Fas配体表达对同种胰岛移植的影响

目的探究睾丸细胞FasL表达能否对共移植的胰岛移植物提供免疫豁免作用以及胰岛细胞FasL基因转染对同种胰岛移植的影响.方法将同种大鼠胰岛及睾丸细胞同时移植于糖尿病受体,重组腺病毒AdV-FasL感染胰岛细胞后移植,观察移植物存活情况、胰岛功能,并检测移植物内浸润淋巴细胞以及基因转染胰岛细胞凋亡情况.结果单纯移植胰岛组平均存活期为(6.3±0.56)?d.与胰岛细胞同时移植的睾丸细胞数增加至1×107时,存活期大于50?d(P＜0.05).表达FasL的睾丸细胞在移植物内诱导浸润淋巴细胞凋亡.FasL基因转染组出现排斥加速,存活期缩短至(3.4±0.24)?d.FasL转染的胰岛细胞在移植后24h见FasL表达,48h表达增强,移植后FasL转染胰岛细胞凋亡.结论表达FasL的睾丸细胞与胰岛同时移植可诱导活化的淋巴细胞凋亡,使胰岛移植物获得免疫豁免、存活期延长,但通过FasL基因转染使胰岛细胞直接表达FasL引起胰岛细胞凋亡和粒细胞浸润,导致排斥加速.     

Fas配体表达诱导同种胰岛移植免疫豁免

目的　探究睾丸细胞FasL表达能否对同时移植的胰岛移植物提供免疫豁免作用。方法　将不同数量的同种大鼠睾丸细胞与1500个胰岛同时移植于糖尿病受体,观察移植物功能、存活情况,以及移植物内淋巴细胞凋亡情况,并体外检测睾丸Sertoli细胞对活化淋巴细胞的抑制作用。结果　单纯移植胰岛组平均存活期为(5.0±0.5)d。睾丸细胞和胰岛细胞同时移植,当睾丸细胞数为5×106个,平均存活期为(10.0±0.6)d;增加移植睾丸细胞数至1×107个时,存活期大于50d（P＜0.05）。表达FasL的睾丸细胞在移植物内诱导浸润淋巴细胞凋亡,体外抑制淋巴细胞活性。结论　表达FasL的睾丸细胞可诱导浸润的活化淋巴细胞凋亡,使同时移植胰岛移植物获得局部免疫豁免、存活期延长。     

Fas配体阳性睾丸细胞和环孢素A对移植胰岛细胞存活起协同保护作用

目的　探讨Fas配体 (FasL)阳性睾丸细胞与胰岛细胞共移植后联用环孢素A(CsA)对移植胰岛细胞存活的协同保护作用。　方法　将同种大鼠胰岛细胞与睾丸Sertoli细胞同侧或异侧共移植于 4 1只糖尿病SD大鼠受体肾包膜下。实验大鼠分 7组 ,术后酌用CsA ,观察各组大鼠移植物存活情况。　结果　单纯胰岛细胞移植 (对照组 )后胰岛细胞的平均存活期为 (4 6± 1 1)d ,加用CsA存活期明显延长至 (2 1 8± 4 7)d(P <0 0 1)。与 1× 10 7个睾丸细胞同侧共移植的胰岛细胞平均存活期超过 (5 7 5± 4 0 )d ,但如移植前先封闭睾丸细胞表达的FasL后 ,移植的胰岛细胞平均存活期缩短为(5 8± 2 6 )d。胰岛细胞与 1× 10 5个睾丸细胞分别共移植于两侧肾包膜下 ,术后联用CsA ,胰岛细胞的平均存活期超过 (5 5 0± 6 5 )d ,与 1× 10 7个睾丸细胞同侧共移植的存活期相近 ,但比对照组或CsA组则显著延长 (P <0 0 1)。当胰岛细胞与 1× 10 6个睾丸细胞分别共移植且不用CsA时 ,胰岛细胞存活期平均仅为 (11 5± 3 1)d ,但仍较对照组延长 (P <0 0 5 )。　结论　表达FasL的睾丸细胞与CsA联用后可通过不同机制抑制胰岛细胞移植排斥反应而起到全身的协保护作用。     

Sertoli细胞诱导大鼠肝内胰岛移植物免疫豁免的实验研究

目的 探究睾丸Sertoli细胞能否对肝内共移植的胰岛移植物提供免疫豁免作用以及共移植的睾丸Sertoli细胞最佳数量。方法将同种大鼠胰岛及不同数量的睾丸Sertoli细胞同时移植于糖尿病受体的肝内,观察移植物存活情况、胰岛功能、并检测移植物内胰岛素和Fas配体(FasL)表达以及浸润淋巴细胞凋亡情况。结果单纯胰岛移植组平均存活期为(5.6±0.8)d,同时与胰岛细胞在肝内共移植的睾丸细胞数增加至1×107个时,平均存活期为(41.4±4.61)d,明显延长(P<0.05),胰岛移植物中有大量表达FasL的睾丸细胞和表达胰岛素的胰岛细胞.在移植物周围有大量浸润的淋巴细胞凋亡。结论睾丸Sertoli细胞与胰岛细胞同时在肝内共移植,通过诱导局部豁免而延长胰岛移植物的存活时间,且同时共移植1×107个Sertoli细胞时效果最好。     

大鼠胰岛转染人血红素氧合酶-1基因对同种胰岛移植的影响

目的探讨大鼠胰岛转染人血红素氧合酶-1(HO-1)基因在胰岛移植中的潜在应用价值。方法采用携带人HO-1基因的腺病毒对新分离的SD大鼠胰岛细胞进行转染;对体外培养的胰岛细胞使用重组人肿瘤坏死因子α及放线菌酮诱导凋亡。使用流式细胞术检测凋亡率;每只链脲霉素诱导的糖尿病模型大鼠门静脉内置入约1200个胰岛当量的胰岛后,观察糖尿病大鼠血糖及体重变化;免疫组织化学法检测肝内移植胰岛细胞的胰岛素、HO-1蛋白表达及表达CD3抗原的淋巴细胞浸润情况。结果转染人HO-1基因的胰岛细胞凋亡率明显低于对照组(P<0.05);单纯胰岛细胞移植后移植物存活时间为(5.33±4.18)d,转染人HO-1基因的胰岛细胞移植后移植物存活时间为(10.56±4.33)d,两组比较,P<0.05;转染人HO-1基因的胰岛细胞培养48 h即见人HO-1蛋白表达;肝内移植7 d后移植物有人HO-1蛋白表达;移植胰岛周边及胰岛内淋巴细胞浸润程度较单纯胰岛移植组明显减轻。结论大鼠胰岛转染人HO-1基因能够增加体外培养胰岛细胞的抗凋亡能力,并能延长体内移植胰岛的存活时间,减轻淋巴细胞对胰岛的浸润。     

Fas配体阳性睾丸细胞对共移植的胰岛细胞存活起全身和/或局部的免疫豁免作用

目的探讨Fas配体阳性睾丸细胞对共移植的胰岛细胞存活起全身和/或局部的免疫豁免作用。方法将同种大鼠胰岛细胞与不同数量的睾丸细胞同侧或两侧共移植于糖尿病受体肾包膜下,观察移植物功能和存活情况,以及移植物内淋巴细胞凋亡。结果单纯移植胰岛组(对照组)平均存活期为(4.6±1.1)天。睾丸细胞和胰岛细胞同侧共移植时,当睾丸细胞数为1×106(A组)时,胰岛细胞平均存活期为(23.8±4.6)天;睾丸细胞数增至1×107时(B组),胰岛细胞存活期大于(57.5±4.0)天,均较对照组明显延长(P<0.01)。两侧共移植时,当睾丸细胞数为1×105(C组),胰岛细胞平均存活期为(6.0±1.4)天,与对照组相似(P>0.05);睾丸细胞数增至1×106(D组),胰岛细胞存活期(11.5±3.1)天较对照组或C组延长(P<0.01);睾丸细胞数增至1×107(E组)时,胰岛细胞存活期(31.2±15.9)天延长更加明显(P<0.01)。相同剂量的睾丸细胞与胰岛细胞分别同侧和两侧共移植时发生移植排斥反应各自的病理表现是不同的,前者移植物内有淋巴细胞浸润,部分胰岛玻璃样变,抗胰岛素抗体染色仅见少量阳性细胞,而后者胰岛细胞移植物内有大量的淋巴细胞和少量的中性粒细胞浸润,抗胰岛素抗体阳性细胞较少,未见胰岛玻璃样变。原位细胞凋亡检测发现同侧共移植后的移植物与肾实质交界处有淋巴细胞凋亡。电镜检查发现胰岛移植物存活超过60d的标本可见大量存活的胰岛细胞团和睾丸Sertoli细胞,有散在的凋亡淋巴细胞。结论睾丸细胞与同种胰岛细胞移植后不仅可诱导局部免疫豁免,而且也具有一定的全身免疫保护作用,但较局部免疫豁免作用弱;这些作用可延长移植物的存活期,并具有剂量依赖性。     

新生猪Sertoli细胞与大鼠胰岛细胞联合移植延长大鼠移植胰岛的存活时间

目的 探讨新生猪Sertoli细胞(NPSCs)与大鼠胰岛细胞联合移植对延长大鼠同种异体胰岛移植物存活时间的作用及其主要的机制.方法 将糖尿病Wistar大鼠随机分为3组.(1)单纯移植组(n=6):单纯移植1500个胰岛当量(IEQ)的SD大鼠胰岛细胞至糖尿病大鼠的左肾包膜下;(2)分侧移植组(n=4):将1500个IEQ的SD大鼠胰岛细胞移植到糖尿病大鼠的左肾包膜下,同时将1×10~7个NPSCs移植到糖尿病大鼠的右肾包膜下;(3)混合移植组(n=6):将1500个IEQ的SD大鼠胰岛细胞和1×10~7个NPSCs混合移植到糖尿病大鼠的左肾包膜下.移植后每天监测各组的血糖水平,以了解移植物的存活时间;移植后发生排斥反应时获取移植物标本,行HE和免疫组织化学染色,观察移植物中CD3~+T淋巴细胞浸润情况及细胞凋亡调控基因(Bcl-2)和血红素氧合酶1(HO-1)基因的表达水平.结果 单纯移植组、分侧移植组和混合移植组胰岛移植物存活时间分别为(5.7±1.0)d、(5.3±0.5)d和(16.3±1.4)d,混合移植组存活时间较其他两组显著延长(P<0.05).单纯移植组移植区可见大量淋巴细胞浸润,主要为CD3+T淋巴细胞;混合移植组移植区Bcl-2基因呈高表达;各组移植区HO-1基因均有表达,差异不明显.结论 NPSCs与大鼠胰岛细胞联合移植可以延长大鼠同种异体胰岛移植物的存活时间,其机制可能与NPSCs抑制移植物淋巴细胞浸润、促进Bcl-2基因高表达的局部免疫调节作用有关.     

CTLA4Ig基因对大鼠胰岛移植后排斥反应的治疗作用

目的　研究CTLA4Ig基因在糖尿病大鼠体内表达及其产物对胰岛移植物存活的作用。方法　利用Lipofectin载体包裹CTLA4IgcDNA质粒后转染鼠胰岛和肌肉细胞 ,检测移植后CT LA4Ig表达和T淋巴细胞转化率。结果　胰岛移植术后 7dT淋巴细胞转化试验 ,实验组 (A组 )和对照组 (B组 )每分钟脉冲数 (cpm)分别为175 .7± 98.2 ,2 5 4.4± 116 .3 ,两组比较差异显著 (P <0 .0 5 )。A组胰岛移植第 7d ,2只大鼠血清CTLA4Ig呈阳性 (阳性率 2 0 % )。A、B两组胰岛移植后血糖维持正常时间分别为 (14.8± 12 .3)d和 (3 .6± 5 .1)d ,两组比较差异显著 (P <0 .0 5 )。A、B两组大鼠平均存活时间分别为 (2 4.0± 10 .8)d和 (10 .8± 4.8)d ,两组比较 ,差异有极显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　脂质体包裹的CTLA4IgcDNA转染肌细胞和胰岛细胞 ,可以在受体大鼠胰岛细胞或肌肉组织中表达 ,其表达产物可使胰岛移植物和受体鼠存活时间明显延长 ,抑制细胞免疫活性 ,发挥其治疗排斥反应的作用     

转染细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4免疫球蛋白基因的同供体大鼠树突状细胞对胰岛移植物存活的影响

目的　探讨转染细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4(转染CTLA4Ig基因)的同供体大鼠DC细胞对同种大鼠胰岛移植的影响。方法　链尿菌素(STZ) 60mg/kg体重腹腔内注射制作SD大鼠糖尿病模型,胶原酶法分离、Ficoll 40 0密度梯度离心法纯化胰岛,GM CSF +IL 4诱生培育的方法,获得高纯度的DC ,含目的基因CTLA4Ig重组腺病毒AdvCTLA4Ig ,转染同供体DC细胞,与胰岛细胞同时移植于糖尿病受体大鼠肾包膜下,免疫组织化学、Dot ELISA、逆转录 聚合酶链反应(RT PCR)检测CTLA4Ig基因在实验组和对照组DC细胞中的表达,并检测受体大鼠的血糖浓度变化,同时观察受体存活情况。结果　实验组DC细胞有CTLA4Ig表达,而对照组DC细胞没有CTLA4Ig表达,实验组正常血糖维持时间(17.3±2 .4)d较对照组(10 .1±1.5 )d、空白对照组(8.3±1.2 )d显著延长,实验组、对照组和空白对照组受体大鼠存活天数分别为(3 4.5±3 .4)d、(14 .7±2 .3 )d和(11.2±1.4)d ,实验组高于对照组(P <0 .0 1)。结论　表达CTLA4Ig基因的DC细胞可能诱异胰岛移植免疫耐受,延长胰岛移植物的存活时间     

基因转移CTLA4-Ig和抗CD154抗体在异种胰岛移植排斥反应中的作用

目的 探讨基因转移细胞毒性T细胞相关抗原4免疫球蛋白(CTLA4-Ig)和抗T细胞分化群154(CD154)抗体在异种胰岛移植排斥反应中的作用及机理.方法 建立人-大鼠异种胰岛移植模型,用携带CTLA4-Ig基因的重组腺病毒感染移植胰岛细胞,并用抗CD154抗体进行治疗,观察糖尿病大鼠胰岛移植后血糖变化、生存情况及移植物病理形态学改变,检测移植物CTLA4-Ig、胰岛素的表达和移植大鼠白细胞介素2(IL-2)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α的水平变化.结果 (1)糖尿病大鼠移植后2 d血糖降至正常,对照组血糖平均在移植后8 d升高,抗体治疗组、转染组和联合治疗组血糖分别在18、25和36 d升高.(2)对照组、抗体治疗组、转染组和联合治疗组的移植物存活时间分别为(10.0±2.1)d、(22.0±8.2)d、(28.0±6.5)d和(37.0±9.3)d,各组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);移植大鼠生存时间分别为(21.0±5.7)d、(35.0±6.5)d、(48.0±8.5)d和(65.0 ±12.5)d,各组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).(3)对照组在移植后1周内,IL-2、TNF-α的水平均急剧上升,较移植前显著升高(P＜0.01).(4)各治疗组移植物见成片的胰岛细胞团,未见淋巴细胞浸润,转染组和联合治疗组移植物可见CTLA4-Ig和胰岛素的表达.结论 基因转移CTLA4-Ig和抗CD154抗体均可抑制异种胰岛移植排斥反应,二者联合效果优于单独使用.     

胰岛微包囊

目前，1型糖尿病病人越来越多，胰腺供体缺乏和胰腺移植的长期免疫抑制，严重阻碍胰岛移植治疗糖尿病的发展。异种胰岛的免疫隔离可以解决将来大量的移植。用海藻酸钠一聚赖氨酸一海藻酸钠包裹胰岛进行移植可在不使用免疫抑制剂的情况下延长胰岛移植物的存活时间，逆转高血糖。     

Donor islet endothelial cells in pancreatic islet revascularization

OBJECTIVE

Freshly isolated pancreatic islets contain, in contrast to cultured islets, intraislet endothelial cells (ECs), which can contribute to the formation of functional blood vessels after transplantation. We have characterized how donor islet endothelial cells (DIECs) may contribute to the revascularization rate, vascular density, and endocrine graft function after transplantation of freshly isolated and cultured islets.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Freshly isolated and cultured islets were transplanted under the kidney capsule and into the anterior chamber of the eye. Intravital laser scanning microscopy was used to monitor the revascularization process and DIECs in intact grafts. The grafts’ metabolic function was examined by reversal of diabetes, and the ultrastructural morphology by transmission electron microscopy.

RESULTS

DIECs significantly contributed to the vasculature of fresh islet grafts, assessed up to 5 months after transplantation, but were hardly detected in cultured islet grafts. Early participation of DIECs in the revascularization process correlated with a higher revascularization rate of freshly isolated islets compared with cultured islets. However, after complete revascularization, the vascular density was similar in the two groups, and host ECs gained morphological features resembling the endogenous islet vasculature. Surprisingly, grafts originating from cultured islets reversed diabetes more rapidly than those originating from fresh islets.

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, DIECs contributed to the revascularization of fresh, but not cultured, islets by participating in early processes of vessel formation and persisting in the vasculature over long periods of time. However, the DIECs did not increase the vascular density or improve the endocrine function of the grafts.Clinical islet transplantation can restore endogenous insulin production and glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes, yet increased knowledge, and hence refinement, would allow for a wider application of this therapy (1). Pancreatic islets are interspersed by a dense and tortuous capillary network that facilitates an efficient exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and hormones between the endocrine cells and the bloodstream. Transplanted islets are revascularized by blood vessels that grow into the islets from the host organ via angiogenesis (2), although the acquired vasculature has a significantly lower vessel density compared with the endogenous islets (3). Furthermore, during the initial avascular engraftment period, a dramatic reduction in insulin content and high rate of cell death occur within the islets (4). Therapies that enhance the angiogenic capacity of islets by overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) can increase the vascular density of islet grafts and improve metabolic function (5,6).Recently, we and others showed that donor islet endothelial cells (DIECs) can form functional vessels within transplanted islets (7,8). Immediately after isolation (i.e., in freshly isolated islets), a large number of intraislet endothelial cells (ECs) are present (7–9). However, if the islets are cultured, the intraislet ECs rapidly disappear, and by 4 days, only ∼5% of the initial content is detected (7). Therefore, freshly isolated islets, in contrast to cultured islets, contain an extra pool of ECs that potentially could promote islet revascularization and function after transplantation. Here, we have performed a detailed characterization of the role of DIECs in the revascularization of transplanted islets.     

Production of islet cell sheets using cryopreserved islet cells

Background

To establish novel islet-based therapies, our group has recently developed technologies to create a contiguous, monolayered sheet made from freshly dispersed islet cells. Islet cell sheets generated from freshly isolated cells are easily transplantable for engraftment into subcutaneous sites in rodents. The use of a temperature-responsive polymer, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PIPAAm), grafted culture dishes with laminin-5 coating is an important feature of this process. To expand the utility of this protocol, the present study was performed to assess whether sheets generated using cryopreserved islet cells maintained viability and normal cellular phenotypes.

Methods

Dispersed islet cells obtained from Lewis rats were, cryopreserved using University of Wisconsin solution and 10% dimethyl sulfoxide. Specially coated plastic dishes were prepared by covalently immobilizing PIPAAm onto the culture plastic, followed by a coating of rat laminin-5. After 1 month of cryopreservation, the thawed cells were plated onto the PIPAAm-coated dishes.

Results

Viability of the thawed islet cells as assessed by trypan blue exclusion test was 86% ± 5%. Thawed dispersed islet cells favorably attached to PIPAAm dishes could be harvested as a contiguous cell sheet using a simple change in culture temperature conditions. Electron microscopy showed the harvested islet cell sheet to retain cell-cell connections and numerous secretion granules.

Conclusions

The present data indicated that dispersed islet cells, which were appropriately frozen and thawed, represent another viable cells source to create functional islet sheets for tissue engineering and potential clinical applications.     

Ductal injection of preservation solution increases islet yields in islet isolation and improves islet graft function

For islet transplantation, it is important to obtain an available islet mass adequate for diabetes reversal from a single donor pancreas. A recent report demonstrated that the use of M-Kyoto solution instead of UW solution improved islet yields in the two-layer method for pancreas preservation. The present study investigated whether the ductal injection of a large volume of preservation solution (UW and M-Kyoto solution) before pancreas storage improves islet yields. Islet yield both before and after purification was significantly higher in the ductal injection (+) group compared with the ductal injection (-) group. TUNEL-positive cells in the ductal injection (+) group were significantly decreased in comparison to the ductal injection (-) group. The ductal injection of preservation solution increased the ATP level in the pancreas tissue and reduced trypsin activity during the digestion step. Annexin V and PI assays showed that the ductal injection prevents islet apoptosis. In a transplant model, the ductal injection improved islet graft function. These findings suggest that the ductal injection of preservation solution, especially the M-Kyoto solution, leads to improved outcomes for pancreatic islet transplantation. Based on these data, this technique is now used for clinical islet transplantation from non-heart-beating donor pancreata or living donor pancreas.     

Insulin independence following isolated islet transplantation and single islet infusions

OBJECTIVE: To restore islet function in patients whose labile diabetes subjected them to frequent dangerous episodes of hypoglycemic unawareness, and to determine whether multiple transplants are always required to achieve insulin independence. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The recent report by the Edmonton group documenting restoration of insulin independence by islet transplantation in seven consecutive patients with type 1 diabetes differed from previous worldwide experience of only sporadic success. In the Edmonton patients, the transplanted islet mass critical for success was approximately more than 9,000 IEq/kg of recipient body weight and required two or three separate transplants of islets isolated from two to four cadaveric donors. Whether the success of the Edmonton group can be recapitulated by others, and whether repeated transplants using multiple donors will be a universal requirement for success have not been reported. METHODS: The authors report their treatment with islet transplantation of nine patients whose labile type 1 diabetes was characterized by frequent episodes of dangerous hypoglycemia. RESULTS: In each of the seven patients who have completed the treatment protocol (i.e., one or if necessary a second islet transplant), insulin independence has been achieved. In five of the seven patients only a single infusion of islets was required. To date, only one recipient has subsequently lost graft function, after an initially successful transplant. This patient suffered recurrent hyperglycemia 9 months after the transplant. CONCLUSIONS: This report confirms the efficacy of the Edmonton immunosuppressive regimen and indicates that insulin independence can often be achieved by a single transplant of sufficient islet mass.     

Pancreatic islet transplantation

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disease, which results in the permanent destruction of β-cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. While exogenous insulin therapy has dramatically improved the quality of life, chronic diabetic complications develop in a substantial proportion of subjects and these complications generally progress and worsen over time. Although intensive insulin therapy has proven effective to delay and sometimes prevent the progression of complications such as nephropathy, neuropathy or retinopathy, it is difficult to achieve and maintain long term in most subjects. Reasons for this difficulty include compliance issues and the increased risk of severe hypoglycemic episodes, which are generally associated with intensification of exogenous insulin therapy. Clinical studies have shown that transplantation of pancreas or purified pancreatic islets can support glucose homeostasis in type 1 diabetic patients. Islet transplantation carries the special advantages of being less invasive and resulting in fewer complications compared with the traditional pancreas or pancreas-kidney transplantation. However, islet transplantation efforts have limitations including the short supply of donor pancreata, the paucity of experienced islet isolation teams, side effects of immunosuppressants and poor long-term results. The purpose of this article is to review recent progress in clinical islet transplantation for the treatment of diabetes.