基于MCT4/CD147探讨四君子汤加减改善酸性微环境逆转胃癌前病变的效应机制

目的:观察四君子汤加减治疗胃癌前病变(GPL)模型大鼠胃黏膜乳酸水平及单羧酸转运蛋白1(MCT1),单羧酸转运蛋白4(MCT4)和细胞外基质金属蛋白酶诱导物(CD147)表达的影响.方法 :将74只SD雄性大鼠随机分为正常组12只,造模组62只.采用N-甲基-N'-硝基-N-亚硝基胍(MNNG)-氨水复合造模法诱导制作...     

Gingerol‐Induced Hypoxia‐Inducible Factor 1 Alpha Inhibits Human Prion Peptide‐Mediated Neurotoxicity

Prion diseases are a family member of neurodegenerative disorders caused by the accumulation of misfolded‐prion proteins (scrapie form of PrP, PrP^Sc). The accumulation of PrP^Sc in the brain leads to neurotoxicity by the induction of mitochondrial‐apoptotic pathways. Recent studies implicated gingerol in protection against neurodegeneration. However, the basis of the neuroprotection in prion disease remains unclear. Thus, we investigated the influence of gingerol on prion peptide‐induced neuronal damage. Gingerol blocked PrP(106‐126)‐mediated neurotoxicity by protecting mitochondrial function. Moreover, the protective effect of gingerol against PrP(106‐126)‐induced mitochondrial damage was associated with hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF‐1α) expression. Gingerol‐induced HIF‐1α expression inhibited the PrP(106‐126)‐induced mitochondrial dysfunction. On the other hand, inhibition of gingerol‐induced HIF‐1 α expression attenuated the gingerol‐mediated neuroprotective effect. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that treatment with gingerol prevents prion peptide‐mediated neuronal cell death and that the neuroprotection is induced by HIF‐1α‐mediated signals. This study suggests that treatment with gingerol may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for prion‐mediated neurotoxicity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anti‐Proliferative Effects of Polyphenols from Pomegranate Rind (Punica granatum L.) on EJ Bladder Cancer Cells Via Regulation of p53/miR‐34a Axis

miRNAs and their validated miRNA targets appear as novel effectors in biological activities of plant polyphenols; however, limited information is available on miR‐34a mediated cytotoxicity of pomegranate rind polyphenols in cancer cell lines. For this purpose, cell viability assay, Realtime quantitative PCR for mRNA quantification, western blot for essential protein expression, p53 silencing by shRNA and miR‐34a knockdown were performed in the present study. EJ cell treatment with 100 µg (GAE)/mL PRE for 48 h evoked poor cell viability and caspase‐dependent pro‐apoptosis appearance. PRE also elevated p53 protein and triggered miR‐34a expression. The c‐Myc and CD44 were confirmed as direct targets of miR‐34a in EJ cell apoptosis induced by PRE. Our results provide sufficient evidence that polyphenols in PRE can be potential molecular clusters to suppress bladder cancer cell EJ proliferation via p53/miR‐34a axis. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

HIF‐1α/VEGF signaling‐mediated epithelial–mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis is critically involved in anti‐metastasis effect of luteolin in melanoma cells

Tumor metastasis is still the leading cause of melanoma mortality. Luteolin, a natural flavonoid, is found in fruits, vegetables, and medicinal herbs. The pharmacological action and mechanism of luteolin on the metastasis of melanoma remain elusive. In this study, we investigated the effect of luteolin on A375 and B16‐F10 cell viability, migration, invasion, adhesion, and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers and pivotal molecules in HIF‐1α/VEGF signaling expression were analysed using western blot assays or quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Results showed that luteolin inhibits cellular proliferation in A375 and B16‐F10 melanoma cells in a time‐dependent and concentration‐dependent manner. Luteolin significantly inhibited the migratory, invasive, adhesive, and tube‐forming potential of highly metastatic A375 and B16‐F10 melanoma cells or human umbilical vein endothelial cells at sub‐IC₅₀ concentrations, where no significant cytotoxicity was observed. Luteolin effectively suppressed EMT by increased E‐cadherin and decreased N‐cadherin and vimentin expression both in mRNA and protein levels. Further, luteolin exerted its anti‐metastasis activity through decreasing the p‐Akt, HIF‐1α, VEGF‐A, p‐VEGFR‐2, MMP‐2, and MMP‐9 proteins expression. Overall, our findings first time suggests that HIF‐1α/VEGF signaling‐mediated EMT and angiogenesis is critically involved in anti‐metastasis effect of luteolin as a potential therapeutic candidate for melanoma.     

胃康舒宁对胃癌前病变大鼠胃黏膜上皮细胞凋亡及其相关调控基因表达的影响

目的:探讨胃康舒宁对大鼠胃癌前病变(PLGC)的治疗机制,为临床应用提供依据。方法:将60只Wistar大鼠随机分为4组(正常组、模型组、维酶素组和胃康舒宁组),采用饮用N-甲基-N-亚硝基-N-硝基胍(MNNG)建立大鼠胃癌前病变模型,用维酶素和胃康舒宁治疗12周后,观察各组实验大鼠胃黏膜细胞凋亡指数、Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达情况及Bcl-2/Bax比值的变化。结果:与模型组大鼠相比,用药组大鼠胃黏膜细胞凋亡指数和Bax蛋白表达明显提高,而Bcl-2蛋白表达及Bcl-2/Bax比值显著降低,胃康舒宁组明显优于维酶素组。结论:胃康舒宁通过调节病变细胞Bcl-2和Bax蛋白的异常表达,改变Bcl-2/Bax比值,使细胞凋亡趋于正常,而对大鼠胃癌前病变具有良好的治疗和逆转作用,其疗效优于维酶素。     

Saponins derived from the stems and leaves of Panax ginseng attenuate scrotal heat‐induced spermatogenic damage via inhibiting the MAPK mediated oxidative stress and apoptosis in mice

Heat stress (HS) reaction is a stress response caused by adverse conditions. Currently, the incidence of reproductive malignancies particularly in males has been constantly increasing. This work investigated the effects of saponins derived from the stems and leaves of Panax ginseng (GSLS) on testicular injury induced by scrotal hyperthermia in mice. GSLS (150, 300 mg/kg) were administered intragastrically to mice for 14 days, then exposed to a single scrotal heat treatment at 43°C for 18 min on seventh day. HS induced a significant loss of multinucleate giant cells, desquamation of germ cells in destructive seminiferous tubules. Moreover, HS reduced the serum testosterone, testicular tissue superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione (GSH) content, while significantly enhanced the production of malondialdehyde (p < .05). GSLS exhibited the protective potential against HS‐induced injury not only by modulating Bcl‐2 family and caspase protease family, but also by suppressing the protein levels of heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), hypoxia inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) and activation of Mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways (p < .05). In conclusion, we clearly demonstrated that GSLS exhibited a significant protective effect against HS‐induced testicular dysfunction, mainly the inhibition of oxidative stress associated apoptosis partly via regulation of the MAPK signaling pathway.     

c‐Jun N‐terminal Kinase‐Dependent Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathway is Critically Involved in Arjunic Acid Induced Apoptosis in Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells

Though arjunic acid, a triterpene isolated from Terminalia arjuna, was known to have antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and cytotoxic effects, its underlying antitumor mechanism still remains unclear so far. Thus, in the present study, the molecular antitumor mechanism of arjunic acid was examined in A549 and H460 non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Arjunic acid exerted cytotoxicity by 3‐[4, 5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl]‐2, 5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and significantly increased sub‐G1 population in A549 and H460 cells by cell cycle analysis. Consistently, arjunic acid cleaved poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP), activated Bax, and phosphorylation of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinases (JNK), and also attenuated the expression of pro‐caspase‐3 and Bcl‐2 in A549 and H460 cells. Furthermore, arjunic acid upregulated the expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress proteins such as IRE1 α, ATF4, p‐eIF2α, and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) in A549 and H460 cells. Conversely, CHOP depletion attenuated the increase of sub‐G1 population by arjunic acid, and also JNK inhibitor SP600125 blocked the cytotoxicity and upregulation of IRE1 α and CHOP induced by arjunic acid in A549 and H460 cells. Overall, our findings suggest that arjunic acid induces apoptosis in NSCLC cells via JNK mediated ER stress pathway as a potent chemotherapeutic agent for NSCLC.     

复合造模法建立大鼠胃癌前病变模型的实验研究

目的：建立大鼠胃癌前病变的动物模型,缩短造模时间,提高诱变率。方法：将雄性Wistar大鼠80只随机分成4组,即空白组,A组单纯MNNG造模,B组复合无酒精造模和c组复合加酒精造模。比较大鼠各组造模时间、病理变化情况及诱变率。结果：①C组造模时间为12周,造模时间最短。诱变率为72．23％,明显优于其他两组（P〈0．01）。②酒精在40℃下,能提高MNNG溶解性和诱变率。结论：①复合造模法成功建立大鼠胃癌前病变的动物模型。②酒精可以促进MNNG溶解,提高诱发率,缩短造模时间。     

Umbelliferone Improves an Impaired Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in High‐Fat Diet/Streptozotocin‐Induced Type 2 Diabetic Rats

Umbelliferone (UMB) is a natural product that has several pharmacological effects including antihyperglycemic activity in diabetic rats. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of UMB on insulin resistance and on the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetic rats. Type 2 diabetes was induced in rats by feeding a high‐fat diet (45 kcal% fat) and a single dose of streptozotocin injection. After 8 weeks of treatment, UMB significantly reduced the elevated blood glucose levels and insulin resistance and increased the liver glycogen and serum adiponectin. Moreover, the serum lipid and the storages of triglyceride and non‐esterified fatty acid in liver tissue were reduced. From histological examination, the lipid droplets in liver tissue were clearly decreased, and the fat cell size in the fat tissue was smaller in diabetic rats treated with UMB. Interestingly, UMB increased fat cell adiponectin, plasma membrane glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and liver PPARα protein expressions. Our findings demonstrate that UMB improves glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetes by stimulating the insulin secretion and the related mechanisms via stimulating expression of adiponectin, GLUT4, PPARγ, and PPARα‐protein expressions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Protective effect of cinnamic acid in endotoxin‐poisoned mice

In this work, we aimed to evaluate the protective effect of cinnamic acid (CD) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS; Escherichia coli 055:B5)‐induced endotoxin‐poisoned mice and clarify the underlying mechanisms. The mice were administrated CD 5 d before 15 mg/kg LPS challenge. 12 hr later, thymus was separated for determination of thymus indexes. Lung and spleen tissues were collected for histologic examination and the wet/dry weight ratio of lung was calculated, and serum was acquired for tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin (IL)‐18, and IL‐1β measurement. Moreover, the expression of NOD‐like receptor (NLR) family, pyrin domain‐containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome was determined in lung. CD increased the thymus indexes and decreased lung wet/dry weight ratio. In addition, CD improved the lung and spleen histopathological changes induced by LPS and decreased the number of neutrophils in lung tissues. CD also inhibited the pro‐inflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α, IL‐18, and IL‐1β) production in serum. Furthermore, CD suppressed the LPS‐induced NLRP3, Caspase‐1, and IL‐1β mRNA expression in lung, as well as the expression of NLRP3 and Caspase‐1 (p20) protein. CD may have protective effects in endotoxin‐poisoned mice via inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, and can be considered as a potential therapeutic candidate for diseases involved in endotoxin poisoning such as sepsis.     

Down‐regulatory effect of usnic acid on nuclear factor‐κB‐dependent tumor necrosis factor‐α and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated macrophages RAW 264.7

The purpose of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms that are responsible for the antiinflammatory effect of usnic acid (UA). UA is one of the most common and abundant lichen metabolites. The present study examined the effects of UA on the tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and nitric oxide (NO) production induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW264.7 macrophages and the underlying molecular mechanisms. UA decreased the TNF‐α level in LPS‐stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages in dose‐dependent manner, the IC₅₀ value was 12.8 µM. RT‐PCR analysis indicated that it inhibited TNF‐α mRNA expression. Furthermore, it inhibited NO production in LPS‐activated RAW264.7 macrophages, the IC₅₀ value was 4.7 µM. Western blot analysis showed that UA attenuated LPS‐induced synthesis of iNOS protein and nuclear translocation of NF‐κB p65 in the macrophages, in parallel. UA also inhibited LPS‐mediated I‐κBα degradation. Taken together, this suggests that UA has an antiinflammatory effect by inhibiting TNF‐α and iNOS expression, possibly through suppression of nuclear translocation of NF‐κB p65 and I‐κBα degradation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

化浊解毒和胃方对胃癌前病变大鼠血管生成机制的影响

目的探讨化浊解毒和胃方治疗胃癌前病变（precancerouslesionsofgastriccancer,PL—GC）在血管新生方面的可能机制。方法Wistar大鼠66只随机分为6组：即正常对照组（空白组）,模型组,维甲酸治疗组（维甲酸组）,化浊解毒和胃方高、中、低剂量治疗组,每组11只。采用幽门弹簧插入复合法复制慢性萎缩性胃炎PLGC模型,各组给予相应的药物每天灌胃1次,每次2mL,连续12周。采用免疫组织化学和Westernblot方法,观察化浊解毒和胃方对慢性萎缩性胃炎PLGC大鼠胃黏膜组织缺氧诱导因子-1α（hypoxiainducedfactor,HIF-1α）、血管内皮生长因子（vascularendothelialgrowthfactor,VEGF）的影响。结果与空白组比较,模型组VEGF、HIF-1α的表达增高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;各治疗组与模型组比较,VEGF、HIF-1α表达降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;且化浊解毒和胃方高剂量组与中剂量组降低VEGF、HIF-1α的表达优于维甲酸组及化浊解毒和胃方低剂量组（P〈0．05）,低剂量组与维甲酸组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论化浊解毒和胃方可能是通过降低PLGC大鼠胃黏膜HIF-1α、VEGF的表达,从而抗血管生成达到防治慢性萎缩性胃炎PLGC的治疗效果,并且存在-定的量效关系。     

Polysaccharide extracted from Potentilla anserina L ameliorate acute hypobaric hypoxia‐induced brain impairment in rats

High altitude cerebral edema (HACE) is a high altitude malady caused by acute hypobaric hypoxia (AHH), in which pathogenesis is associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines. Potentilla anserina L is mainly distributed in Tibetan Plateau, and its polysaccharide possesses many physiological and pharmacological properties. In the present study, the protective effect and potential treatment mechanism of Potentilla anserina L polysaccharide (PAP) in HACE were explored. First, we measured the brain water content and observed the pathological changes in brain tissues, furthermore, malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH) were evaluated by kits. Finally, the protein contents and mRNA expressions of pro‐inflammatory (IL‐1β, IL‐6, TNF‐α, vascular endothelial cell growth factor [VEGF], NF‐κB, and hypoxia inducible factor‐1 α [HIF‐1α]) were detected by ELISA kits, RT‐PCR, and western blotting. The results demonstrated that PAP reduced the brain water content, alleviated brain tissue injury, reduce the levels of MDA and NO, and increased the activity of SOD and GSH level. In addition, PAP blocking the NF‐κB and HIF‐1α signaling pathway activation inhibited the generation of downstream pro‐inflammatory cytokines (IL‐1β, IL‐6, TNF‐α, and VEGF). Therefore, PAP has a potential to treat and prevent of HACE by suppression of oxidative stress and inflammatory response.     

In vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities of Cuscuta reflexa Roxb

Aim of the study

To determine anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities of Cuscuta reflexa in cell lines (in vitro).

Materials and methods

Anti-inflammatory activity of the water extract was analysed in vitro using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced inflammatory reactions in murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7. The expression of COX-2 and TNF-α genes involved in inflammation was analysed by SQ RT-PCR. EMSA was conducted to analyse the influence of the extract on NF-κB signalling. Anti-cancer activity was analysed on Hep3B cells by MTT assay, DAPI staining, annexin V staining and SQ-RT PCR analysis of BAX, Bcl-2, p53 and survivin.

Results

The extract down regulated LPS induced over expression of TNF-α and COX-2 in RAW264.7 cells; blocked NF-κB binding to its motifs and induced apoptosis in Hep3B cells as evidenced from MTT, DAPI staining and annexin V staining assays. The extract up regulated pro-apoptotic factors BAX and p53, and down regulated anti-apoptotic factors Bcl-2 and survivin.

Conclusions

The study showed that Cuscuta reflexa inhibits LPS induced inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 cells through interplay of TNF-α, COX-2 and NF-κB signalling. It induced apoptosis in Hep3B cells through the up regulation of p53, BAX and down regulation of Bcl-2 and survivin.     

Xuefuzhuyu decoction inhibition of angiogenesis attenuates liver fibrosis induced by CCl4 in mice

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Xuefuzhuyu decoction (XFZY) is a well-known traditional Chinese herbal formulation composed of 11 herbs. It is an effective treatment for cardiovascular and chronic liver diseases. The aim of the study is to investigate the role of XFZY on angiogensis in hepatic fibrogenesis, and identify the possible mechanism.

Material and methods

Liver fibrosis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of Carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) in C57BL/6 mice for 6 weeks. From week 4 to week 6, the CCl₄-injected mice were randomly divided into three groups, followed by oral administration of Sorafenib, XFZY and water for 3 weeks. Biochemical parameters, hydroxyproline (Hyp) content and histological changes of the liver were determined. The expressions of alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen I, CD31 and vascular endothelial grow factor (VEGF) were assessed by immunohistochemistry and western blot. The protein expressions of VEGFR-2, hypoxia inducing factor (HIF)-1α, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and dimethylarginine hydrolase (DDAH) 1 were determined by western blot. The mRNA levels of α-SMA, VEGF and HIF-1α were measured by RT-PCR.

Results

Both Sorafenib and XFZY improved biochemical parameters of the liver fibrosis mice. A significant reduction in Hyp content was found in the XFZY-treated mice as well as the Sorafenib-treated mice. Changes in histopathology showed that Sorafenib and XFZY decreased inflammatory and fibrotic stages of the liver in fibrosis mice. Compared to CCl₄ model group, Sorafenib and XFZY decreased α-SMA, collagen I, CD31, VEGF, VEGFR-2, HIF-1α and ADMA, and increased the expression of DDAH1.

Conclusion

XFZY inhibits liver fibrosis not only through inhibiting collagen deposition but also through an antiangiogenic effect on the fibrotic liver. Moreover, the antiangiogenic mechanism of XFZY involves alleviating hypoxia and protecting liver sinusoidal endothelial cell function.