白塞病肺大血管受累13例临床及影像分析

目的分析白塞病(BD)合并肺大血管受累的临床特点。方法回顾分析1983年1月至2008年9月北京协和医院BD合并肺大血管受累患者的临床资料。结果BD患者共418例,其中肺部大血管受累共13例。13例肺部大血管受累患者平均年龄(37.5±12)岁,肺部临床表现为咯血10例(69.2%),呼吸困难8例(61.5%)。CT肺血管成像示肺动脉瘤形成7例(53.8%),单纯肺动脉(或静脉)闭塞6例(46.2%),肺血管内血栓形成6例(46.2%)。全部患者均采用激素合并免疫抑制剂治疗,其中5例进行激素冲击治疗;4例进行血管介入治疗。平均随访(3±1.6)年,随访率为92.3%;肺大血管受累患者的3年存活率为83.9%。结论BD累及肺部大血管临床表现多样;CT肺血管成像为诊断的主要检查。     

干燥综合征的肺部病变

干燥综合征(Sj?gren’s syndrome,SS)腺体外系统受累较常见,包括肺部病变。SS肺损害定义为出现呼吸道症状、肺功能异常或影像学异常等。患者表现各异,支气管炎和支气管扩张是常见的气道病变。SS合并间质性肺疾病是常见的肺部病变。另外,SS患者有患肺淋巴瘤的高风险,也可出现肺动脉高压、肺囊性病变、肺淀粉样变及胸膜受累等。基线评估SS患者肺部病变是必要的。目前关于SS合并肺损害的治疗尚缺乏大型、随机对照临床研究数据。进展性肺损害患者,糖皮质激素和(或)免疫抑制剂治疗是必要的。SS-肺动脉高压的治疗目前推荐靶向药物治疗为主。     

外科肺活检是间质性肺疾病诊断的重要手段

弥漫性肺疾病是指肺部病变弥漫分布的放射学术语,本身并没有关于疾病性质的明确意义.我们目前常用的弥漫性间质性肺疾病(diffuse interstitial lung diseases)的概念是指一组以肺脏问质受累为主的弥漫性肺疾病,其中以特发性间质性肺炎(IIP)为代表.     

强直性脊柱炎的肺部表现及应对策略

强直性脊柱炎(AS)是一种侵犯中轴骨骼,以骶髂关节炎为标志的慢性进行性炎性疾病.除关节表现之外,还可伴发关节外表现,主要表现为肺、肾脏、眼、大动脉以及心脏等器官的受累.文献报道,AS肺部受累的发生率从40％～80％不等[1-4].临床表现为肺上叶纤维化、空洞形成、间质性肺疾病等,以肺上叶纤维化伴空洞形成为主要表现时易被误诊为结核,空洞并发霉菌感染可使病情加剧.     

抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体相关性小血管炎14例肺脏受累临床特征分析

目的 探讨抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体相关性小血管炎(AASV)患者肺脏受累的临床特征.方法 回顾性分析14例出现肺脏受累表现的AASV患者的临床资料,对肺脏受累的特点进行分析.结果 14例患者中肺部表现主要为咳嗽(92.86％)、咳痰(78.57％)、胸闷(64.29％)、气短(50.00％)以及弥散功能障碍(85.71％)、肺间质病变(57.14％)等;实验室检查均有C反应蛋白和血沉升高,大部分有白细胞升高(78.57％)、贫血(57.14％)、核周型抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体(+)(71.43％)等;肺外表现主要为发热(78.57％)、乏力(50.00％)、肾脏受累(71.43％)和消化道受累(42.86％)等;给予激素及免疫抑制剂治疗后病情好转11例(78.57％),无效3例(21.43％),其中2例死亡,1例进入终末期肾衰需血液透析治疗.结论 AASV临床表现复杂多样,肺脏受累多以咳嗽、咳痰症状为主,病变多见肺间质纤维化,肺外表现以发热、肾损害为主,早期诊断并及时治疗可改善预后.     

肺部受累嗜酸性肉芽肿性多血管炎的临床特点

目的分析肺部受累嗜酸性肉芽肿性多血管炎(eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis,EGPA)患者的临床特点。方法回顾性分析北京协和医院2014年1月至2017年1月住院的12例EGPA肺部受累患者的临床资料,同时分检北京协和医院2000年1月至2017年1月住院的无肺部受累的EGPA患者17例作为对照。结果 12例肺部受累EGPA患者中男性6例,女性6例;年龄25~73岁,中位年龄46.5岁。100%以哮喘起病,到明确诊断EGPA的中位时间为31(14,51)个月。25%抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体(antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody,ANCA)阳性,83.3%出现全身消耗症状,其余各系统受累情况为耳鼻喉83.3%、皮肤75.0%、神经系统75.0%、消化系统41.7%、心脏33.3%、肾脏8.3%。EGPA肺部受累患者出现全身消耗症状(83.3%vs.29.4%,P=0.004)及耳鼻喉受累(83.3%vs.35.3%,P=0.012)的发生率显著高于对照组,出现外周血管受累(0 vs.52.9%,P=0.003)尤其是肢端坏疽(0 vs.47.1%,P=0.009)的发生率显著低于对照组。EGPA肺部受累患者常见的呼吸系统症状为呼吸困难100%、咳嗽咳痰100%、鼻塞流涕66.7%、咯血16.7%、胸痛8.3%。肺功能表现为阻塞性通气功能障碍55.6%、限制性通气功能障碍11.1%和混合性通气功能障碍11.1%,肺通气功能正常占22.2%。肺部CT显示,83.3%有细支气管炎表现,75.0%有片状磨玻璃改变,8.3%有实变,16.7%有间质网格改变。结论 EGPA哮喘前驱期长,ANCA阳性率低,不易早期诊断。肺部受累与无肺部受累EGPA其他各系统受累情况相比,更多见全身消耗症状及耳鼻喉受累,更少出现外周血管受累。了解肺部受累EGPA患者各阶段临床特征,尤其是影像特征对提高早期诊断率非常重要。     

28例ANCA阳性肺血管炎临床分析

目的总结我科28例ANCA阳性肺血管炎的临床表现,提高对该病认识。方法回顾性分析我科2011-2015年ANCA阳性肺血管炎患者,总结其临床资料、实验室和肺部CT检查表现。结果 28例患者纳入分析,性别比例1∶1.15;平均年龄64.11±13.51岁(36~81岁);大部分患者表现为发热、咳嗽、咳痰;25例患者表现为P-ANCA阳性(89.28%);所有检测ESR的患者均有不同程度升高(21/21),96.30%的患者CRP升高(26/27);17例患者合并有肾受累表现,主要以血尿为主(17/28,60.71%);74.19%的患者有不同程度的贫血,78.57%有中性粒细胞比例升高。肺部CT提示以斑片状渗出影最常见(67.86%),其次为间质病变(28.57%),其他病变包括结节样病变(17.86%),胸腔积液(25.00%),磨玻璃样病变(7.14%)。与单纯肺受累组相比,合并肾受累时实验室检查和肺部影像学改变并无明显差异。结论 ANCA阳性肺血管炎临床和相关检测缺少特异性,诊断上需仔细甄别。     

传染性非典型肺炎的影像表现

目的 探讨传染性非典型肺炎(世界卫生组织又称其为严重呼吸综合征，SARS)的X线表现及变化规律。方法 回顾性分析临床诊断的61例SARS患，对发病后的一系列胸片和CT影像进行统计分析。结果 患均以发热为最早起病症状，88％患在起病1周内肺部出现局灶性斑片状模糊影，并迅速扩大。2周内病变达高峰，有57％患两肺大部分肺野受累，病情重。84％患在5周内肺部阴影逐渐消散。在16例恢复期患的CT扫描中，有13例显示肺部遗留纤维化病灶。有6例患合并感染，病期延长，4例死亡。结论 SARS早期出现肺部炎性改变，发展迅速，大部分两肺受累，重症比例高，易致肺纤维化。     

结节病的少见肺部表现

结节病为原因不明的多系统疾患,肺最常受累,90％以上的病员胸片显示异常,本病分为四个阶段:①双侧肺门淋巴结肿大;②第一期伴肺部浸润,③双侧肺部浸润;④晚期肺纤维变并有肺大疱形成。本文报告一组180例结节病中少见的肺部表现。13例胸膜受累(胸腔积液8例,气胸5例),胸水中淋巴细胞增多(3例)、蛋白增高(5例大于4克/100毫升)。胸水量均较少,多在6个月内自行消退。5例气胸患者中2例曾开胸,发现非干酪性肉芽肿广泛侵犯胸膜,气胸的发生和胸膜下肉芽肿坏死有关。     

肺淋巴管平滑肌瘤病临床鉴别(附2例报告)

淋巴管平滑肌瘤病(LAM)是一种罕见的病因未明,由于平滑肌异常增殖导致支气管,淋巴管和小血管阻塞,呈进行性发展的全身性疾病,肺部最易受累而称PLAM。因其在临床上的呼吸困难、自发性气胸等表现及胸部影像学双肺的囊状病变而需鉴别诊断,同时笔者以该病肺功能的改变对诊断提     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.