颈浅丛阻滞复合全凭七氟烷吸入维持气管内全麻在甲状腺手术的临床观察

目的对比颈浅丛阻滞复合全凭七氟烷吸入维持气管内全麻和单纯静脉复合气管内全麻应用于甲状腺手术的麻醉效果。方法 40例行双侧甲状腺次全切除手术的全麻患者,随机分为A、B两组,A组采用颈浅丛阻滞复合全凭七氟烷吸入维持气管内全麻,B组采用单纯静脉复合气管内全麻。A组在全麻前行颈浅丛阻滞,在常规麻醉诱导插管后,麻醉维持A组用2%～3%七氟烷吸入,B组用瑞芬太尼0.1～0.2μg/(kg·min)并复合持续静脉输注异丙酚,记录气管插管、切皮、麻醉维持和气管拔管时血压(MAP)和心率(HR)的变化,术毕自主呼吸恢复、拔管和完全清醒时间,以及术后疼痛情况。结果两组诱导前后MAP、HR无明显差异,A组切皮、麻醉维持时浅麻醉发生率明显低于B组(P<0.05);术毕自主呼吸恢复、拔管和完全清醒时间,A组较B组明显缩短(P<0.01);B组术后疼痛的人数明显多于A组(P<0.01)。结论颈浅丛阻滞复合全凭七氟烷吸入维持气管内全麻在甲状腺手术时维持血流动力学稳定方面明显优于单纯静脉复合气管内全麻,苏醒快速,并可减轻术后疼痛,有良好的临床效果。     

罗哌卡因双侧颈浅丛神经阻滞联合全麻在甲状腺手术中的应用分析

目的研讨甲状腺手术患者接受罗哌卡因双侧颈浅丛神经阻滞联合全身麻醉(全麻)的临床价值。方法100例甲状腺手术患者,按照随机数表模式分为A组和B组,每组50例。A组患者采用全麻,B组患者采用罗哌卡因双侧颈浅丛神经阻滞联合全麻。比较两组患者不同时点生命体征[麻醉前(T0)、切皮时(T1)、术毕(T2)、拔管时(T3)、拔管后(T4)的平均动脉压(MAP)以及心率(HR)水平]变化情况、呼唤回应时间、完全苏醒时间、不良反应发生情况。结果T0时点,两组患者的MAP、HR水平比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);T1~T4时点,B组患者的的MAP、HR水平均优于A组,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。B组患者的呼唤回应时间(6.48±1.12)min、完全苏醒时间(7.75±0.98)min均显著短于A组的(9.89±1.31)、(15.64±2.03)min,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。B组患者的不良反应发生率为6.0%,显著低于A组的20.0%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在罗哌卡因双侧颈浅丛神经阻滞+全麻下对患者实施甲状腺手术,相对单纯全麻更利于保持患者生命体征的平稳,并且术后苏醒苏醒更快、麻醉安全更可靠,可作为今后临床行甲状腺手术的的一种推荐麻醉方案。     

基于光棒引导下气管插管在困难气道中的临床应用研究

目的 探讨光棒引导下气管插管在困难气道中的临床应用.方法 选取本院2012年1月～2014年1月行气管插管全麻手术的患者32例,所有患者均为预计为困难气道患者,随机分为实验组和对照组,实验组在光棒引导下行气管插管,对照组行常规喉罩气管插管,比较两组患者麻醉诱导前(T0)、诱导后(T1)、插管中(T2)、插管后1 min(T3)和插管后5 min(T4)5个时间点的平均动脉压(MAP)和心率(HR)的变化情况以及两组患者插管成功率、插管时间和并发症等情况.结果 两组患者T1、T2、T3时间点的MAP均较基础值T0发生明显变化(P＜0.05),且实验组在T2、T3时间点MAP值的变化幅度明显小于对照组(P＜0.05);实验组各时间点的HR指标均无明显变化,而对照组T3时间点的HR明显增加(P＜0.05).实验组插管成功率明显高于对照组(P＜0.05),插管时间明显短于对照组(P＜0.05).实验组并发症发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 光棒引导下气管插管在困难气道中的应用可更好地提高插管成功率,缩短插管时间,维持患者术中动力学稳定,从而确保手术安全.     

布托啡诺超前镇痛用于颈丛麻醉下甲状腺手术的临床观察

目的评价布托啡诺超前镇痛用于颈丛麻醉下甲状腺手术的临床效果。方法选择ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级单侧甲状腺次全切除手术患者98例,随机分为两组:每组49例,Ⅰ组麻醉前静注布托啡诺30μg.kg-1;Ⅱ组静注生理盐水,然后行双侧颈浅丛阻滞麻醉加单侧颈深丛阻滞麻醉,待麻醉效果确实开始手术。记录入室后安静时基础值T0、手术后10min(T1)、手术后20min(T2)、手术后30min(T3)、手术结束时(T4)的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、血氧饱和度(SpO2)值。结果Ⅱ组MAP及HR在T1、T2、T3、T4有明显增高,与T0及Ⅰ组比较有显著性差异(R<0.05)。结论布托啡诺超前镇痛用于颈丛神经麻醉下甲状腺手术安全有效。     

右美托咪定对老年患者全麻手术应激反应的影响

目的 探讨全麻诱导前静脉注射右美托咪定对减轻老年患者全麻下行腹腔镜胆囊切除术应激反应的影响.方法 择期行腹腔镜下胆囊切除术的老年患者40例随机均分为D组(静脉泵注右美托咪定0.4 μg/kg)和C组(等容量0.9％氯化钠溶液).于麻醉诱导前(To)、气管插管时(T1)、开始气腹时(T2)、拔气管导管时(T3)和拔管5 min后(T4)各时间点抽取非静脉输液侧肘静脉血,放免法测定血浆皮质醇(Cor)和血管紧张素Ⅱ(Ang-Ⅱ)值,并记录各时间点的平均动脉压(MAP)和心率(HR)的变化.结果 D组T1和T2时的MAP、HR、Cor均明显低于C组(P＜0.05);T3时的MAP和Cor明显低于C组(P＜0.05),T4时的Ang-Ⅱ也明显低于C组(P＜0.05).结论 全麻诱导前静脉注射右美托咪定能明显减轻老年患者全麻下行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的应激反应,从而可减少老年患者发生心脑血管意外的风险.     

参附注射液在心肌缺血患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用观察

目的观察参附注射液对心肌缺血患者全麻下腹腔镜胆囊切除术围手术期血流动力学及心电图变化的影响。方法选择拟行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的心肌缺血患者60例,随机双盲分为两组各30例。实验组于全麻诱导前用30 min静脉注射参附注射液,对照组静脉注射等量0.9%氯化钠注射液,然后按常规实施全身麻醉诱导和气管插管。记录两组入室时(T0)、全麻诱导期间收缩压最低点(T1)、气管插管时(T2)、开始气腹时(T3)、拔气管导管时(T4)的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)以及心电图ST段水平及此期间血管活性物质的使用情况。结果与本组T0相比较,实验组T1、T2、T3时间点MAP、HR比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);T4时间点MAP、HR均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。对照组T1、T2、T4时间点MAP、HR与本组T0比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);对照组T3时间点MAP无统计学意义(P>0.05),该时间点HR有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组间比较:T1、T2、T3、T4各时间点MAP、HR两组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。实验组使用参附注射液后ST段变化效果明显优于对照组。结论参附注射液可明显减轻心肌缺血患者的血流动力学的波动,维持循环稳定,保持心肌氧供需平衡,改善患者心肌缺血状态,降低手术麻醉的风险。     

腰骶丛神经阻滞联合右美托咪定在老年髋关节置换术中的应用

目的观察腰骶丛神经阻滞联合右美托咪定(DEX)在老年髋关节置换术(THA)中的应用效果。方法按随机数表法将66例择期行THA老年患者分为研究组(腰骶丛神经阻滞+DEX,33例)和对照组(气管插管全麻,33例)。比较2组入室时(T0)、气管插管或静脉输注DEX即刻(T1)、手术切皮即刻(T2)、手术开始30 min时(T3)、术毕时(T4)生命体征指标[心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2)]监测结果;观察手术情况[手术时间、术中失血量、麻醉后监测治疗室(PACU)滞留时间]、术后24 h内镇痛药物使用情况和不良反应情况。结果T0～T4时,2组HR、MAP组间效应、时间点效应及组间与时间点交互效应差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),2组间各时间点SpO2差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。T1～T3时研究组HR、MAP均小于同时间点对照组(P<0.05)。2组手术时间、术中失血量比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。研究组PACU滞留时间及术后24 h内静脉自控镇痛泵用量、按压次数、补救镇痛率、不良反应率小于对照组(P<0.05)。结论腰骶丛神经阻滞联合DEX应用于老年患者THA中可有效维持血流动力学稳定,改善术后镇痛药物用量,安全可靠。     

地佐辛在甲状腺手术颈丛麻醉中的临床应用

目的观察地佐辛在甲状腺手术颈丛麻醉中应用的效果及安全性。方法选择80例甲状腺手术患者,随机分为颈丛神经阻滞组(C组,40例)和颈丛神经阻滞联合地佐辛(D组,40例),分别观察和记录两组患者麻醉手术前后SBP、DBP、HR、SpO2的变化,观察两组患者术中、术后的不良反应及患者满意度。结果 2组患者MAP和HR在切皮、术中及术毕较麻醉前明显上升(P<0.05),但地佐辛组低于对照组(P<0.05)。C组麻醉镇静、镇痛、手术满意度等均低于D组,有显著差异(P<0.01)。2组患者各时点SpO2和术后不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论颈丛神经阻滞联合地佐辛在甲状腺手术中镇痛效果明显,可有效减轻颈丛麻醉下甲状腺手术时的心血管反应,对循环、呼吸影响轻微。     

全麻复合颈丛阻滞对甲状腺手术的心血管影响

目的 观察全麻复合颈丛神经阻滞对甲状腺手术的心血管影响。方法 选择60例择期行甲状腺手术的患者．随机分为全麻复合颈丛阻滞组（Ⅰ组）和单纯全麻组（Ⅱ组）．每组30例。分别测定麻醉前、切皮、切皮后1h、术毕拔管各时点HR、MAP、血糖、术毕至拔管时间。结果 HR、血压（MAP）、血糖，Ⅱ组明显高于Ⅰ组（P〈0．05）；拔管时间组间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论 全麻复合颈丛神经阻滞能明显减轻甲状腺手术患者的心血管反应。     

甲状腺手术时全麻复合颈丛神经阻滞对心血管的影响分析

目的观察全麻复合颈丛神经阻滞在甲状腺手术时对心血管的影响。方法选择60例择期行甲状腺手术的患者,随机分为全麻复合颈丛阻滞组（Ⅰ组）和单纯全麻组（Ⅱ组）,每组30例。分别测定麻醉前、切皮、切皮后1h、术毕拔管各时点的心率（HR）、血压（MAP）、血糖以及术毕至拔管时间。结果 HR、MAP、血糖,Ⅱ组明显高于Ⅰ组（P〈0.05）;拔管时间组间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论全麻复合颈丛神经阻滞能明显减轻甲状腺手术患者的心血管反应,是一种安全有效的麻醉方法。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.