A New Fluorenone Derivative from Dendrobium Chrysotoxum

自兰科植物鼓槌石斛Ｄｅｎｄｒｏｂｉｕｍｃｈｒｙｓｏｔｏｘｕｍ茎中分得一新的芴酮类化合物及三个已知化合物。该新化合物命名为鼓槌酮，结构为２，５，８三羟基１，４二甲氧基９芴酮。     

鼓槌石斛中毛兰素及鼓槌素对B16／h MDR—1细胞的药耐药性的作用

采用转染上人类MDR－1基因，对长春花碱及阿霉素具有交叉耐药性的鼠黑色素瘤细胞株对从鼓槌石斛中分得的二个氢芪类化合物毛兰素及鼓槌素的抗肿瘤多药耐药性进行研究。结果表明：二个化合物均能在一定程度上增加阿霉素在多药耐药细胞株中的积累，有进一步研究的价值。     

鼓槌石斛中一新的联苄类化合物——鼓槌石斛素

从兰科鼓槌石斛(Dendrobium chrysotoxum)中分得一新的联苄类化合物,经光谱分析(UV,IR,MS,¹HNMR,¹³CNMR和DIFNOE),其结构确定为4-羟基-3,5,3',4'-四甲氧基联苄,命名为鼓槌石斛素。关键词鼓槌石斛;鼓槌石斛素;联苄类化合物。     

鼓槌石斛化学成分的研究

自中药鼓槌石斛(Dendrobium chrysotoxum Lindl.)茎中分离到5个化合物,经光谱(UV,IR,MS,¹HNMR,DIFNOE和¹³CNMR)分析,分别鉴定为β-谷甾醇(I)、鼓槌菲(chrysotoxene,II)、毛兰素(erianin,III)、毛兰菲(confusarin,IV)和鼓槌联苄(chrysotobibenzyl,V)。II是新化合物,V是新天然产物。     

68例肿瘤患者中性粒细胞核鼓槌体样改变结果分析

恶性肿瘤患者由于基因突变所致恶性细胞异常生长,表现为肿瘤细胞核的发育不平衡和成熟障碍,导致细胞学检查镜下观察到的恶变现象。恶性肿瘤患者体内的中性粒细胞也可能受到致癌因素的影响,导致细胞核鼓槌体样形态改变。我们在日常工作中,发现恶性肿瘤患者中性粒细胞核的鼓槌体明显增多。为探讨中性粒细胞核鼓槌体样的改变对肿瘤的诊断和治疗的意义,我们对恶性肿瘤患者和健康成人外周血中的中性粒细胞核鼓槌体样改变进行对比观察。     

The Activity of Erianin and Chrysotoxine from Dendrobium chrysotoxum to Reverse Multidrug Resistance in B16/h MDR-1 Cells

采用转染上人类ＭＤＲ１基因，对长春花碱及阿霉素具有交叉耐药性的鼠黑色素瘤细胞株对从鼓槌石斛中分得的二个氢芪类化合物毛兰素及鼓槌素的抗肿瘤多药耐药性进行研究。结果表明：二个化合物均能在一定程度上增加阿霉素在多药耐药细胞株中的积累，有进一步研究的价值     

迭鞘石斛的化学成分研究

自兰科石斛属（Dendrobium）植物迭鞘石斛Dendrobium chryseum Rolfe中分得5个化合物，根据UV、IR、^1H NMR及^13C NMR确定其为β－谷甾醇，2，6－二甲氧基苯醌，鼓槌联苄，毛兰菲及鼓槌石斛素。这五种化合物均首次从该植物中分得。     

基于网络药理学和分子对接的鼓槌石斛素治疗宫颈癌作用机制探讨及实验验证

目的 采用网络药理学和分子对接方法,探究鼓槌石斛素治疗宫颈癌的作用机制并进行体外实验验证。方法 通过中药系统药理学数据库与分析平台(TCMSP)、PharmMaper和SwissTarget Prediction平台获得鼓槌石斛素的预测靶点;在GeneCards、TTD、OMIM、Disgenet、Drugbank疾病数据库筛选宫颈癌的潜在靶点;使用R软件Venn包获取鼓槌石斛素与宫颈癌的交集靶点基因,利用STRING网站与Cytoscape软件获取蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用(PPI)网络,筛得核心靶点,进行基因本体(GO)和京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)富集分析;运用Autodock Vina 1.1.2软件和Pymol软件进行鼓槌石斛素和核心靶点之间的分子对接和可视化分析。体外培养宫颈癌SiHa细胞,用0、50、100 μmol·L^-1鼓槌石斛素处理细胞,采用MTT法、Transwell实验分别检测鼓槌石斛素对细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭的影响,Western blotting检测鼓槌石斛素对PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路中p-PI3K、PI3K、p-Akt、Akt、mTOR关键蛋白的调控作用。结果 共得到79个鼓槌石斛素调控宫颈癌的潜在交集靶点,按照网络拓扑分析中的度(degree)值筛选出HSP90AA1、ESR1、PIK3CA、mTOR、MAPK1、ABL1、PARP1等多个核心靶点;KEGG富集筛选出PI3K/Akt、Focal adhesion、细胞衰老、催乳素等30条信号通路;分子对接结果显示,其中靶蛋白HSP90AA1、ESR1、PIK3CA、mTOR、MAPK1与鼓槌石斛素结合能绝对值较高,说明可能是鼓槌石斛素治疗宫颈癌的作用位点。细胞实验验证表明,鼓槌石斛素处理SiHa细胞后,SiHa细胞增殖明显减少(P<0.01),且与鼓槌石斛素的浓度呈现负相关,同时SiHa细胞的迁移和侵袭能力下降。鼓槌石斛素处理SiHa细胞后,细胞中p-PI3K、Akt、p-Akt表达及p-PI3K/PI3K和p-Akt/Akt下调(P<0.05)。结论 鼓槌石斛素可通过多靶点、多通路发挥治疗宫颈癌的作用,鼓槌石斛素可能通过抑制PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路的表达来影响宫颈癌细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭。     

HPLC测定毛兰素乳液型注射液中毛兰素及有关物质含量

目的建立一种测定一类新药毛兰素乳液型注射液中毛兰素及有关物质鼓槌联苄含量的方法。方法采用AgilentXDBC18柱（4.6mm×250mm,5μm）,流动相为甲醇-乙腈-水（30∶30∶40）,检测波长：232nm;流速：1.0mL·min-1。结果毛兰素及有关物质鼓槌联苄达到完全分离;毛兰素在5.5625~89.0μg·mL-1内线性关系良好（Y=13504X＋2146.6,r=0.9999）,平均回收率100.8%;有关物质鼓槌联苄在9.292~46.462μg·mL-1内亦有良好线性关系（Y=14.0331X＋2.3886,r=0.9999）,平均回收率达99.8%。结论本法灵敏,准确,专属性强,可用于测定注射液中毛兰素的含量和有关物质的检查。     

鼓槌石斛体外抗血小板聚集活性研究

目的 对鼓槌石斛提取物进行抗血小板聚集活性的药效筛选,并初步探讨其抗血栓作用。方法 将15只大鼠按体质量随机分为鼓槌石斛提取物1（gc1）组、鼓槌石斛提取物2（gc2）组、鼓槌石斛提取物3（gc3）组、鼓槌石斛提取物4（gc4）组及阳性对照（阿司匹林）组,每组3只;将15只豚鼠按体质量同法随机分为5组,每组3只。大鼠组和豚鼠组分别采用二磷酸腺苷（adenosine diphosphate,ADP）和花生四烯酸（arachidonic acid,AA）诱导体外血小板聚集实验,分别检测空白对照管与不同浓度的鼓槌石斛提取物及阿司匹林给药管的富血小板血浆在5 min内的最大聚集率,并计算血小板聚集的抑制率和各受试物的半数抑制浓度（IC₅₀）。结果 与空白对照组相比,gc1（5.318 mmol·L^-1）、gc2（1.708 mmol·L^-1）、gc3（2.925 mmol·L^-1）、gc4（3.152,1.576,0.394 mmol·L^-1）对ADP诱导的血小板最大聚集率显著降低（P<0.05或P<0.01）。与空白组相比,gc1（0.083,0.166 mmol·L^-1）、gc2（0.106,0.214 mmol·L^-1）、gc3（0.023 mmol·L^-1）、gc4（0.049,0.099,0.197,0.394 mmol·L^-1）对AA诱导的血小板最大聚集率显著降低（P<0.05或P<0.01）。结论 鼓槌石斛多种成分具有抗血小板聚集作用,在血栓性疾病中具有一定的积极作用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.