 3、2 15mm。结论　外耳道上棘、面神经管锥曲是后鼓室入路的重要手术标志 ,鼓索隆起向内 3mm是手术入路的安全区 ,面神经减压术时应避免损伤水平半规管及后半规管等结构     

面神经垂直段在横、冠状断层和CT上的定位及临床意义

目的为面神经及耳科病变的影像诊断和手术治疗提供解剖学基础.方法30例成人头部标本,15例以眦耳线(CML)为基线,15例以CML相垂直的直线为基线,获得间隔为1.0mm,厚度为1.0mm的CT图像,扫描后的头部标本按原定位截取以耳颞区为中心的组织块并将其制成厚为1.0mm的连续横(冠)状薄层切片.标本切片与CT图像对照,对颞骨内面神经垂直段及邻近结构进行观测.结果(1)横断层VFN距面神经隐窝、鼓室窦、鼓索神经、外耳道上棘距离分别为(0.63±0.15)mm、(2.17±0.12)mm、(5.16±0.10)mm和(16.80±1.19)mm;(2)冠状断层VFN长度平均值为(14.28±1.30)mm,VFN至鼓索神经、后半规管距离分别为(2.49±0.19)mm和(2.53±0.33)mm.结论耳颞区火棉胶横断和冠状薄层断面标本能良好显示VFN及其周围结构的解剖位置和毗邻关系,可直接与HRCT扫描图像图像进行对照研究,其结果对耳科疾病的影像诊断及手术治疗有参考价值.     

面神经隐窝进路的相关解剖研究

目的：对面神经隐窝进路涉及解剖区域的相关显微解剖和影像学解剖的研究进展进行综述。方法：选用近几年关键词为“面神经”、“颞骨”及“后鼓室”的文章进行分析和总结。结果：其解剖结构复杂精细,涉及面神经乳突段、鼓索神经、砧骨窝之间的解剖区域。一些重要解剖结构的位置相对恒定,如锥隆起、圆窗龛、圆窗、前庭窗、镫骨、砧骨短脚、匙突、面神经鼓室段、水平半规管凸、后半规管凸等,可以作为手术的参考标记。结论：面神经隐窝进路在现代耳显微外科中有重要地位,熟悉其解剖关系,可以指导临床手术,避免损伤。     

颞骨手术相关的面神经临床解剖学研究

目的探讨颞骨手术中面神经的解剖学特点及手术中的定位方法。方法 (1)在15例尸头标本上(30侧)模拟完壁式乳突根治术,面神经隐窝入路,面神经减压手术,迷路下入路,颅中窝入路内耳道等手术,观察面神经形态及其与周围结构的关系;(2)30例干颞骨标本采用断面方法观察面神经管与周围主要结构之间的关系。结果 (1)面神经垂直段中点距离乙状窦前壁(6.42±2.65)mm,距离颈静脉球外侧壁(3.58±1.33)mm。(2)面神经隐窝外侧气房明显存在者86.67%(26例),不明显者13.33%(4侧),面神经隐窝外侧气房可以定位面神经与面神经隐窝。(3)在外半规管中后1/3交点下方(1.70±0.33)mm可定位面神经锥段,向下与二腹肌嵴前端连线是面神经垂直段位置。(4)膝神经节位于匙突前(2.48±0.23)mm。(5)弓状隆起外侧端前方是内耳道底位置,岩浅大神经方便定位面神经迷路段。结论利用面神经与周围结构的关系,根据面神经走行特点及面神经管周围颜色、骨质改变在颞骨部位手术中能够快速准确的定位面神经,同时也可以将面神经作为其它手术的重要标志。     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

The Beauty of the Network in the Brain and the Origin of the Mind in the Control of Behavior

Behavior is not adequately described as a stimulus-response process. It is initiated by the animal and is generated because of its expected outcome in the future. The outcome can be good or bad for the animal. The brain is in charge of the selection process. This is the basic function of the brain. Taking Drosophila as a study case, this paper discusses initiating activity, several examples of outcome expectations, trying out (the internal search for a suitable behavior), chaining of actions, and the functional roles of chance in action selection. It takes mental processes and states such as goals, intentions, feelings, memories, cognition, and attention as higher levels of behavioral control that have their origin in biological evolution.     

Adequate function of the cell: Interactions between the needs of the cell and the needs of the organism

The continuous maintenance of cell adequate function (cellular stress) is considered to be the main feature which characterizes the activity of a live cell. In accordance with the concept of cellular stress, the transition of the cell to the state of adequate funcitoning represents a dual commitment. The cell must function adequately to respond to the demands of the organism and to provide for its own needs. Thus, it is proposed that two systems exist for the regulation of the adequate function of the cell: one enabling the cell to respond to the demands of the organism, and the other providing for the needs of the cell itself. The hormonal system of the organism represents the first of these mechanisms, and I believe that another system exists for regulation of intracellular needs. Adequate function of the cell is determined by the regulative, controlling and defense mechanisms. The balance between the needs of the cell and of the organism should be a concern of physician, since it provides for the optimal function and health of the organism as a whole.     

On the development of the sympathetic chain and the adrenal medulla in the mouse

Summary The first visible primordia of the sympathetic chain appear in the anterior thoracic region and run caudally through 8 segments in an embryo of 11 gestation days. At 12 gestation days the trunk reaches from the base of the skull into the sacral region. During the following days the trunk develops into ganglia with interganglionic fibers.At 16 gestation days there is a well developed trunk with a cranial ganglion cervicale superior and a ganglion stellatum in the anterior part of the thoracic region. In the remaining sympathetic chain there are segmentally arranged ganglia but in this common pattern large differences are noticed.At the 13th gestation day the first signs of the adrenal medulla and the splanchnic plexus appear in the form of sympathoblasts ventral to the sympathetic chain. The migration of sympathoblasts into the primordia of the adrenal cortex goes on for 3 days while the migration to the splancnic plexus in the mesenchym ventral and lateral to the aorta goes on at least 2 more days.     

Anatomical relationship between the morphology of the styloid process of the ulna and the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments

The radioulnar ligaments are the major stabilizers of the distal radioulnar joint under dynamic loading; however, anatomical detail regarding their attachment on the middle and distal thirds of the styloid process of the ulna remains unclear. Because previous anatomical studies included only old cadavers, their anatomical findings might not reflect the morphological features of younger and healthy specimens. This study investigated the anatomical features of the distal ulna, particularly the styloid process, to determine the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments to the styloid process and verified their direction and attachment to the styloid process in younger and healthy donors using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We investigated the morphological features of the distal ulna of 12 cadaveric wrists using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). We also visualized and measured the distribution of the cortical bone thickness. We histologically analyzed three specimens in the axial plane and macroscopically analyzed seven specimens to examine the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments to the styloid process. In addition, we evaluated five wrists from living volunteers using 3.0 Tesla MRI. The distal ulna has a ridge on the dorsoradial aspect of the styloid process that corresponds to the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments. Micro-CT images after data processing revealed that the cortical thickness of the dorsoradial quadrant was thicker than that of the other quadrant at the proximal slice of the styloid process (p < 0.01), and that of the dorsoulnar (p = 0.021) and ulnopalmar (p < 0.01) quadrants at the middle slice. Histological analyses showed that the radioulnar ligaments were attached to the middle and distal thirds of the styloid process via chondral-apophyseal entheses. The direction of the fiber was dorsal in the middle third of the styloid process and changed to palmar in the distal third of the styloid process. The direction and attachment of the radioulnar ligaments on the styloid process were confirmed using MRI for younger and healthy participants. The radioulnar ligaments were attached to the dorsoradial ridge of the styloid process, which was confirmed by cortical bone thickening, histology at the attachment sites, and in vivo MR imaging. The directions of the radioulnar ligaments sterically intersected, which would satisfy both slipping stability and rotational mobility. These anatomical findings may provide the basis for biomechanical consideration of distal radioulnar joint stabilization.     

指背腱膜滑动与近侧指间关节屈曲关系及临床意义

目的:探讨指背腱膜滑动距离与近侧指间关节(PIP)屈曲关系,为临床修复提供解剖学基础。方法:男性成人新鲜尸体标本10侧30指(示、中、环指各10指),切除手指皮肤,不破坏腱鞘、屈肌支持带、伸肌支持带、内在肌及外在肌,使肌腱保持正常的生理状态,分别测量各指中央束(CS)、侧束(LB)在PIP屈曲45°和90°时的滑动距离。结果:当PIP屈曲45°时,CS滑动距离为(2.7±0.4)mm,LB滑动距离为(2.8±0.6)mm;当PIP屈曲90°时,CS滑动距离为(4.3±0.7)mm,LB滑动距离为(4.8±0.6)mm。结论:指背腱膜滑动距离减少,严重影响手指的屈曲功能。对于指背腱膜的新鲜性损伤应予以精确修复;对于陈旧性损伤的修复应确保指背腱膜的正常滑动范围。     

On the musculature of the gastro-intestinal tract of the guinea-pig

Summary The small intestine, caecum, colon and part of the stomach of guinea-pigs were studied by light microscopy, using semithin sections of plastic embedded specimens. The muscular coat is thicker in the duodenum than in the rest of the small intestine. The ratio between longitudinal and circular muscle is 1:4.6 in the duodenum and it increases regularly along the small intestine, to reach 1:2 in the terminal ileum. In the caecum, shape and sectional area of the muscle tissue were analyzed along the full length of the taeniae. In the caecal circular muscle there is a characteristic change in the arrangement of the muscle bundles from the regions in the centre of the haustrations to the regions of the grooves between haustrations or to those lying beneath a taenia. The functional significance of the taeniae is discussed in terms of an arrangement allowing reduction of the lumen of the organ (which at the level of the grooves between haustrations acquires a triangular outline) more efficiently than if the longitudinal musculature were spread over the entire surface of the organ. Haustrations are present also on one side of the wall of the ascending colon where there is no longitudinal muscle layer. In the descending colon the structure of the wall is examined in different functional states, namely in the regions between fecal pellets (constricted regions) and in the regions around a fecal pellet (moderately distended regions). The musculature increases considerably in thickness in the constricted regions (both muscle layers being actively contracted), while the mucosa and submucosa are thrown into prominent longitudinal folds. These folds produce occlusion of the lumen when the circular muscle has shortened by about 50%.     

On the origin of the corticotectal projections in the cat

Summary Stereotaxic injection of horseradish peroxidase into the superior colliculus produced retrograde labelling of layer V pyramides in the Clare Bishop area and the lateral bank of the suprasylvian sulcus, in area 17,18 and 19. Single labelled cells were also found scattered in the splenial, the suprasplenial, the lateral and the suprasylvian gyri. In the cruciate sulcus no labelled cells were observed. Autoradiographically, the lateral bank of the suprasylvian sulcus was also shown to give rise to fibres to the superior colliculus.