Combined central retinal vein and cilioretinal artery occlusion

We present a case of combined central retinal vein and cilioretinal artery occlusion which, due to the absence of the temporal branch retinal artery, was initially misdiagnosed as a combined central retinal vein occlusion and temporal branch retinal artery occlusion. Given that – in contrast to cases of combined central artery and central retinal vein occlusion – the prognosis for cilioretinal artery occlusion with central retinal vein occlusion is quite good, this case illustrates the importance of suspecting an unusual condition in the presence of a combined occlusion.     

Combined central retinal artery-central vein obstruction

The cases of 23 patients with unilateral combined central retinal artery-central retinal vein obstruction are described. Criteria for the abnormality included: a history of relatively sudden visual loss; superficial retinal whitening in the posterior pole in combination with a cherry spot; and intraretinal blood, generally associated with dilated and/or tortuous retinal veins. In five instances (22%) the obstructions developed after retrobulbar injection. Among the 21 patients with followup for at least 6 months, or until the onset of neovascularization of the iris, 17 (81%) developed rubeosis iridis.Late histopathology was obtained in two eyes. Hemorrhagic necrosis of the retina was observed in some areas of the posterior pole and attenuation of the inner retinal layers, similar to that seen with late central retinal artery obstruction, was noted elsewhere. Periphlebitis of the central retinal vein within the optic nerve was found in each case.     

FFA和OCT在诊断视网膜中央动静脉阻塞中的应用价值

目的：探讨荧光素眼底血管造影( fundus fluorescein angiography, FFA )、相干光断层扫描( optical coherent tomography,OCT)在诊断视网膜中央动静脉阻塞中的临床价值。
　　方法：对2012-06/2015-12本院眼科中心收集的47例47眼视网膜中央动静脉阻塞病例进行回顾性分析,根据临床最终确诊结果分为视网膜中央动脉阻塞( central retinal artery occlusion,CRAO)患者21眼、视网膜中央静脉阻塞( central retinal vein occlusion,CRVO)患者26眼,所有患者均于起病2 wk内接受了FFA和OCT检查,对两种检查结果的图像资料进行分析。
　　结果：CRAO组患者的平均黄斑中心小凹厚度、测量角度、充盈时间测定结果均显著低于CRVO组患者的平均值,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
　　结论：视网膜中央动静脉阻塞的OCT、FFA图像各具特点,二者结合可以较好地鉴别诊断视网膜中央动静脉阻塞。     

Combined occlusion of branch retinal artery and vein secondary to prepapillary arterial loops

A middle-aged diabetic and hypertensive man presented with diminished vision in the left eye. Fundus examination revealed prepapillary arterial loops, but with features of venous rather than arterial occlusion. Fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography confirmed the presence of a branch retinal vein occlusion along with two branch retinal artery occlusions. The resultant macular edema responded well to intravitreal triamcinolone and laser photocoagulation though the visual improvement was moderate.     

Combined central retinal artery and vein occlusion in a child with systemic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Purpose: To report on a case of systemic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and unilateral combined central retinal artery and vein occlusion. Method: We examined a 14-year-old boy who experienced a sudden unilateral visual loss five months after the initial diagnosis of systemic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Result: Visual loss was due to combined central retinal artery and vein occlusion in association with tumoral optic nerve involvement. Conclusion: Alhough very rare systemic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma may present with central retinal artery and vein occlusion prior to overt central nervous system involvement. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Ischemic retinal vein occlusion: characterizing the more severe spectrum of retinal vein occlusion

Retinal vein occlusion (RVO)-including central RVO, branch RVO, and hemicentral and hemispheric RVO—is the second most common vascular cause of visual loss, surpassed only by diabetic retinopathy. The presence and extent of retinal ischemia in RVO is associated with a worse prognosis. On this basis, most previously conducted studies considered ischemic retinal vein occlusion (iRVO) and non-iRVO as separate entities based on set thresholds of existing retinal ischemia as determined by fundus fluorescein angiography. Other diagnostic technologies have been used specifically in the differentiation of ischemic central retinal vein occlusion and nonischemic central retinal vein occlusion. To date, there is no fully accepted definition for iRVO. Some clinicians and researchers may favor establishing a clear differentiation between these forms of RVO; others may prefer not to consider iRVO as a separate entity. Whatever the case, retinal ischemia in RVO confers a higher risk of visual loss and neovascular complications; thus, it should be determined as accurately as possible in patients with this disease and be considered in clinical and experimental studies. Most recently conducted clinical trials evaluating new treatments for macular edema secondary to RVO included none or only few patients with iRVO based on previous definitions (i.e., few patients with sizeable areas of retinal ischemia were recruited in these trials), and thus it is unclear whether the results observed in recruited patients could be extrapolated to those with retinal ischemia. There has been scant research aiming at developing and/or testing treatments for retinal ischemia, as well as to prevent new vessel formation as a result of RVO. We provide a detailed review of the knowledge gathered over the years on iRVO, from controversies on its definition and diagnosis to the understanding of its epidemiology, risk factors and pathogenesis, the structural and functional effects of this disease in the eye and its complications, natural history, and outcomes after treatment. In each section, the definition of iRVO used is given so, independently of whether iRVO is considered a separate clinical entity or a more severe end of the spectrum of RVO, the information will be useful to clinicians to determine patient's risk, guide therapeutic decisions, and counsel patients and for researchers to design future studies.     

并发视网膜中央动静脉阻塞的特殊PORN1例

目的:报道1例艾滋病患者特殊的进行性外层视网膜坏死(PORN),同时合并视网膜中央动脉及静脉阻塞。方法:病例报告。结果:患者表现为进行性外层视网膜坏死,视神经亦受累,合并视网膜中央动静脉阻塞,与带状疱疹性视网膜病变的最初表现一样。积极的治疗包括玻璃体腔和特异性系统抗带状疱疹病毒治疗,以及强化的抗逆转录病毒治疗(HAART)。视网膜坏死静止,对侧眼未受累,而患眼的视力极差。结论:首次报道了1例并发视网膜中央动静脉阻塞的特殊PORN,积极的局部联合系统治疗使得局部病情控制,并预防了对侧眼发病。     

影响视网膜静脉阻塞及黄斑中心视网膜厚度改变的因素分析

目的:分析不同危险因素对视网膜静脉阻塞(RVO)发病的影响,同时观察并研究不同因素对黄斑中心视网膜厚度(CRT)的影响。方法:回顾性研究。收集2016-09/2019-04我院眼科就诊的RVO患者79例79眼作为RVO组,并根据CRT是否大于369μm将其分为高CRT组(26眼)和低CRT组(53眼)。收集同时期入院拟行白内障手术患者59例59眼作为对照组。统计分析RVO发病危险因素以及影响CRT改变的因素。结果:与对照组相比,RVO组中高血压、颈动脉斑块以及高同型半胱氨酸血症有差异(P<0.05)。不同CRT分组间分析结果则显示中央部位阻塞和吸烟史有差异(P<0.05)。结论:高血压、颈动脉斑块、高同型半胱氨酸血症是RVO发病的危险因素。而中央部位阻塞以及吸烟史是影响CRT厚度改变的因素。     

氩激光治疗视网膜中央静脉阻塞的时机探讨

目的:探讨氩激光治疗视网膜中央静脉阻塞(central retinal vein occlusion,CRVO)的时机。方法:根据CRVO发病后至接受激光治疗的时间不同分为3组,A组为CRVO发生后4~8wk共23例23眼,B组为CRVO发生后12~16wk共9例9眼,C组为CRVO发生20wk以后共6例6眼。激光治疗方法分为黄斑区格栅样光凝,局灶性视网膜光凝及全视网膜光凝。结果:2a后A组视力>0.3者为17眼占74%;B组视力>0.3者为4眼占44%;C组视力>0.3者仅1眼占17%,2例发展成为新生血管性青光眼(NVG)。结论:CRVO发生后早期光凝治疗对视力的恢复有较好的效果,晚期光凝治疗主要是预防并发症的发生。     

视网膜中央静脉阻塞治疗研究进展

视网膜中央静脉阻塞是临床上常见的视网膜疾病,因严重的并发症导致视力下降甚至失明,到目前为止尚无针对其病因的确切有效的治疗方法。近年来激光光凝、激光诱导视网膜脉络膜吻合、视网膜静脉t-PA注射、玻璃体腔内注射、放射状切开等手术方法为视网膜中央静脉阻塞带来了新的观念,我们将对上述几种方法的实验和临床研究作简要综述。     

放射状视神经切开治疗视网膜中央静脉阻塞

视网膜中央静脉阻塞是常见的致盲性眼病。目前许多治疗措施主要是针对黄斑水肿或新生血管性青光眼等并发症,方法包括药物、激光和手术。我们针对放射状视神经切开术做简单综述。     

视网膜静脉阻塞的危险因素分析

目的 分析视网膜中央静脉阻塞(central retinal vein occlusion,CRVO)和视网膜分支静脉阻塞(branch retinal vein occlusion,BRVO)的危险因素;并对CRVO和BRVO危险因素进行直接比较.方法 对46例CRVO(CRVO组)、33例BRVO(BRVO组)与79例老年性白内障或屈光不正患者(对照组)行危险因素和血脂谱分析,并对比观察.结果 多元线性回归分析结果显示:高同型半胱氨酸血症(P＜0.000 1)、高总胆固醇(P=0.003 0)、高脂蛋白a(P =0.027 0)、高血压(P =0.022 0)、短眼轴(P ＜0.000 1)与CRVO显著相关;而高同型半胱氨酸血症(P＜0.0001)、高总胆固醇(P =0.008 0)、高血压(P=0.002 0)、高体质量指数(P=0.004 0)、短眼轴(P=0.001 0)与BRVO相关.一元线性回归分析示CRVO和BRVO上述危险因素比较没有明显差别.结论 CRVO、BRVO危险因素包括系统(高血脂、高血压、高同型半胱氨酸)和眼部(短眼轴)的多种因素,但是这些危险因素在CRVO和BRVO之间没有显著差异.     

Pathogenetic mechanisms in combined cilioretinal artery and retinal vein occlusion: a reappraisal

We examined nine patients who presented cilioretinal artery occlusion (CLRAO) associated with retinal vein occlusion (RVO). CLRAO was probably secondary to the raised intraluminal resistance consequent to the RVO in patients showing initially a delayed filling of the cilioretinal artery in fluorescein angiography. Interestingly, these patients presented an ophthalmoscopically more severe form of RVO and had systemic predisposing factors for a RVO. In patients presenting a physiological perfusion of the cilioretinal artery in fluorescein angiography, RVO was a self limited disease and etiologic factors were not found. This may suggest that in these patients the CLRAO probably occurred simultaneously with the RVO after a decrease in perfusion pressure in both retinal and cilioretinal arterial systems. In this combined vaso-occlusive retinopathy the vulnerability of cilioretinal arteries can be explained either by the absence of autoregulation or by their lower perfusion pressure gradient in comparison with retinal arteries.     

视网膜中央静脉阻塞的溶栓治疗进展

视网膜中央静脉阻塞是中老年人群发病率较高的致盲性视网膜血管性疾病。传统治疗方法旨在预防并发症的出现和保存现有视力，没有从根本上解除血栓的阻塞作用。全身应用肝素、华法令或链激酶溶栓药物已被证实对提高视力没有明确帮助，并且存在全身或局部出血的风险。学者们从新的角度进行溶栓方法的改进，有可行性并取得一定效果。对视网膜中央静脉阻塞的溶栓治疗进展作一综述。     

视网膜中央静脉阻塞黄斑水肿的治疗新进展

视网膜中央静脉阻塞(central retinal vein occlusion,CRVO)是一种常见的视网膜血管性疾病,黄斑水肿是其主要并发症也是导致视力下降的主要原因。目前临床广泛应用及研究的热点主要有激光光凝,玻璃体注药治疗:曲安奈德、血管内皮生长因子抗体,手术治疗:放射状视神经切开术等。     

Unilateral sequential papillophlebitis and central retinal artery occlusion in a young healthy patient

A 23-year-old girl presented to the clinic with metamorphopsia and photopsia in her left eye. After detailed ophthalmic examination, central retinal vein occlusion with optic disc edema was detected in that eye. Three days after diagnosis, the patient returned to our clinic with visual acuity decrease. Central retinal artery occlusion sparing cilioretinal artery was detected. All the laboratory tests were normal except for heterozygous methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase mutation (A1298C genotypes) and an indefinite Lyme disease seropositivity. Symptoms and visual disturbance recovered without any further treatment other than acetylsalicylic acid for prophylaxis.     

视网膜中央静脉阻塞的治疗现状

视网膜中央静脉阻塞是仅次于糖尿病性视网膜病变的常见视网膜血管病,常导致视力下降甚至失明,以往视网膜激光光凝术、手术、玻璃体腔注药等疗法对视网膜中央静脉阻塞的治疗有一定疗效,近年来一些新方法如抗新生血管内皮生长因子、地塞米松缓释剂以及联合治疗等的出现,取得较好效果,但更安全有效的治疗措施有待进一步研究.     

视网膜中央静脉阻塞的早期激光与手术治疗

视网膜中央静脉阻塞是主要致盲眼底病之一,目前临床疗效不佳。近年,早期激光光凝、激光和手术诱导脉络膜视网膜静脉吻合、放射状视盘切开和视网膜血管内tpA注射等手术方法给视网膜中央静脉阻塞的早期治疗带来全新的观念,我们对此加以综述。