支气管肺发育不良与遗传因素的相关分析

目的探讨肺表面蛋白A(SPA)和肺表面蛋白B(SPB)基因多态性与支气管肺发育不良(BPD)的相关性。方法运用PCR-限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)和基因测序方法检测BPD组(51例)和对照组(103例)新生儿的SPA1AA50G/C、SPA1AA219C/T、SPB-18A/C、SPB1580C/T基因型频率和等位基因频率。结合临床参数,运用χ2检验、Fisher’s精确概率法及多因素Lo-gistic回归分析统计学方法分析与BPD发病有关的危险因素。结果 SPA1AA219C/T和SPB1580C/T等位基因和基因型频率在BPD组和对照组中比较差异无统计学意义,而SPA1AA50等位基因G、基因型GG和GC及SPB-18等位基因A、基因型AA和AC分布频率在BPD组中明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(Pa<0.05)。临床参数中,BPD组出生体质量、胎龄、经鼻持续正压通气(CPAP)、机械通气、出生后应用地塞米松、颅内出血和PDA与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(Pa<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,BPD与CPAP、出生后应用地塞米松、颅内出血、SPA1AA50基因型GG和GC及SPB-18基因型AA、AC无关,而与机械通气和PDA呈正相关,与出生体质量、胎龄呈负相关。结论 SPA1AA50G/C、SPB-18A/C不是BPD发病的遗传易感基因。机械通气和PDA是BPD的高危因素,出生体质量和胎龄是其保护因素。     

肺表面活性物质蛋白B基因多态性与早产儿支气管肺发育不良的相关性

目的 研究肺表面活性物质蛋白B(Sp-B)基因单核苷酸多态性的分布及其与早产儿支气管肺发育不良(BPD)的关系.方法 采用前瞻性研究方法,选择42例BPD早产儿(BPD组)和65例非BPD早产儿(对照组)作为研究对象,应用PCR-限制性片段长度多态性技术检测SP-B-18A/C、SP-B 1580C/T、SP-B8714G/C位点的单核甘酸多态性,分析3个位点多态性与BPD的关系.结果 BPD组和对照组SP-B-18A/C基因型频率CC、AC、AA分别为35.7％、52.4％、11.9％和32.3％、47.7％、20.0％;SP-B 8714G/C:CC、GC、GG分别为26.2％、54.8％、19.0％和27.7％、58.5％、13.8％;1580C/T基因型CC、CT、TT分别为66.7％、26.2％、7.1％和40.0％、47.7％、12.3％.BPD组和对照组SP-B-18A/C等位基因:C位基因、A等位基因分别为61.9％、38.1％和56.2％、43.8％;SP-B 8714G/C:G等位基因、C等位基因分别为53.6％、46.8％和56.9％、43.1％;SP-B 1580C/T:C等位基因、T等位基因分别为79.8％、20.2％和63.8％、36.2％.SP-B-18A/C、SP-B1580C/T、SP-B 8714G/C 3个位点均存在多态性,与对照组比较,BPD患儿SP-B 1580C/T位点基因型以CC明显增多(x2=7.26,P＜0.05),C等位基因分布频率显著增高(x2=6.17,P＜0.05),携带C等位基因的个体患BPD的风险是非携带者的2.23倍(OR=2.23,95％CI:1.18～4.24).SP-B-18A/C、SP-B 8714G/C位点的基因型和等位基因分布频率均无明显变化,差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05).结论 SP-B 1580C/T多态性与BPD有关,SP-B 1580C/T可能是BPD的易感基因,携带SP-B 1580C等位基因的个体患BPD的风险增加.SP-B-18A/C、SP-B 8714G/C与BPD无关.     

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目的了解肺泡表面活性物质蛋白B(SPB)-18基因多态性与新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(NRDS)易感性的关系。方法 (1)高分辨率熔解曲线法和基因测序法检测2009年5月至2010年12月武汉市妇女儿童医疗保健中心和华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院100例NRDS患儿及186名同胎龄儿SPB-18多态性位点基因型和等位基因的差异。(2)应用蛋白印记法分析技术(WB)检测2009年5月至2010年12月武汉市妇女儿童医疗保健中心31例基因型为SPB-18AA和36例SPB-18CC的足月新生儿支气管肺泡灌洗液中SPB水平,比较两组之间差异。结果 (1)SPB-18A/C基因在NRDS组和对照组中AA、AC、CC的基因型频率分别为11.0%、40.0%、49.0%和6.5%、31.7%、61.8%,两组基因型分布差异无统计学意义(χ2=4.83,P>0.05。);但等位基因A频率在NDRS组和对照组间分别为31.0%和22.3%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.19,P<0.05)。(2)基因型为SPB-18AA者比CC者支气管肺泡灌洗液中SPB蛋白水平低。WB灰度值分别为8002.3±452.9和14339.2±107...     

肺表面活性物质蛋白B基因多态性与新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征易感性的研究

目的 探讨肺泡表面活性物质蛋白B（SPB）基因多态性与新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征易感性的关系。方法 收集华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院的新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征（NRDS）诊断病例为病例组,并按1∶2比例收集胎龄和出生体重相匹配的无明显感染症状早产儿为对照组。应用聚合酶链反应 限制性片段长度多态（PCR RFLP）分析技术及基因测序技术检测SPB 18A/C及SPB1580C/T多态性,观察两组间基因型频率和等位基因频率的差异。并复习文献比较本研究汉族与其他种族人群等位基因频率的差异。结果 2008至2010年NRDS组91例,对照组182名进入分析。 ①SPB－18A/C基因在NRDS组AA,AC,CC基因型频率分别为11.0%、40.7%和48.4%,对照组分别为6.6%、31.3%和62.1%;两组基因型频率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;NRDS组A等位基因频率显著高于对照组（31.3% vs 22.3%）。②SPB1580C/T基因在NRDS组TT、TC和CC基因型频率分别为5.5%、63.7%和45.1%,对照组分别为30.8%、6.6%和48.4%;两组基因型频率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;NRDS组C等位基因频率显著高于对照组（79.1% vs 70.9%）。③本研究汉族人、美国人、巴西人和丹麦人SPB1580等位基因C频率分别为79%、35%、41%和46%,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,与日本人群等位基因C频率（72%）差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;本研究汉族人、巴西人、美国人和丹麦人SPB－18等位基因A频率分别为31%、58%、57%和61%,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 本研究汉族人群SPB－18A/C及SPB1580C/T基因多态性是NRDS的危险因素。不同种族人群SPB1580C/T和SPB－18A/C基因多态性分布存在明显差异。     

白细胞介素-8-251A/T和781C/T基因多态性与呼吸道合胞病毒毛细支气管炎的相关性

目的 探讨白细胞介素-8(IL-8)-251A/T和781C/T基因多态性与呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)毛细支气管炎易感性的关系.方法 应用聚合酶链反应-限制性酶切片段长度多态性技术检测150例RSV毛细支气管炎患儿和120例健康对照儿童血IL-8-251A/T和781C/T的单核苷酸多态性(SNP),分析其基因型、等位基因型的分布,并对2个SNP位点进行连锁和单体型分析.结果 1.病例组和健康对照组均发现IL-8-251A/T位点基因多态性,均可见AA、AT和TT 3种基因型;其中病例组AA、AT、TT基因型频率分别为12.0%、56.7%、31.3%,A、T等位基因频率分别为40.3%、59.7%;健康对照组AA、AT、TT基因型频率分别为7.5%、54.2%、38.3%,A、T等位基因频率分别为34.6%、65.4%;病例组IL-8-251A/T基因型及等位基因频率与健康对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义(x2=2.373,1.875 P0.05).2.病例组和健康对照组均发现IL-8 781C/T位点基因多态性,均可见CC、CT、TT3种基因型;其中病例组CC、CT、TT基因型频率分别为38.7%、40.7%、20.6%,C、T等位基因频率分别为59.0%、41.0%;健康对照组CC、CT、TT基因型频率分别为40.8%、41.7%、17.5%,C、T等位基因频率分别为61.7%、38.3%,二组基因型及等位基因频率比较,差异均无统计学意义(x2=0.442,0.396 P0.05).3.IL-8-251A和781C是连锁的(D'=0.348±0.019,r2=0.114 P<0.05).4.病例组AC单体型频率显著增加(x2=9.047 P<0.05).结论 IL-8-251A和781C形成的AC单体型与RSV毛细支气管炎易感性相关,即部分RSV毛细支气管炎的易感基因可能存在于含有AC单体型的基因片段或与该段基因紧密连锁.     

白细胞介素-18基因rs1946518位点多态性与肠道病毒71型感染易感性的关系

目的 探讨白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-18基因rs1946518位点多态性与肠道病毒71型(enterovirus 71,EV71)感染易感性及其与EV71感染致病严重程度之间的相关性.方法 选取2012年3月至2014年12月湖南省湘潭市中心医院确诊的EV71感染患儿123例作为研究对象(EV71感染组),匹配同期在我院健康体检的52例儿童作为对照组.其中EV71感染组分为轻症EV71感染组(简称轻症组,n=62)和重症EV71感染组(简称重症组,n=61),提取DNA后通过测序分析IL-18基因rs1946518位点多态性.结果 EV71感染组与对照组均存在rs1946518位点多态性,EV71感染组AA、AC、CC基因频率分别为27.64%、50.41%、21.95%,A等位基因及C等位基因的频率分别为52.85%、47.15%,对照组AA、AC、CC的基因频率分别为26.92%、42.31%、30.77%,A等位基因及C等位基因的频率分别为48.07%、51.93%,EV71感染组与对照组基因型及等位基因频率经统计学分析,差异无统计学意义(P<0.05).轻症组AA、AC、CC的基因频率分别为14.51%、54.84%、30.65%,A等位基因及C等位基因的频率分别为41.94%、58.06%;重症组AA、AC、CC的基因频率分别为40.98%、45.90%、13.12%.A等位基因及C等位基因的频率分别为63.93%、36.07%,轻症组与重症组基因型分布频率差异具有统计学意义(χ2=12.58,P=0.002).轻症组与重症组等位基因频率差异亦具有统计学意义(χ2=11.94,P=0.001,OR=2.455,95%CI 1.496-4.102).结论 IL-18 rs1946518A/C位点基因多态性与EV71感染严重程度之间有一定程度的相关性,携带IL-18 rs1946518A等位基因的感染患儿进展为重症的概率较高.     

呼吸道合胞病毒毛细支气管炎与白细胞介素-10-592A/C基因多态性的相关性研究

目的 探讨白细胞介素-10-592A/C基因多态性与呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)毛细支气管炎易感性、病情的关联和对血清白细胞介素(IL)-10的影响.方法 采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性检测100例汉族RSV毛细支气管炎患儿(病例组)和100例健康儿童(对照组)IL-10-592A/C位点单核苷酸多态性;应用ELISA法检测病例组血清IL-10水平.结果 病例组IL-10-592A/C位点基因型频率分别为AA 44%、AC 38%、CC 18%,等位基因频率分别为A 63%、C 37%;对照组基因型频率分别为AA 41%、AC 42%、CC 17%,等位基因频率分别为A 64%、C 36%;两组基因型及等位基因频率比较差异均无显著性(χ2=0.33,P>0.05;χ2=0.43,P>0.05).病例组IL-10-592A/C位点不同基因型患儿血清IL-10水平比较差异无显著性(F=0.87,P>0.05).IL-10-592A/C位点基因型频率在轻度和中重度患儿之间的差异无显著性(χ2=2.67,P>0.05).结论 IL-10-592A/C位点基因多态性与RSV毛细支气管炎不存在关联.     

白细胞介素-10单核苷酸多态性与呼吸道合胞病毒毛细支气管炎的病例-对照研究

目的 探讨温州地区汉族儿童IL-10/T-819C和A-1082G位点单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)的分布特征及其与呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)毛细支气管炎易感性、病情的关联和对血清总IgE和鼻咽分泌物(NPS)IL-10的影响.方法采用DNA测序法检测114例汉族RSV毛细支气管炎患儿(病例组)和90例健康儿童(健康对照组)IL-10/T-819C、A-1082G位点SNPs;应用化学发光法检测病例组血清总IgE;用ELISA法检测病例组NPS IL-10水平.结果病例组IL-10/T-819C位点TT、CT、CC基因型频率比较分别为 45.6%、40.4%和14.0%,等位基因频率分别为T 65.8%、C 34.2%;健康对照组基因型频率分别为TT 47.8%、CT 36.7%、CC 15.5%,等位基因频率分别为T 66.1%、C 33.9%,二组基因型及等位基因频率比较差异均无统计学意义(χ2=0.306,0.005Pa>0.05).病例组IL-10/A-1082G AA、AG基因型频率分别为86.8%、13.2%,等位基因频率分别为A 93.4%、G 6.6%;健康对照组基因型频率分别AA 87.8%、AG 12.2%,等位基因频率分别为A 93.9%、G 6.1%,二组比较差异均无统计学意义(χ2=0.040,0.037Pa>0.05).病例组IL-10/T-819C和IL-10/A-1082G位点不同基因型患儿NPS IL-10和血清总IgE水平比较差异均无统计学意义(H=0.676,F=0.687;Z=0.620,t=1.107Pa>0.05).IL-10/T-819C位点和A-1082G位点基因型频率在轻度和中重度患儿之间的差异均无统计学意义(χ2=0.779,1.793Pa>0.05).结论温州地区汉族儿童存在IL-10/T-819C和A-1082G位点基因多态性,但未发现其与RSV毛细支气管炎存在关联.     

肺表面活性物质蛋白B基因多态性与新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征易感性的相关性研究

目的：研究肺表面活性物质蛋白（SP）B基因单核苷酸多态性分布以及与新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征（RDS）的关系。方法：选择88例RDS早产儿和未并发RDS的早产儿103例作为研究对象,采用DNA提取试剂盒提取DNA,应用聚合酶联反应-限制性片段长度多态性技术检测SP-B-18A/C、SP-B 1580C/T两个位点的单核苷酸多态性,分析两个位点多态性与RDS的关系。结果：SP-B -18A/C、SP-B 1580C/T两个位点在病例组和对照组中均存在多态性,与未并发RDS的早产儿对照组比较,RDS患儿SP-B 1580C/T位点基因型以CC型明显增多,（χ2=12.26,P0.05）。结论：SP-B 1580 位点C/T多态性与RDS有关,SP-B 1580C/T可能是RDS的易感基因,携带SP-B 1580位点C等位基因的个体患RDS的风险增加。SP-B-18A/C与RDS无关。     

肺表面活性物质蛋白 B、C 基因变异与蒙古族早产儿 呼吸窘迫综合征相关性研究

目的研究肺表面活性物质蛋白(SP)B、SP-C基因外显子4(exon4)区域基因变异与蒙古族早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征(RDS)的相关性。方法选择住院治疗的无血缘关系的蒙古族RDS早产儿50例(男31例,女19例),同期、同民族和同群体中无血缘关系的非RDS早产儿50例为对照组(男27例,女23例),分别用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)基因多态性分析和基因检测技术对SP-B、SP-C基因exon4区域基因进行测序,并比较两组患儿SP-B基因exon4区域1580位点基因变异及基因型频率、SP-C基因exon4区域c.571C A(T138N)位点基因变异及基因型频率的差异。结果检测出SP-B基因exon4区域1580位点基因变异,RDS组14例,变异率为28%,非RDS组11例,变异率为22%,两组差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.480,P 0.05)。RDS组1580位点CC、TT、CT基因型频率分别为16%、72%和12%,非RDS组则分别为10%、78%和12%;RDS组C等位基因频率为22%、T等位基因频率为78%,非RDS组则分别为16%、84%;两组间基因型频率差异无统计学意义(χ~2=1.170,P 0.05)。检测出SP-C基因exon 4区域c.571 C A(T 138 N)位点基因变异,RDS组41例,变异率为82%,非RDS组6例,变异率为12%,两组间差异有统计学意义(χ~2 =49.177,P 0.05)。RDS组c.571C A(T138N)位点CC、AA、AC三种基因型频率分别为18%、50%和32%,非RDS组分别为88%、8%和4%;RDS组C等位基因频率为34%、A等位基因频率为66%,非RDS组则分别为90%、10%,两组间A等位基因型频率的差异有统计学意义(χ~2=66.553,P 0.05)。结论携带SP-C基因exon 4区域c.571 C A(T 138 N)位点A等位基因的蒙古族早产儿患RDS的风险更高,而SP-B基因exon 4区域1580位点基因变异与蒙古族早产儿发生RDS无关。     

Growth and adrenal androgen status at 7 years in very low birth weight survivors with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Aims: To evaluate whether 7 year old VLBW (very low birth weight, <1500 g) survivors with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) evince similar growth status and higher adrenal androgen (AA) levels than term controls, and whether AA levels are higher in VLBW children born small for gestational age (SGA) than in non-SGA cases. Methods: Assessment of height standard deviation score (SDs), body mass index (BMI), and serum androstenedione and dehydroepiandrostenedione sulphate levels in 31 VLBW children with BPD, 33 without BPD (no-BPD group), and 33 term controls. Results: Lower median (range) height SDs was found in BPD (-1.0 (-3.4 to 1.4) SD) and no-BPD (-0.9 (-2.9 to 2.2) SD) children than in term controls (0.3 (-1.5 to 1.9) SD). Low BMI (below 10th centile) was more common in both the BPD (18 (58%)) and no-BPD (16 (49%)) children compared to term cases (3 (9%)). The median (range) androstenedione levels tended to be higher in the BPD (0.8 (0 to 2.8) nmol/l) and no-BPD (0.8 (0 to 2.3) nmol/l) groups than in term controls (0.6 (0 to 1.8)). Higher median (range) dehydroepiandrostenedione sulphate levels were detected in the no-BPD compared to the term group (0.9 (0 to 4.1) v 0.3 (0 to 2.3) µmol/l). VLBW children born SGA had higher AA levels compared to non-SGA cases. Conclusions: At 7 years of age, VLBW children are shorter and tend to have higher AA levels than term controls, but VLBW children with and without BPD do not differ from each other in growth or AA status. Those born SGA have higher AA levels compared to non-SGA cases. The consequences of these findings to final height and to later metabolic and vascular health remain to be determined.     

Growth and adrenal androgen status at 7 years in very low birth weight survivors with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

AIMS: To evaluate whether 7 year old VLBW (very low birth weight, <1500 g) survivors with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) evince similar growth status and higher adrenal androgen (AA) levels than term controls, and whether AA levels are higher in VLBW children born small for gestational age (SGA) than in non-SGA cases. METHODS: Assessment of height standard deviation score (SDs), body mass index (BMI), and serum androstenedione and dehydroepiandrostenedione sulphate levels in 31 VLBW children with BPD, 33 without BPD (no-BPD group), and 33 term controls. RESULTS: Lower median (range) height SDs was found in BPD (-1.0 (-3.4 to 1.4) SD) and no-BPD (-0.9 (-2.9 to 2.2) SD) children than in term controls (0.3 (-1.5 to 1.9) SD). Low BMI (below 10th centile) was more common in both the BPD (18 (58%)) and no-BPD (16 (49%)) children compared to term cases (3 (9%)). The median (range) androstenedione levels tended to be higher in the BPD (0.8 (0 to 2.8) nmol/l) and no-BPD (0.8 (0 to 2.3) nmol/l) groups than in term controls (0.6 (0 to 1.8)). Higher median (range) dehydroepiandrostenedione sulphate levels were detected in the no-BPD compared to the term group (0.9 (0 to 4.1) v 0.3 (0 to 2.3) micro mol/l). VLBW children born SGA had higher AA levels compared to non-SGA cases. CONCLUSIONS: At 7 years of age, VLBW children are shorter and tend to have higher AA levels than term controls, but VLBW children with and without BPD do not differ from each other in growth or AA status. Those born SGA have higher AA levels compared to non-SGA cases. The consequences of these findings to final height and to later metabolic and vascular health remain to be determined.     

Endothelial function in children with a history of premature prolonged rupture of membranes and bronchopulmonary dysplasia – a pilot study

Aim: To investigate vascular function in children with a neonatal history of generalised inflammation indicated by premature prolonged rupture of membranes (PPROM) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).
Methods: Children born at ≤ 30 weeks 1994–2000 were investigated at a present age of 6–12 years. Twenty-eight children participated and were divided into two groups with regard to BPD/no BPD (n = 15/13) and PPROM/no PPROM (n = 10/18). Vascular endothelial function was assessed by acetylcholine (ACh)-induced skin vasodilatation.
Results: Maximum ACh-induced skin perfusion was statistically significantly lower in the PPROM group compared with the non-PPROM group (p = 0.045) after adjustment for confounders. We found no association between BPD and maximum ACh-induced skin perfusion (p = 0.404), after adjustment for confounders.
Conclusion: A neonatal history of prolonged premature rupture of membranes was associated with later impairment of vascular endothelial function in childhood. This association was not observed with BPD. Some forms of perinatal inflammation may be associated with later cardiovascular function.     

Endothelial function in children with a history of premature prolonged rupture of membranes and bronchopulmonary dysplasia--a pilot study.

AIM: To investigate vascular function in children with a neonatal history of generalised inflammation indicated by premature prolonged rupture of membranes (PPROM) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). METHODS: Children born at 相似文献   

Induction of fetal hemoglobin synthesis in children with sickle cell anemia on low-dose oral sodium phenylbutyrate therapy

This study was designed to determine if low doses of oral sodium phenylbutyrate (SPB) induce hemoglobin F (HbF) synthesis in children with hemoglobin SS (HbSS). We treated 8 children with HbSS over a period of 5-30 weeks. The initial dose (1.0 g/d) was increased weekly (by 1.0 g/d) until F-reticulocytes doubled. All patients showed an increase in F-reticulocytes (P = 0.002) that was dose-dependent (P = 0.001). Three of 5 patients who continued oral SPB for more than 10 weeks had substantial increases in HbF. We conclude that lower dose SPB is effective in inducing HbF synthesis in some children with HbSS. Further trials are warranted to determine the optimal treatment regimen.     

Genetic risk factors of bronchopulmonary dysplasia

The aim of the study was to assess the association between bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and polymorphisms of genes coding for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor (TGF-[beta]1), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). A sample of 181 newborns with mean gestational age of 28 wk was prospectively evaluated. Molecular analysis of TGF-[beta]1 -800G>A, -509C>T, 10T>C, 25G>C, VEGF -460T>C and 405G>C and MTHFR 677C>T polymorphisms were performed and the number of CA repeats in the promoter region of IGF-1 gene was assessed. The frequency of all TGF-[beta]1, IGF-1, and MTHFR polymorphisms, as well as the frequency of VEGF 405G>C polymorphism was similar in all groups. The newborns with -460TT and -460CT genotypes were significantly overrepresented in the BPD groups compared with the no BPD group. Multivariate analysis revealed that carrying T allele increased the risk of BPD by 9% (95%CI: 2-14%) above the baseline risk established for given gestational age, length of oxygen therapy, and sex. Based on our data from a single center, we propose that VEGF -460T>C polymorphism may influence the risk of BPD.     

Connexin implication in the control of the murine beta-cell mass

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a common adverse outcome of prematurity, causing severe morbidity and mortality. The cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has been recently shown to favor murine fetal lung development. In this prospective study, we evaluate the expression of MIF in the lung and in the serum of preterm infants (n = 50) and investigate whether the -173 G/C MIF promoter polymorphism is associated with the risk of BPD (n = 103). MIF was highly expressed in lung tissue from preterm infants. Serum MIF levels were measured by ELISA at d 1 after birth. MIF levels were increased [median (interquartile range), 71.01 (44.9-162.3) ng/mL], particularly in those infants with RDS [110.4 (59.4-239.2) ng/mL] compared with healthy adults [2.4 (1.2-5.0) ng/mL], (p < 0.001). The MIF -173*C allele, which predisposes to higher MIF production, was associated with a lower incidence of BPD (OR, 0.2; 95% CI, 0.04-0.93), independently from mechanical ventilation and oxygen exposure (p = 0.03). In conclusion, these data show that MIF expression is increased in lung and serum of preterm infants and suggest that the high producing MIF -173*C allele may be a protective factor for BPD.     

Polymorphisms of surfactant protein A genes and the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants

The pathophysiology of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) as an inflammatory disorder secondary to neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is not yet fully understood and still represents a major complication of prematurity. The main pathophysiologic feature of RDS is a primary surfactant deficiency in a structurally immature lung. Pulmonary surfactant contains 90 percent phospholipids and 10 percent proteins (surfactant proteins A, B, C, and D). As surfactant protein A (SP-A) has several major immunological and metabolic intrapulmonary functions, we aimed at investigating an association of polymorphisms of SP-A1 and SP-A2 encoding genes and the risk of BPD. We performed a case-control study exclusively including Caucasian preterm infants below 32 weeks of gestation matched for the degree of immaturity and the year of birth. Venous cord blood was taken prospectively and analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP), cloning and sequencing. BPD was defined as oxygen dependency or need for mechanical ventilation at day 28. Twenty-three infants with BPD were enrolled (mean gestational age 26.2 weeks; mean birth weight 760.4 g) and compared with 23 infants matched on the basis of gestational age (mean gestational age 27.9 weeks; mean birthweight 1015 g). We observed a significantly increased frequency of the SP-A1 polymorphism 6A6 in infants with BPD compared with controls. In addition to previously established risk factors for BPD, 6A6 polymorphism for SP-A1 gene is an independent co-factor. We believe treatment of neonatal RDS should also include stratification according to genetic risk factors.     

Interleukin‐6 polymorphism and bronchopulmonary dysplasia risk in very low‐birthweight infants

Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of interleukin (IL)‐6‐634 polymorphism in neonatal disorders such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) in very low‐birthweight (VLBW) infants. Methods: This prospective cohort study included 202 infants (gestational age at birth, 23–34 weeks; birthweight, 500–1499 g). Genotypic analysis (polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism) was performed with DNA extracted from whole‐blood samples. Results: Genotype distribution (66.8% CC, 28.2% CG, 5.0% GG) was similar to that in the adult Japanese population. BPD occurred in 85 infants (42.1%) among 202 VLBW infants. The duration of O₂ therapy in infants with CG/GG genotypes was significantly longer than that in infants with the CC genotype (CG/GG vs CC: 40.3 ± 52.2 days vs 28.4 ± 32.6 days, P < 0.05), but the prevalence of BPD was not associated with the CG/GG genotype (CG/GG, 40.0%; CC, 46.3%, P= 0.24). Infants with CG/GG genotypes were more likely to have received postnatal corticosteroid therapy for BPD than those with the CC genotype (CG/GG vs CC: 20.9% vs 11.1%, P= 0.05). PVL occurred in six infants (3.0%). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of PVL among IL‐6‐634 polymorphisms (CG/GG, 3.0%; CC, 3.0%, P= 0.65). Conclusions: IL‐6‐634 polymorphism is associated with duration of oxygen therapy in VLBW infants. This suggests that the IL‐6‐634 polymorphism G allele is an aggravating factor of BPD. IL‐6‐634 polymorphism is not associated with PVL.