分离上皮的直接免疫荧光检查诊断口腔天疱疮

目的：对口腔粘膜损害缘分离的上皮组织作直接免疫荧光检查（ＤＩＦ），探讨应用该技术诊断天疱疮的可靠性，方法：选择２２例口腔寻常型天疱疮，从患者口腔粘膜损害缘分离上皮，制成冰冻切片作为ＤＩＦ的底物，用异硫氰酸荧光素（ＦＴＴＣ）标记的兔抗人抗体染色检查，并与同一患者经传统活检取材的粘膜组织（含部分粘膜下层的完整粘膜块）的ＤＩＦ检查作比较。结果：分离上皮的ＤＩＦ，２２例全部有ＩｇＧ沉积在棘细胞间，并有３例     

三种检材的直接免疫荧光检查诊断口腔天疱疮

目的 对口腔损害的黏膜组织、损害缘的分离上皮组织（不含基底细胞层）、损害面的脱落细胞涂片作直接免疫荧光（DIF）检查。以评估这3种检材对诊断天疱疮的可靠性。方法 收集28例口腔天疱疮、每一患者同时作上述3种取材的DIF检查。结果 28例黏膜组织及分离上皮组织标本的DIF检查全部阳性（IgG)，而28例脱落细胞涂焉标本只有24例阳性IgG)。结论 黏膜组织与分离上皮组织作DIF检查以诊断天疱疮，两者的可靠性相同。但后者取材明显比前者容易；脱落细胞涂片作DIF检查的可靠性差，不宜作诊断天疱疮的DIF底物。     

IgA肾病43例肾活检病理形态观察及分析

４３例ＩｇＡ肾病，通过光镜（ＬＭ），电镜（ＥＭ），特别是免疫荧光（ＩＦ）检查，显示肾小球系膜区存在ＩｇＡ或ＩｇＡ为主的免疫复合物沉积为特征而患者无肾外体征。ＬＭ检查ＩｇＡ肾病表现各种形态学类型。本组４３例首次肾活检病理形态表现为弥漫系膜增生性肾炎（５５．８％），局灶增生性肾炎（２７．９％），轻微病变（９．３％）及弥漫硬化性肾炎（２．３％），未见有膜性及膜增生性改变；有Ｃ３沉积占９３％，ＩｇＭ沉积占６９．８％，ＩｇＧ沉积占１１．６％；ＥＭ发现系膜基质增生并有团块状电子致密物沉积。     

二维和彩色多普勒超声检测眼球内常见恶性肿瘤

目的：研究视网母细胞瘤和脉络黑色素瘤的二维超声（２ＤＵＳ）和彩色多普勒血流显像特征（ＣＤＦＩ）。方法：二维超声检测视网膜母细胞瘤或脉络膜黑色素瘤共３３例,其中１５便进行ＣＤＦＩ检查,全部病例均经手术（２２例）或ＣＴ检查证实。结果：２ＤＵＳ表现视网膜线细胞瘤以不规则形、类圆形和半圆形多见占９５．４％,钙化斑发生率较高７７．３％,脉络膜黑色素瘤常见为蘑菇形,“挖空”征并伴视网膜剥离,ＣＤＦＩ证实视网膜     

血管生成及细胞凋亡与喉粘膜上皮癌变的关系

目的：探讨血管生成及细胞凋亡与喉粘膜上皮癌变的关系．方法：应用免疫组化和原位末端标记（ＩＳＥＬ）方法分别检测正常喉粘膜（Ｎ）、炎症（ＩＦ）、不典型增生（ＤＹＳ）和鳞癌（ＳＣＣ）中间质的微血管数量及上皮的细胞凋亡情况,标记后的血管和凋亡细胞通过计数分别以微血管密度（ＭＶＤ）及凋亡指数（ＡＩ）表示．结果：ＭＶＤ值从Ｎ,ＩＦ,ＤＹＳ至ＳＣＣ依次增高,ＤＹＳ及ＳＣＣ组的ＭＶＤ值与Ｎ,ＩＦ组存在显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）;ＤＹＳ组的凋亡指数（ＡＩ）在所有病变中最高;ＤＹＳ及ＳＣＣ组的ＡＩ值较正常Ｎ及ＩＦ组明显增多,且有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）．结论：血管生成及细胞凋亡与喉粘膜癌前病变和癌变关系密切,在喉粘膜上皮癌变发生中起着重要的作用．     

病毒性心肌炎及扩张型心肌病患者心内膜心肌活检标本中免…

对病理学确诊的２５例病毒性心肌炎（ＶＭＣ）和１０例扩张型心肌病（ＤＣＭ）患者心内膜心肌活检标本，运用ＡＢＣ技术，进行了免疫球蛋白ＩｇＧ，ＩｇＭ，ＩｇＡ和补体Ｃ３的检测。结果：２０例ＶＭＣ和９例ＤＣＭ的标本中，发现了ＩｇＧ和ＩｇＭ的沉积，主要分布于心肌肌膜和毛细血管内皮，ＩｇＧ的肌膜沉积与同步做的病理切片中观察到的心肌细胞坏死和炎性细胞浸润有病理形态学联系。两组的肌膜沉积与同步做的病理切片中观察到的     

硬红斑患者免疫复合物检测及其临床意义

应用直接免疫荧光（ＤＩＦ）技术及抗Ｃ３－酶联免疫吸附试验（ＥＩＴＳＡ）分别检测了２５例硬红斑（ＥＩ）皮损血管壁上组织沉积免疫复合物（ＴＩＣ）和血清中循环免疫复合物（ＣＩＣ），结果显示：（１）ＥＩ血管壁上存在着ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ及ＩｇＣ，其总阳率为８４％（２１／２５），且ＩｇＭ、ＩｇＧ－ＴＩＣ为主（７２％，５２％），ＴＩＣ有两种方式，（２）８４％ＥＩ血清ＣＩＣ阳性，且以ＩｇＭ、ＩｇＧ－ＣＩＣ为主（７６％，５６％），ＩｇＭ－ＣＩＣ与ＩｇＧ－ＴＩＣ、ＩｇＧ－ＣＩＣ与ＩｇＧ－ＴＩＣ之间呈显著性一致，治疗后ＩｇＭ、ＩｇＧ－ＣＩＣ明显降低。上述结果首次证实ＥＩ为ＩＣ型血管炎，ＴＩＣ来自ＣＩＣ，Ⅲ型变态反应参与了ＥＩ的发病机理，动态观察ＥＩ血清ＣＩＣ可以做为ＥＩ的发病机理，动态观察ＥＩ血清ＣＩＣ可以做为ＥＩ治疗效果评估的指标。     

胎盘免疫调节因子对妇科恶性肿瘤病人免疫功能的影响

目的：观察胎盘免疫调节因子（ＰＩＦ）对病人细胞免疫功能及体液免疫功能的影响，方法：利用ＰＩＦ治疗妇科恶性肿瘤６３例，并设对照组６３例。治疗组病人第天肌注ＰＩＦ４ｍ，３０ｄ为一疗程，对照组不注射ＰＩＦ。两组病人治疗前及治疗３０ｄ后抽血检测Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群（ＣＤ３、ＣＤ４、ＣＤ８）、ＮＫ细胞活性、淋巴细胞转化率（ＬＴ）及免疫球蛋白（ＩｇＡ、ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ）。结果：经ＰＩＦ治疗后，治疗组病人ＣＤ３、ＣＤ４     

丙种球蛋白治疗小儿反复呼吸道感染26例

目的：探讨静脉滴注大剂量丙种球蛋白（ＩＶＩＧ）治疗小儿反复呼吸道感染的治疗效果。方法：对２６例患儿以５００ｍｇ／ｋｇ静脉滴注ＩＶＩＧ，每月１次，连续３月。对照组２０例，按常规治疗，不用免疫制剂及血浆。用单向免疫琼脂扩散法和间接免疫荧光法，分别检测治疗前后患儿血清ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＡ、ＩｇＭ、ＣＤ３、ＣＤ４和ＣＤ８，并临床追踪观察１年。结果：ＩＶＩＧ组总有效率为８８．４％，对照组为５０．５％，差异有显著性。治疗后ＩｇＧ、ＣＤ３、ＣＤ４和ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＣＤ８降低，而对照组治疗前后各免疫指标无明显差异。结论：静脉滴注大剂量ＩＶＩＧ能提高ＲＲＴＩ患儿体液和细胞免疫水平，减少发病次数，是治疗ＲＲＴＩ一种有效方法     

CyclinD1和P21^WAFI／CIP1在喉癌变过程中的表达及？…

为探讨喉癌过程中ＣｙｃｌｉｎＤ１和Ｐ２１＾ＷＡＦＩ／ＣＩＰ１表达的临床病理学意义,用免疫组化检测２０例正常粘膜,４０例不典型增生和６０例喉癌组织中ＣｙｃｌｉｎＤ１和Ｐ２１＾ＷＡＦＩ／ＣＩＰ１的表达,结果是：（１）ＣｃｌｉｎＤ１和Ｐ２１＾ＷＡＦＩ／ＣＩＰ１阳性率表达定位于细胞核;（２）在喉癌变过程中,喉正常粘膜,不典型增生病变和喉癌中ＣｙｃｌｉｎＤ１阳性表达率分别为５．０％,３０．０％,５３．３％;     

口腔黏膜疾病临床病理诊断统计分析

目的：分析进行活体组织检查病理诊断的口腔黏膜病变的病理资料及其与患者基本信息、临床基本病损及临床诊断等的相关性,为口腔黏膜病的临床诊断提供参考。方法：收集2003年1月至2007年3月在广西医科大学附属口腔医院就诊,诊断为口腔黏膜疾病并取活体组织检查病例353例,对其临床病损、病理诊断及临床病理诊断符合率的相关性进行系统分析。结果：在353例黏膜病中,男151例,女202例。主要好发于颊、舌、唇等处黏膜,病程多数不超过1年。其中289例口腔黏膜病病理确诊,病理确诊率81.87%。此外有64例口腔黏膜疾病在组织病理学上无法确诊,与多种口腔黏膜疾病表现相似,不能完全排除其他疾病的诊断。在289例病理确诊的资料中以口腔黏膜斑纹类疾病为主174例（60.21%）,其中扁平苔藓76例（26.3%）,白斑60例（20.76%）,慢性盘状红斑狼疮38例（13.15%）。其次为溃疡类疾病49例（16.96%）,其他疾病66例（22.83%）等。发现12例在组织病理学上确诊的黏膜良性淋巴组织增生病。结论：口腔黏膜疾病病种繁多,临床表征类似,病理诊断是临床确诊与治疗的重要依据。     

不同剂量无水乙醇致兔胃黏膜损伤模型的建立与评价

目的 观察不同剂量无水乙醇对兔胃黏膜的损伤程度.方法 将28只新西兰兔随机分为A、B、C、D组,每组7只,A组为对照组,B、C、D组分别以2.35、1、0.5 ml/kg无水乙醇灌胃造成胃黏膜损伤模型,从兔的一般状况、胃大体、胃病理学三方面来评价胃黏膜的损伤程度.结果与A组相比,B、C、D三组胃大体及病理组织切片观察均有胃黏膜的损伤.胃大体观察,B组明显可见溃疡;C组可见胃黏膜充血水肿及点状糜烂;D组胃黏膜表面未见明显损伤.组织切片观察可见B组损伤达肌层;C组损伤达黏膜层;D组损伤仅累及黏膜上皮.结论 无水乙醇可用于建立胃黏膜损伤模型,2.35 ml/kg无水乙醇灌胃可建立明显的胃溃疡模型;1 ml/kg无水乙醇灌 胃可建立糜烂出血性胃黏膜损伤模型;0.5 ml/kg无水乙醇灌胃胃黏膜损伤不明显.     

肺增生病变FHIT基因微卫星不稳定和杂合性丢失的研究

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain weather there is any difference in the hyperplastic lesions in the bronchial endothelia between patients with lung cancer and those with pneumonia, so as to find reliable molecular marker for early diagnosis of "genuine" preneoplastic lesions. METHODS: With PCR-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver-staining, 82 specimens of bronchial hyperplastic lesions obtained from patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and 57 matched epithelial lesion specimens obtained from patients with pneumonia were examined for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and microsatellite instability (MI) of fragile histidine triad (FHIT) gene. RESULTS: Allelic losses of FHIT were common in hyperplastic lesions from patients with SCC, and the frequencies of LOH and MI of the 4 microsatellite sites, D3S1234, D3S1300, D3S1481, and D3S1313 were significant higher in hyperplastic lesions from SCC patients than in those from pneumonia patients (P<0.01). The frequencies of LOH and MI of FHIT gene in cancerous and noncancerous squamous metaplasia were 54%(7/13) and 12%(2/16) respectively, and were 70%(7/10) and 18%(2/8) respectively in cancerous and noncancerous mild to moderate dysplastic lesions. No significant difference was observed between the frequencies of D3S1234, D3S1300, D3S1481, and D3S1313 in cancerous hyperplastic lesions, which were 41%(34/82), 37%(30/82), 38%(31/82), 34(28/82), respectively (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Hyperplastic lesions showed higher frequency of LOH at the 4 microsatellite sites than MI (P<0.01). The fact that LOH of FHIT is prevalent in hyperplastic lesions in SCC patients but rare in pneumonic patients indicates the significant difference between cancerous and noncancerous hyperplastic lesions. LOH of FHIT may be an early event in the development of squamous cell carcinoma in the lungs and is crucial in the early stage of carcinogenesis, validating the use of FHIT as a molecular marker to identify "genuine" preneoplastic lesions.     

Small bowel biopsy for malabsorption: comparison of the diagnostic adequacy of endoscopic forceps and capsule biopsy specimens

Biopsy specimens of the small bowel were obtained from 40 patients suspected of having malabsorption. Four different techniques were used at a single session--namely, endoscopic biopsy of the descending duodenum using paediatric and standard size forceps and suction capsule biopsy of the descending duodenum and the proximal jejunum. Specimens were compared for size, adequacy, and ability to confirm or exclude mucosal abnormality. Fourteen patients had villous atrophy. In all patients four biopsy specimens were obtained with paediatric endoscopic forceps and four with standard endoscopic forceps. No capsule biopsy specimen was retrieved from the duodenum in three patients and from the jejunum in five patients. Specimens were considered to be adequate in 36 patients when paediatric forceps were used, in 39 when standard forceps were used, in 28 on duodenal capsule biopsy, and in 32 on jejunal capsule biopsy. This study indicates that the most reliable method for diagnosing or excluding villous atrophy is endoscopic forceps biopsy of the descending duodenum, provided that at least four specimens are obtained with standard size forceps.     

自噬和凋亡在口腔黏膜下纤维性变上皮组织中的表达

目的 检测自噬标志物蛋白LC3、P62与凋亡蛋白caspase-3在口腔黏膜下纤维性变（oral submucous fibrosis,OSF上皮组织中的表达水平并探讨其意义。方法 收集2016—2019年于中南大学湘雅医院口腔科行组织病理活检的90例OSF患者的颊黏膜标本,分为OSF早期组、OSF中期组、OSF晚期组,同时收集30名无口腔黏膜疾病的健康者作为对照组。通过HE染色比较各组受试者的上皮细胞层厚度,采用免疫组织化学染色方法检测各组受试者颊黏膜组织上皮中LC3、P62与caspase-3的表达。结果 HE染色结果显示与对照组健康者比较,OSF患者的上皮细胞层厚度显著降低（P<0.05）;免疫组织化学染色结果显示OSF早期组、OSF中期组和OSF晚期组患者的上皮组织中LC3和caspase-3的蛋白表达水平呈递增趋势,P62呈递减趋势,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;LC3、P62和caspase-3蛋白表达与患者的张口度有关（P<0.05）;LC3与caspase-3的表达呈正相关（r=0.320,P<0.05）;P62和caspase-3的表达呈负...     

胃黏膜病变内镜下形态与内镜活检准确率的关系

目的 探讨胃黏膜病变内镜下形态与内镜活检符合率的关系.方法 回顾性分析2006-2011 年间因胃黏膜病变在我院行内镜黏膜剥离术的266 例患者相关资料,对其中234 例(246 处病灶) 内镜活检病理诊断为上皮内瘤变或早癌患者进行胃黏膜病变与内镜活检的差异分析.结果 内镜活检病理与术后病理均提示有瘤变或癌变的总符合率达94.3%(232/246),不同形态胃黏膜病变总符合率分别为I 型91.7%(22/24)、IIa 型90.9%(70/77)、IIb 型94.4%(17/18)、IIc 型95.7%(22/23)、IIa+IIc型98.1%(102/104).其中内镜活检与术后病理诊断完全一致的占51.6%(127/246),以IIa 型病变完全一致率最高(P<0.05),达67.5%(52/77) ;术后病理较活检病理级别升高的占33.7%(83/246),以IIc 型病变术后病理级别升高率最高(P<0.05),达52.2%(12/23) ;术后病理较活检病理级别降低的占8.9%(22/246),以IIa 型病变术后病理级别降低率最高,达13.0%(10/77).术后病理为炎性组织的占5.7%(14/246),其中I 型有8.3%(2/24)、IIa 型9.1%(7/77)、IIb 型5.6%(1/18)、IIc 型4.3%(1/23)、IIa+IIc 型1.9%(2/104).结论 根据胃黏膜病变内镜下形态表现判断其活检病理的准确率具有一定可行性.     

白斑、扁平苔藓及口腔癌中人类乳头瘤病毒的检测

目的：比较口腔鳞状细胞癌（oral squamous cell carcinoma, OSCC）发展过程中各阶段病损的人类乳头瘤病毒（human papilloma virus, HPV）感染率，以探讨将HPV感染作为癌变预测信号的可能性，同时比较两种方法在检测口腔内HPV感染方面的灵敏度差异。方法：使用第二代杂交捕获（hybrid capture，HC-Ⅱ）法检测255例口腔黏膜上皮细胞样本中的HPV感染情况，样本取自12例健康口腔黏膜、211例病理诊断的病例和32例临床诊断的病例，具有病理诊断和临床诊断的病例包括口腔黏膜良性病变8例、癌前病变口腔黏膜白斑（oral leukoplakia，OLK）伴上皮单纯增生74例、OLK伴上皮异常增生（oral epithelial dysplasia, OED）42例、癌前状态扁平苔癣（oral lichen planus，OLP）91例以及OSCC 28例。使用原位杂交（in situ hybridization，ISH）法检测109例石蜡包埋组织中的HPV感染情况，包括33例OSCC 和76例OLK，76例OLK中有30例上皮单纯增生、15例轻度OED、15例中度OED、16例重度OED。结果：OLP样本的HPV阳性率为12.12%（8／66），高于OLK （2.59%， 3／116， χ2=4.666，P =0.031）及OSCC（7.14%， 2／28， χ2=0.513，P=0.474）；OSCC样本的HPV阳性率（7.14%，2/28）高于OLK（2.59%， 3/116），但差异无统计学意义;烟斑样本只有1例，没有参与统计学分析。ISH法检测109例口腔黏膜病损石蜡切片中16/18型及31/33型HPV DNA，仅1例OSCC样本为阳性；同时经HC Ⅱ和ISH法检测的样本中有94.6%（35/37）的检测结果一致，均为阴性；另2例分别为OSCC早期浸润和OLK伴上皮单纯增生，经HC-Ⅱ检测为HPV阳性，但ISH检测结果为阴性。随访66例参与HPV检测的OLP患者，平均随访期为（36.2±10.5）个月，发现其中3人发生了癌变，HPV阳性患者癌变率为12.50％（1／8）,高于HPV阴性患者癌变率3.45％（2／58），通过卡方检验差异无统计学意义，P＝0.249。结论：没有足够证据证明HPV感染或检测阳性可作为预测OLK癌变的信号；患OLP的患者处于癌前状态，OLP中HPV检出率高于OLK及OSCC，提示OLP患者由于某种原因对HPV易感，可考虑为OLP 患者常规做HPV检测，推荐使用HC-Ⅱ法，同时应对HPV阳性的OLP患者加强随访。     

应用定标活检技术评价慢性萎缩性胃炎根除幽门螺杆菌治疗后的疗效

目的 应用定标活检技术评价慢性萎缩性胃炎（chronic atrophic gastritis,CAG）根除幽门螺杆菌（helicobacter py-lori,Hp）再予服用替普瑞酮和叶酸序贯治疗后的疗效.方法 对42例CAG伴Hp感染患者采用标准三联疗法根除Hp治疗1周,继续口服替普瑞酮和叶酸治疗6个月,治疗前后均行胃镜检查并在胃窦和胃角处应用定标活检技术（marking targeting biopsy,MTB）作定标活检,记录并比较治疗前后临床症状、胃镜下表现和病理组织学积分.结果 Hp感染根除率为88.10%;42例患者治疗后上腹痛、上腹胀、反酸和嗳气症状积分较治疗前均有降低（均P〈0.05）;胃镜下疗效评估总有效率为40.48%;胃黏膜病理组织学的变化为黏膜炎症、活动性和萎缩积分明显降低（均P〈0.05）,肠化积分略有降低（P〉0.05）.14例患者轻度异型增生病变消失.结论 应用MTB可以保证治疗前后胃黏膜活检标本的可比性,疗效评估可靠,可广泛应用于胃癌前病变的随访监测;CAG根除Hp治疗可使患者消化不良症状好转,胃黏膜病理组织学改善.     

Contact Endoscopy of mucosal lesions of oral cavity – Preliminary experience

Background

Contact Endoscopy is a non invasive tool to visualise alterations in cell architecture in vivo. In this study we investigated the diagnostic accuracy of Contact Endoscopy in detecting malignancy in oral mucosal lesions.

Methods

76 patients with oral mucosal lesions requiring biopsy were included. Contact Endoscopy was performed by Otolaryngologist before biopsy and findings recorded. The lesion was then biopsied and sent for histopathological examination by Pathologist who was blinded to Contact Endoscopy findings. Findings of Contact Endoscopy were compared with histopathological findings taking the latter as the gold standard. Two biopsies were reported as ‘inconclusive’ on histopathological examination and hence excluded from the final analysis. Data of the remaining 74 patients is presented here.

Results

Clinically lesions were diagnosed as ulcero-proliferative lesions in 34 patients, Leukoplakia in 19, Erythroplakia in 9, Lichen planus in 5 and Submucous fibrosis in 7 patients. Histopathological examination revealed presence of malignancy in 97.06% of ulcero-proliferative mucosal lesions, 10.53% of leukoplakia and 33.33% of erythroplakia while corresponding figures on Contact Endoscopy were 94.12%, 5.26% and 11.11% respectively. No malignancy was detected in lichen planus and submucous fibrosis by either technique. When compared with histopathological examination, CE showed sensitivity of 84.21%, specificity of 94.44% and accuracy of 89.19%. No adverse effects on the patients were seen due to the procedure or stain.

Conclusion

Contact Endoscopy may be useful in determining cellular structure in vivo without biopsy to detect oral malignancy early. Further studies are suggested.     

Contact Endoscopy of mucosal lesions of oral cavity?– Preliminary experience

Background

Contact Endoscopy is a non invasive tool to visualise alterations in cell architecture in vivo. In this study we investigated the diagnostic accuracy of Contact Endoscopy in detecting malignancy in oral mucosal lesions.

Methods

76 patients with oral mucosal lesions requiring biopsy were included. Contact Endoscopy was performed by Otolaryngologist before biopsy and findings recorded. The lesion was then biopsied and sent for histopathological examination by Pathologist who was blinded to Contact Endoscopy findings. Findings of Contact Endoscopy were compared with histopathological findings taking the latter as the gold standard. Two biopsies were reported as ‘inconclusive’ on histopathological examination and hence excluded from the final analysis. Data of the remaining 74 patients is presented here.

Results

Clinically lesions were diagnosed as ulcero-proliferative lesions in 34 patients, Leukoplakia in 19, Erythroplakia in 9, Lichen planus in 5 and Submucous fibrosis in 7 patients. Histopathological examination revealed presence of malignancy in 97.06% of ulcero-proliferative mucosal lesions, 10.53% of leukoplakia and 33.33% of erythroplakia while corresponding figures on Contact Endoscopy were 94.12%, 5.26% and 11.11% respectively. No malignancy was detected in lichen planus and submucous fibrosis by either technique. When compared with histopathological examination, CE showed sensitivity of 84.21%, specificity of 94.44% and accuracy of 89.19%. No adverse effects on the patients were seen due to the procedure or stain.

Conclusion

Contact Endoscopy may be useful in determining cellular structure in vivo without biopsy to detect oral malignancy early. Further studies are suggested.