基于自适应噪声完整聚合经验模态分解-极限学习机的短期血糖预测

糖尿病患者的血糖浓度时间序列具有时变、非线性和非平稳的特点,为提高血糖预测精度,提出一种自适应噪声的完整聚合经验模态分解(CEEMDAN)与极限学习机(ELM)相结合的短期血糖预测模型。首先,利用CEEMDAN方法将患者的血糖浓度时间序列进行分解,得到不同频段的血糖分量IMF(本征模态函数)和残余分量,以降低血糖时间序列的非平稳性;然后对各血糖分量IMF和残余分量分别构建极限学习机,并将各极限学习机的预测结果融合,获得患者未来血糖浓度的预测值,提高预测精度;在此基础上,进行低血糖预警。利用从河南省人民医院内分泌科采集的56例患者的数据进行模型检验,结果表明:与ELM模型和EMD-ELM模型相比,CEEMDAN-ELM短期血糖预测模型提前45 min的预测仍可达到较高预测水平(RMSE=0.205 1,MAPE=2.116 4%);低血糖预警虚警率和漏警率分别为0.97%和7.55%。血糖预测时间的延长,可以为医生和患者提供充足时间进行血糖浓度控制,提高糖尿病治疗的效果。     

Sensory input from the moving hand influences saccadic eye movements during reading

Reading involves saccadic eye movements. Measured reading time and the number of mistakes made while reading reflect the speed and accuracy of the saccades in target localization, if all other factors influencing these parameters are kept constant. The observed phenomenon that reading a book is easier when it is held in an individual’s hand than when it is not, especially when movement of the reading text occurs while travelling in a vehicle, raises the question of the role of sensory input from the moving arms in guiding saccades in the direction in which the text is moved. To address this question, 12 healthy subjects (6 males and 6 females), aged 19–21 years took part in this study where reading time and the number of mistakes made while reading a non-moving standardized printed text was noted. Similar printed texts were read by the subjects while mechanically moving them at different fixed speeds in the horizontal plane, with and without the subject’s arms moving with the text. At each speed, the reading time recorded when the subject’s arms moved with the text was significantly lesser than when they did not (P<0.05). The number of mistakes made were significantly more when not moving the arms than when moving them with the text, at higher speed of text movement (P<0.05). The results indicate that sensory input from the passively moving arms guided saccades in the direction of movement of the text during reading.     

Fluctuations in fasting blood glucose and serum fructosamine in pregnant women monitored on successive antenatal visits

Abstract Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and serum fructosamine are simple and commonly used tests for monitoring diabetes mellitus. Unfortunately, both these parameters are associated with high error rates and therefore used with caution in high-risk populations. Setting high cut-off values for these parameters increases the sensitivity but at the cost of poor specificity (more false positives). Continued efforts have been made to evaluate the efficacy of FBG and fructosamine, singly or in combination, in avoiding a large number of unnecessary oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT). Therefore, to better understand their time-course trends, we analysed FBG and c-fructosamine in 211 blood samples from 51 Saudi pregnant women during their multiple (≥3) antenatal visits. The mean±standard deviation of FBG and c-fructosamine were 5.22±1.07 and 2.22±0.25 mmol/l respectively with a significant correlation between their individual values. Using the FBG cut-off >5.3 mmol/l, 19 subjects were classified as hyperglycaemic; this frequency was reduced to 1 when a FBG cut-off of >7.0 mmol/l was used. Combined values of FBG (>5.3 mmol/l) and c-fructosamine (>2.5 mmol/l) filtered 6 highrisk subjects with a prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Analysis of variance revealed high withingroup variance for FBG. These fluctuations were also confirmed by higher coefficient of variations (CVs) for FBG (13.27%) as compared to c-fructosamine (5.49%). The CVs of FBG were not correlated with those of corresponding CVs of c-fructosamine (R=0.007, P=0.962), indicating that the fluctuations in FBG were independent of fluctuations in c-fructosamine. These findings clearly suggest that the paired values of FBG and c-fructosamine would be more advantageous than their individual values in filtering high-risk patients on whom OGTT should be performed.     

Accelerometer’s position independent physical activity recognition system for long-term activity monitoring in the elderly

Mobility is a good indicator of health status and thus objective mobility data could be used to assess the health status of elderly patients. Accelerometry has emerged as an effective means for long-term physical activity monitoring in the elderly. However, the output of an accelerometer varies at different positions on a subject’s body, even for the same activity, resulting in high within-class variance. Existing accelerometer-based activity recognition systems thus require firm attachment of the sensor to a subject’s body. This requirement makes them impractical for long-term activity monitoring during unsupervised free-living as it forces subjects into a fixed life pattern and impede their daily activities. Therefore, we introduce a novel single-triaxial-accelerometer-based activity recognition system that reduces the high within-class variance significantly and allows subjects to carry the sensor freely in any pocket without its firm attachment. We validated our system using seven activities: resting (lying/sitting/standing), walking, walking-upstairs, walking-downstairs, running, cycling, and vacuuming, recorded from five positions: chest pocket, front left trousers pocket, front right trousers pocket, rear trousers pocket, and inner jacket pocket. Its simplicity, ability to perform activities unimpeded, and an average recognition accuracy of 94% make our system a practical solution for continuous long-term activity monitoring in the elderly.     

Social cognitive and physical health determinants of exercise adherence for HIV-1 seropositive, early symptomatic men and women

This study examined social cognitive and physical health factors that might explain variations in exercise adherence in a 3-month supervised exercise intervention for a group of mildly symptomatic, HIV-1 seropositive men and women. The social cognitive predictor variables were outcome expectations and self-efficacy. The physical health predictor variables included CD4 cell counts, self-report inventories of physical symptoms, and physicians’ examinations. Self-report inventories of physical symptoms were associated with physicians’ examinations and combined into a composite measure of physical health. Criterion variables included exercise adherence rates, VO_{2 max} change, and status as a “remainer” versus “drop-out.” The composite measure of physical health emerged as a significant predictor of adherence rate and gave perfect prediction of remainers and a moderate prediction of dropouts. No significant associations were observed between the social cognitive predictors and adherence. Results suggest that for this population physical health status is a better predictor of exercise adherence than either perceived self-efficacy or outcome expectancy.     

Diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Using a Conditioned Reflex Approach

A conditioned reflex method was developed for the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder using an automated apparatus containing a radial maze with a hidden search object (reward), where successful task solution depended on the subject’s attention to the spatial locations of sensory signals indicating the location of the search object in the maze. This method increases the accuracy of the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity in children of preschool and school age and decreases test duration.     

Predictive and reactive control of grasping forces: on the role of the basal ganglia and sensory feedback

We comparatively investigated predictive and reactive grip force behaviour in 12 subjects with basal ganglia dysfunction (six subjects with Parkinson’s disease, six subjects with writer’s cramp), two subjects chronically lacking all tactile and proprioceptive sensory feedback and 16 sex- and age-matched control subjects. Subjects held an instrumented receptacle between the index finger and thumb. A weight was dropped into the receptacle either unexpectedly from the experimenter’s hand with the subject being blindfolded or expectedly from the subject’s opposite hand. This paradigm allowed us to study predictive and reactive modes of grip force control. All patients generated an overshoot in grip force, irrespective of whether the weight was dropped expectedly or unexpectedly. When the weight was dropped from the experimenter’s hand, a reactive grip force response lagged behind the load perturbation at impact in patients with basal ganglia dysfunction and healthy controls. When the weight was dropped expectedly from the subject’s opposite hand, patients with basal ganglia dysfunction and healthy subjects started to increase grip force prior to the release of the weight, indicating a predictive mode of control. We interpret these data to support the notion that the motor dysfunction in basal ganglia disorders is associated with deficits of sensorimotor integration. Both deafferented subjects did not show a reactive mode of force control when the weight was dropped unexpectedly, underlining the importance of sensory feedback to initiate reactive force responses. Also in the predictive mode, grip force processing was severely impaired in deafferented subjects. Thus, at least intermittent sensory information is necessary to establish and update predictive modes of grasping force control.     

Dissociation between vergence and binocular disparity cues in the control of prehension

Binocular vision provides important advantages for controlling reach-to-grasp movements. We examined the possible source(s) of these advantages by comparing prehension proficiency under four different binocular viewing conditions, created by randomly placing a neutral lens (control), an eight dioptre prism (Base In or Base Out) or a low-power (2.00–3.75 dioptre) Plus lens over the eye opposite the moving limb. The Base In versus Base Out prisms were intended to selectively alter vergence-specified distance (VSD) information, such that the targets appeared beyond or closer than their actual physical position, respectively. The Plus lens was individually tailored to reduce each subject’s disparity sensitivity (to 400–800 arc s), while minimizing effects on distance estimation. In pre-testing, subjects pointed (without visual feedback) to mid-line targets at different distances, and produced the systematic directional errors expected of uncorrected movements programmed under each of the perturbed conditions. For the prehension tasks, subjects reached and precision grasped (with visual feedback available) cylindrical objects (two sizes and three locations), either following a 3 s preview in which to plan their actions or immediately after the object became visible. Viewing condition markedly affected performance, but the planning time allowed did not. Participants made the most errors suggesting premature collision with the object (shortest ‘braking’ times after peak deceleration; fastest velocity and widest grip at initial contact) under Base In prism viewing, consistent with over-reaching movements programmed to transport the hand beyond the actual target due to its ‘further’ VSD. Conversely, they produced the longest terminal reaches and grip closure times, with multiple corrections just before and after object contact, under the Plus lens (reduced disparity) condition. Base Out prism performance was intermediate between these two, with significant increases in additional forward movements during the transport end-phase, indicative of initial under-reaching in response to the target’s ‘nearer’ VSD. Our findings suggest dissociations between the role of vergence and binocular disparity in natural prehension movements, with vergence contributing mainly to reach planning and high-grade disparity cues providing particular advantages for grasp-point selection during grip programming and application.     

基于粒子群和反向传播神经网络的近红外光无创血糖检测方法研究EI北大核心CSCD

现有的近红外无创血糖检测模型研究大多数关注的是近红外吸光度与血糖浓度之间的关系,但没有考虑人体生理状态对血糖浓度的影响。为了提升血糖预测模型性能,本文采用了粒子群优化算法(PSO)对反向传播(BP)神经网络的结构参数进行训练,并引入了收缩压、脉率、体温以及1550 nm吸光度作为血糖浓度预测模型的输入变量,采用BP神经网络作为预测模型。为解决传统BP神经网络容易陷入局部最优的问题,本文提出了一种基于PSO-BP的混合模型。结果表明,训练得到的PSO-BP模型预测效果优于传统的BP神经网络。十折交叉验证预测均方根误差和相关系数分别为0.95 mmol/L和0.74;克拉克误差网格分析结果表明,模型预测结果落入A区域的比例为84.39%,落入B区域的比例为15.61%,均满足临床要求。该模型可以快速地测量血糖浓度,且具相对较高的精度。     

‘Outwalk’: a protocol for clinical gait analysis based on inertial and magnetic sensors

A protocol named Outwalk was developed to easily measure the thorax–pelvis and lower-limb 3D kinematics on children with cerebral palsy (CP) and amputees during gait in free-living conditions, by means of an Inertial and Magnetic Measurement System (IMMS). Outwalk defines the anatomical/functional coordinate systems (CS) for each body segment through three steps: (1) positioning the sensing units (SUs) of the IMMS on the subjects’ thorax, pelvis, thighs, shanks and feet, following simple rules; (2) computing the orientation of the mean flexion–extension axis of the knees; (3) measuring the SUs’ orientation while the subject’s body is oriented in a predefined posture, either upright or supine. If the supine posture is chosen, e.g. when spasticity does not allow to maintain the upright posture, hips and knees static flexion angles must be measured through a standard goniometer and input into the equations that define Outwalk anatomical CSs. In order to test for the inter-rater measurement reliability of these angles, a study was carried out involving nine healthy children (7.9 ± 2 years old) and two physical therapists as raters. Results showed RMS error of 1.4° and 1.8° and a negligible worst-case standard error of measurement of 2.0° and 2.5° for hip and knee angles, respectively. Results were thus smaller than those reported for the same measures when performed through an optoelectronic system with the CAST protocol and support the beginning of clinical trials of Outwalk with children with CP.     

On the similarities between the perception and production of elliptical trajectories

In an earlier study, Viviani and Stucchi (J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 18:603–623, 1992) have introduced a visual illusion, whereby it was shown that when subjects are asked to determine what movement of a light spot, when tracing an elliptical trajectory, appears to be most uniform, they tend to choose movements that are close to obeying the 2/3 power law (Lacquaniti et al. Acta Psychol 54:115–130, 1983) rather than constant speed movements, even though the actual changes in velocity could exceed 200%. Here we have extended the study of this illusion by directly testing the effect of the shape (eccentricity) and size (perimeter) of the elliptical trajectory, the duration of the tracing of the ellipse and the effect of fixation on the subjects’ decision regarding movement uniformity. We found that the ellipse’s eccentricity and tracing out speed of the elliptical trajectory significantly affect the subjects’ decisions, although the effect of eccentricity seems to be stronger than that of speed. Our findings also indicated that fixation significantly affects the subject’s decision for ellipses that are more eccentric. Surprisingly, the ellipse’s perimeter had a much smaller effect on the subjects’ decisions, although changes in the ellipse’s perimeter should have the same effect on the average velocity as changes in the time it takes to trace out the ellipse. This suggested the possibility that the subjects based their decision regarding movement uniformity on other velocity variables in addition to tangential velocity. Computer simulations we have performed have led us to conclude that the subjects’ perception of movement uniformity may also be based on assessing the variations in angular velocity and possibly also in affine velocity. Our behavioral and simulation studies thus suggest that the motion perception system is quite responsive to variations in the velocity along an elliptical trajectory but in a way that depends on the path’s curvature. Furthermore, the movement is judged to be more uniform when there are minimal differences in angular, tangential and perhaps also in affine velocities, along the trajectory. Our results suggest the existence of similar underlying constraints that affect both the motion perception and production systems when the movements are associated with very large velocities or large changes in velocity along more curved portions of the trajectory. Our observations therefore provide further insight into the possibility that these constraints are either imposed by the underlying neuronal dynamics, the internal architecture of the cortical neural populations or the variables used in the coding of both sensory and motor information regarding movement.     

Mechanisms of recognition of the outlines of “vanishing” optotypes

The aim of the present work was to study the interaction between the optical properties of images of “ disappearing” optotypes and their recognition thresholds. The “disappearing” optotypes were figures with complex outlines and had a unique property-they were close to the threshold of recognition and observation, which increases the accuracy of measurement of visual acuity and the subjects’ attention to them. The recognition distances of “disappearing” optotypes were measured. A relationship was found between the recognition distance of “disappearing” optotypes and different optical density profiles on the one hand and the spatial and spatial frequency characteristics of the stimuli on the other. The decisive factor determining the threshold of recognition of optotypes in spatial frequency terms is its spatial frequency spectrum; that in spatial terms is the width of the black/white pair or black-white triad in the complex outline. Regardless of the shape of the optotype, one of the most important limiting factors was the concordance of this test with the scattering function of the subject’s eye optics. __________ Translated from Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 91, No. 9, pp. 1080–1090, September, 2005.     

Non-invasive diagnosis of risk in dengue patients using bioelectrical impedance analysis and artificial neural network

This paper presents a new approach to diagnose and classify early risk in dengue patients using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and artificial neural network (ANN). A total of 223 healthy subjects and 207 hospitalized dengue patients were prospectively studied. The dengue risk severity criteria was determined and grouped based on three blood investigations, namely, platelet (PLT) count (less than or equal to 30,000 cells per mm³), hematocrit (HCT) (increase by more than or equal to 20%), and either aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level (raised by fivefold the normal upper limit) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level (raised by fivefold the normal upper limit). The dengue patients were classified according to their risk groups and the corresponding BIA parameters were subsequently obtained and quantified. Four parameters were used for training and testing the ANN which are day of fever, reactance, gender, and risk group’s quantification. Day of fever was defined as the day of fever subsided, i.e., when the body temperature fell below 37.5°C. The blood investigation and the BIA data were taken for 5 days. The ANN was trained via the steepest descent back propagation with momentum algorithm using the log-sigmoid transfer function while the sum-squared error was used as the network’s performance indicator. The best ANN architecture of 3-6-1 (3 inputs, 6 neurons in the hidden layer, and 1 output), learning rate of 0.1, momentum constant of 0.2, and iteration rate of 20,000 was pruned using a weight-eliminating method. Eliminating a weight of 0.05 enhances the dengue’s prediction risk classification accuracy of 95.88% for high risk and 96.83% for low risk groups. As a result, the system is able to classify and diagnose the risk in the dengue patients with an overall prediction accuracy of 96.27%.     

Time-dependent adaptations to posture and movement characteristics during the development of repetitive reaching induced fatigue

Repetitive movements are common to many daily activities but often lead to the development of fatigue. We have previously shown that fatigue leads to changes in tridimensional spatial characteristics of the whole body. However, temporal aspects of these posture and movement adaptations have yet to be investigated. Healthy subjects (N = 14) performed a continuous reaching task by pointing between two targets placed at shoulder height, at 100 and 30% arm’s length, anterior to the subject’s midline until fatigue (assessed using the Borg CR-10 scale). Whole body kinematics and upper Trapezius EMG were recorded and analyzed at 1-min intervals to document the progression of fatigue on outcome variables. For all upper limb and postural variables analyzed, changes began to occur approximately midway to fatigue and were followed by an increase in Trapezius activity from baseline. Reach-to-reach variability of joint average positions and range of motion (ROM) increased in multiple directions for shoulder and elbow parameters. Reach-to-reach variability of the center-of-mass ROM also increased in several directions. Changes were also observed in within-movement inter-segmental timing. The peak velocities of elbow and endpoint occurred closer together in time during fatigue while the shoulder peak velocity occurrence showed a greater reach-to-reach variability. Our results suggest that the effects of fatigue on repetitive movement kinematics can be observed across three temporal dimensions of the task: (1) within individual movements, (2) from one movement to the next, and (3) as fatigue develops. Each observed change is discussed as a potential contributor to task-specific control strategies to prolong task performance.     

Living with huntington’s disease: illness perceptions,coping mechanisms,and spouses’ quality of life

Chronic illness not only affects the life of those suffering from Huntington’s disease but also threatens the quality of life (QOL) of their spouses. In this study, we focus on Huntington’s disease (HD). The impact of HDonthe QOL of spouses has been hardly studied from a behavioral medicine or health psychology perspective. We hypothesize that spouses’ illness perceptions and coping mechanisms will contribute significantly to the prediction of their QOL. Illness perceptions, coping mechanisms, and the QOL of 90 spouses ofpatients with HD were assessed by meansof the Illness Perception Questionnaire, the COPE, and the Medical Outcome Study 36-item Short Form Health Survey, respectively. After controlling for demographic and illness-related variables, coping mechanisms explained a significant amount of variance of spouses’ role functioning. Given our results, more empirical and longitudinal research is justified on coping mechanisms and illness perceptions of spouses living with Huntington’s disease.     

A reexamination of the size–weight illusion induced by visual size cues

The size–weight illusion induced by visually perceived sizes was reexamined to investigate whether this illusion is a sensory based or cognitive-based phenomenon. A computer-augmented environment was utilized to manipulate visual size information of target objects independently of their haptic information. Two physical cubes of equal mass (30.0 g) and size (3.0 × 3.0 × 3.0 cm) were suspended in parallel by wires attached to small graspable rings, in order to keep haptically obtained information constant between lifts. Instead of directly seeing each physical cube, subjects viewed 3D graphics of a cube with a wire and a ring that were precisely superimposed onto each physical cube. Seventeen subjects vertically lifted these augmented cubes, one after the other, by grasping the attached rings, and then reported their perception of cube heaviness. The graphical size of a comparison cube pseudo randomly varied for every comparison from 1.0 × 1.0 × 1.0 to 9.0 × 9.0 × 9.0 cm, while that of a standard cube remained constant (5.0 × 5.0 × 5.0 cm). Results indicated that the size–weight illusion frequently and systematically occurred for all the subjects such that when the comparison cube was relatively smaller than the standard cube, it was perceived to be heavier, and vice versa. As the size difference increased between the standard cube and the comparison cube, more subjects experienced the illusion, and vice versa. Follow-up tests showed occurrence of the size–weight illusion was significantly correlated with subject’s sensitivity to discriminate weight, but not with sensitivity to discriminate visual size. Results suggest that the size–weight illusion induced by only visual size cues in an augmented environment is sensory based, and depends on an individual’s integrated perception based on multimodal sensory information.     

Inference of complex human motion requires internal models of action: behavioral evidence

Previous behavioral investigation from our laboratory (Pozzo et al. in Behav Brain Res 169:75–82, 2006) suggests that the kinematic features influence the subject’s capacity to estimate the final position of simple arm movement in which the last part of the trajectory is hidden. The authors argue the participation of internal information, as the kinematic parameters, to compensate the lack of the visual input. The purpose of this report was to verify if the dependency of visual motion inference to biological displays can be generalized for intransitive and complex human motions. To answer this question, the subjects were asked to estimate the vanishing and final position of the shoulder trajectory of Sit to Stand (STS) or Back to Sit (BTS) motion performed in the sagittal plane, according to a biological or nonbiological kinematics. The last part of the trajectory (i.e., 35%) was occluded. We observed a kinematic effect on the precision of individuals’ estimation. The subjects were more precise and less variable to estimate the end trajectory with biological velocity profiles. Moreover, impoverished visual information appeared sufficient to evaluate the final position of an intransitive complex human motion. These results suggest the participation of internal representations to infer the final part of complex motion. We discuss the results in the light of possible neural substrates involved during the inference task.     

Visual perceptions of vertical and intrinsic longitudinal axes

 The purpose of these experiments was to investigate whether visual perceptions of the earth-fixed vertical axis are more accurate than those of intrinsic body-fixed axes. In one experiment, nine neurologically normal young adult subjects’ abilities to position a luminescent rod vertically or parallel to the longitudinal axis of the head or trunk were studied in four conditions: (1) earth-fixed – subjects stood erect with the head aligned to the trunk and visually aligned a hand-held rod to vertical; (2) earth – subjects aligned the rod to vertical as in 1, but the orientations of the head and trunk were varied in the sagittal and frontal planes on each trial; (3) head – frontal and/or sagittal plane orientation of the subject’s head was varied on each trial and the rod was aligned parallel to the longitudinal axis of the head; (4) trunk – frontal and/or sagittal plane orientation of the subject’s trunk was varied on each trial and the rod was aligned parallel to the longitudinal axis of the trunk. Note that in conditions 2, 3, and 4 the head and trunk were never aligned with each other. Also, each condition was carried out in normal light and in complete darkness. Perceptual errors were measured in both the frontal and the sagittal planes. The results showed that the variable errors were significantly lower when subjects aligned the rod to vertical rather than to the longitudinal axis of the head or trunk. Also, errors were similar in size in the two planes and were unaffected by vision of the surrounding environment. In a second experiment, subjects were seated and controlled the position of a luminescent rod held by a robot. They aligned the rod either to the longitudinal axis of their head or to the vertical in complete darkness, under three conditions similar to those described above: (1) earth-fixed, (2) earth, and (3) head. There was no possibility of use of kinesthetic information for controlling rod position in this experiment as in the first experiment. The results were similar to those of the first experiment, as subjects aligned the rod more accurately to vertical than to the longitudinal axis of the head. These results show convincingly that visual perceptions of earth-fixed vertical are more accurate than perceptions of intrinsic axes fixed to the head or trunk. Received: 17 February 1997 / Accepted: 28 April 1997     

Development of a real-time three-dimensional spinal motion measurement system for clinical practice

This paper presents an inertial based sensing system for real-time three-dimensional measurement of human spinal motion, in a portable and non-invasive manner. Applications of the proposed system range from diagnosis of spine injury to postural monitoring, on-field as well as in the lab setting. The system is comprised of three inertial measurement sensors, respectively attached and calibrated to the head, torso and hips, based on the subject’s anatomical planes. Sensor output is transformed into meaningful clinical parameters of rotation (twist), flexion-extension and lateral bending of each body segment, with respect to calibrated global reference space. Modeling the spine as a compound flexible pole model allows dynamic measurement of three-dimensional spine motion, which can be animated and monitored in real-time using our interactive GUI. The accuracy of the proposed sensing system has been verified with subject trials using a VICON optical motion measurement system. Experimental results indicate an error of less than 3.1° in segment orientation tracking.     

Peptide correction of age-related hormonal dysfunction of the pancreas in monkeys

We studied the effect of Epithalon on the function of pancreatic islets and regulation of blood glucose level in female rhesus monkeys of various ages. Epithalon corrected the age-related decrease in glucose tolerance and restored the dynamics of insulin level in response to glucose load. Translated fromByulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 138, No. 7, pp. 94–97, July, 2004