前馈护理模式对老年耐多药结核病患者的干预效果

目的:探究前馈护理模式对老年耐多药结核病患者的干预效果.方法:选取我院在2018-10～2019-10收治的80例老年耐多药结核病患者作为研究对象.按随机数表法将其分为观察组和对照组各40例.对照组患者施行常规护理措施,观察组在对照组的护理措施基础上给予前馈护理模式,护理3个月.比较两组护理后治疗转归情况;采用焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)分析护理前后患者焦虑、抑郁程度;采用问卷调查两组患者护理后健康知识知晓情况、服药依从性.结果:观察组患者治疗成功率明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);护理前,两组SDS、SAS评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);护理后,两组的SDS、SAS评分均明显降低,且观察组明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);护理后,观察组健康知识知晓情况、服药依从性及护理满意度显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:前馈护理干预措施能够显著提高老年耐多药结核病患者服药依从性,缓解患者焦虑、抑郁情绪,促进患者恢复.     

综合护理干预对乳腺癌患者治疗依从性和生活质量的影响

目的 分析综合护理干预对乳腺癌患者治疗依从性和生活质量的影响.方法 选取126例乳腺癌患者作为研究对象,随机分为观察组和对照组各63例,对照组给予常规护理干预,观察组给予综合护理干预,比较2组干预后治疗依从性及生活质量评分差异.结果 观察组完成治疗率（96.67％）明显高于对照组（P＜0.05）,心理功能评分（59.54±5.43）、社会功能评分（57.32±2.23）、生活质量评分（81.57±8.43）明显高于对照组（P＜0.05）.结论 综合护理干预可以有效提高患者的治疗依从性,改善其生活质量.     

护理干预对肺结核患者自我效能及自护能力的影响

目的 分析肺结核疾病特点,研究治疗期间辅助综合护理干预对患者自我效能、自护能力提升等方面的积极意义。方法 选择我院2019年5月至2020年10月收治的80例肺结核疾病患者,全部进行抗结核药物治疗。经伦理委员会批准、患者知情同意,进行分组对照护理,采取随机数表法。对照组、观察组肺结核患者分别采取常规护理、综合护理干预,比较肺结核患者的护理效果,包括自我效能、自护能力、用药依从性。结果 以自我护理能力实施量表（ESCA）评估肺结核患者的自护能力,护理干预后观察组患者评分（121.50±10.50）明显高于对照组,P <0.05;以一般效能感量表（GSES）评估肺结核患者的自我效能感,护理干预后观察组患者评分（33.30±2.80）明显高于对照组,P <0.05;以健康调查简表（SF-36）评估肺结核患者的生活质量,护理干预后观察组患者评分（93.30±4.50）明显高于对照组,P <0.05;组间患者用药依从性比较,观察组依从性95.00%高于对照组,P <0.05。结论 肺结核患者抗结核药物治疗期间配合综合护理干预,可以提升患者的自我效能、自护能力、用药遵医行为...     

护理干预在急性脑梗死患者长春西汀联合依达拉奉治疗后的应用效果

目的 探讨综合性护理干预(CNI)在急性脑梗死(ACI)患者长春西汀联合依达拉奉治疗后的应用效果.方法 将122例急性脑梗死患者按照数字表法随机分为两组,均给予长春西汀联合依达拉奉治疗,对照组61例给予常规基础护理;观察组61例在对照组基础上采取优质综合护理干预,并比较两组的护理效果.结果 观察组的总有效率为98.36％,显著高于对照组的90.16％(x2=3.7888,P＜0.05);两组患者护理干预前SF-36评分比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);治疗及护理干预2周后,两组SF-36评分均升高,且观察组的SF-36健康调查量表6个维度评分均明显高于对照组(P＜0.05);观察组总满意度为98.36％,明显高于对照组的88.52％(x2=4.8158,P＜0.05).结论 ACI患者给予长春西汀联合依达拉奉治疗疗效显著,治疗过程中配合综合性护理干预疗效肯定,有效提高患者的生活质量(quality of life,QOL)及患者对护理的满意度.     

艾灸联合中医情志护理路径干预对慢性乙型肝炎合并肝纤维化患者的应用效果

目的 探讨艾灸联合中医情志护理路径干预对慢性乙型肝炎合并肝纤维化患者的应用效果。方法 将本院2019年1月至2021年1月收治的80例慢性乙型肝炎肝纤维化患者随机分为对照组和观察组,每组40例,对照组给予常规护理干预,观察组给予艾灸联合中医情志护理路径干预,两组均干预3个月,治疗前、治疗3个月进行中医症候评分,采用医疗应对模式问卷（MCMQ）进行患者应对方式评价,采用Morisky量表评价两组患者治疗依从性,使用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）评价患者抑郁及焦虑改善情况,采用简明健康状况量表（SF-36）评价患者生活质量变化情况。结果 观察组治疗3个月胁肋疼痛、脘闷腹胀、情志抑郁、乏力评分均明显低于治疗前及对照组治疗后,P <0.05。观察组治疗3个月消极应对评分明显低于治疗前及对照组治疗后,P <0.05,积极应对评分明显高于治疗前及对照组治疗后,P <0.05。观察组和对照组治疗前治疗依从性比较,差异无统计学意义,P> 0.05;观察组治疗3个月治疗依从性明显高于治疗前及对照组治疗后,P <0.05。观察组治疗3个月HAMD评...     

护理干预对老年高血压患者治疗依从性的影响

目的 观察护理干预对老年高血压患者治疗依从性的影响. 方法 117例老年高血压患者按入院单双号随机分为观察组（60例）和对照组（57例）,两组均给予常规药物治疗和护理,观察组在此基础上在按时服药、监测血压、健康教育等方面进行护理干预,随访6个月后评价两组治疗依从性的差异. 结果 观察组完全治疗依从率91.7%,明显高于对照组49.1%（P＜0.01）;随访6个月,观察组血压下降明显优于对照组（P＜0.05）. 结论 护理干预可明显提高老年高血压患者治疗的依从性和降压效果.     

针对性护理干预对尿毒症血液透析患者抑郁、焦虑及治疗依从性的影响

目的 分析针对性护理干预对尿毒症血液透析患者抑郁、焦虑及治疗依从性的影响。方法 选取2019年1月至2020年4月82例尿毒症血液透析患者,随机分为观察组（n=41）和对照组（n=41）。对照组采取常规护理,观察组则采取针对性护理干预。对两组患者经过不同护理之后的焦虑抑郁情绪、睡眠质量、生活质量、并发症发生率、肾功能和依从性等进行统计和比较。结果护理前,两组HAMA评分、HAMD评分、PSQI评分、SF-36生活质量评分、肾功能指标比较,差异均不显著（P> 0.05）,护理后,观察组的HAMA、HAMD、PSQI评分及血尿素氮、血清肌酐、血尿酸水平均低于对照组,SF-36生活质量评分高于对照组（均P <0.05）;观察组经护理以后的并发症发生率（12.20%）比对照组（36.59%）更低,有显著性差异（P <0.05）,观察组患者护理以后的治疗依从性（97.56%）高于对照组（85.37%）,有显著性差异（P <0.05）。结论 对尿毒症血液透析患者实施针对性护理能有效改善患者的焦虑、抑郁心理及患者的睡眠质量,提升整体生活质量,同时可减少护理之后出现并发症的概率...     

护理干预对艾滋病患者治疗依从性及生存质量的影响

目的 探讨护理干预对艾滋病患者治疗依从性的影响,提高生存质量.方法 将80例艾滋病患者随机分为观察组和对照组,观察组应用护理干预,对照组采用常规护理措施,比较二者治疗依从性及生存质量.结果 经过6个月的观察,观察组患者治疗依从性率95％,明显优于对照组的72.50％,差异存在统计学意义(P＜0.05).护理干预前,两组患者SF-36生存质量量表各项评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);护理干预后6个月,两组患者生存质量较入组时均有不同程度提高(P＜0.05),但是观察组改善更明显(P＜0.05).结论 护理干预有助于提高艾滋病患者的治疗依从性,提高生存质量,延长生存时间,值得临床推广应用.     

人性化护理干预应用于尿毒症并发左心衰竭患者血液透析的效果

目的：探讨人性化护理干预应用于尿毒症并发左心衰竭患者血液透析的效果。方法选取2012年5月—2014年3月于景德镇市第二人民医院就诊的66例尿毒症并发左心衰竭患者,按照随机双盲法将其分为观察组和对照组,各33例。对照组给予常规护理,观察组给予人性化护理干预,比较两组患者的焦虑自评量表（ SAS）评分、抑郁自评量表（SDS）评分、生活质量评定量表（QOL）评分及依从性。结果护理后观察组 SAS、SDS 评分低于对照组,QOL 评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（ P ＜0.05）。观察组依从性良好率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P ＜0.05）。结论在尿毒症并发左心衰竭患者血液透析中行人性化护理干预可明显提高患者的生活质量,缓解患者不良情绪。     

延伸护理对原发性高血压患者治疗依从性的影响

目的：探讨延伸护理对原发性高血压病（ EH）患者治疗依从性的影响。方法将136例EH患者随机分为观察组和对照组各68例,观察组出院后实施延伸护理12个月,对照组未给予任何护理干预。结果2组出院后6、12个月的依从性评分均较出院前1d减低（P＜0．05）,但观察组评分仍显著高于对照组（P＜0．05）,干预12个月后观察组的血压控制达标率明显高于对照组（ P＜0．05）。结论延伸护理可显著增加EH患者对治疗的依从性,提高血压控制达标率。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.