谦卑型导师模式在手术室带教中的应用及分析

目的 探讨谦卑型导师模式在手术室实习护生带教中的应用效果。方法 选择济宁医学院附属医院总院区手术室 2020年8月至2021年6月40名实习护生作为对照组,2021年8月至2022年9月46 名实习护生作为试验组。对照组接受常规导师模式带教,试验组采用谦卑型导师模式带教。比较两组护生理论知识与操作技能考核成绩,以及建言行为、自我效能感、谦卑型导师感知教学效果。采用SPSS 19.0进行t检验、卡方检验和相关分析。结果 出科时,试验组护生理论知识（93.86±3.53）分、操作技能考核成绩（90.90±5.68）分,均高于对照组（P<0.001）。护生建言行为评分试验组（35.22±7.60）分,高于对照组的（30.43±5.96）分（P=0.002）。护生自我效能感评分试验组（28.17±5.03）分,高于对照组的（24.38±3.39）分（P<0.001）。护生谦卑型导师感知评分试验组（37.04±4.34）分,高于对照组的（26.33±6.63）分（P<0.001）。护生谦卑型导师感知与建言行为（r=0.89,P<0.001）、自我效能感（r=0.72,P<0.001）、操作技能成绩（r=0.66,P<0.001）、理论知识成绩（r=0.39,P=0.007）呈正相关。结论 谦卑型导师模式在手术室带教中应用效果显著,提高了护生的理论知识与操作技能考核成绩,促进了谦卑型导师的形成,加强了护生建言行为和自我效能感的教学效果。     

促进护生学习获得感和实践能力：探究式学习社区的构建及实证研究

目的 在《护理临床综合实验》课程中构建以学习体验为中心的探究式学习社区,验证该教学模式对护生学习获得感和实践能力的影响。方法 纳入重庆医科大学护理专业本科三年级的132名学生,使用Minitab 14.0软件将参与者随机分配到学习社区组（n=69）和对照组（n=63）。学习社区组学生构建按照课程地图进行线上自主学习、小组主题讨论和技能练习相结合的探究式学习社区;对照组接受线下理论讲授、操作示教及技能练习这种以教师为主导的教学模式。教学干预后两组学生均接受学习收获评估问卷调查及综合实验能力测评。使用SPSS 23.0进行卡方检验或配对t检验。结果 与对照组相比,学习社区组学生报告学习获得感增强（P<0.001,Cohen d=0.97）,子条目显示对学习内容的理解（P<0.001,Cohen d=1.22）、课程总体情况（P<0.001,Cohen d=0.90）、课程活动（P<0.001,Cohen d=0.83）、获取的信息（P<0.001,Cohen d=1.16）效应值差异有统计学意义。学习社区组学生综合实验的实践能力测评总分明显提升（P=0.005,Cohen d=0.51）,其中实验情景演示（P=0.002,Cohen d=0.55）及实验效果（P=0.006;Cohen d=0.49）均优于对照组,两组学生在实验准备和案例分析表现上差异无统计学意义。结论 在护理临床综合实验中创建探究式学习社区可有效增进学生的学习获得感并促进临床实践能力的提升。     

医学基础课阶段本科生手机成瘾对学业拖延的影响：自我控制的中介效应

目的　探讨自我控制在医学本科生手机成瘾和学业拖延之间的中介效应。方法　采用便利抽样方法选取某医学院校本科生640名,运用一般情况调查表、手机成瘾倾向量表（smartphone addiction proneness scale,SAPS）、简明自我控制量表（brief self-control scale,BSCS）、大学生学业拖延量表（procrastination assessment scale-students,PASS）进行问卷调查。应用SPSS 25.0进行描述性统计分析、独立样本t检验、单因素方差分析及Pearson相关分析。结果　相关分析显示,学业拖延得分与手机成瘾得分呈显著正相关（r=0.29,P<0.01）,与自我控制得分呈显著负相关（r=-0.26,P<0.01）;手机成瘾得分与自我控制得分呈显著负相关（r=-0.33,P<0.01）。中介效应分析显示,自我控制在手机成瘾与学业拖延之间的中介效应显著（效应值=0.13,95%CI=0.03~0.26）,中介效应占总效应的38.24%。结论　自我控制在医学基础课阶段本科生手机成瘾和学业拖延之间发挥部分中介效应。医学院校教育工作者可以从医学本科生手机成瘾和自我控制的角度进行干预,改善其学业拖延现状。     

微视频追根溯源培训模式在急诊科护士新发传染病培训中的应用

目的 探讨微视频追根溯源培训模式应用于新发传染病（emerging infectious diseases, EID）知识培训对急诊科护士自主学习能力和学习效果的影响。方法 本研究从EID的历史发展视角制定培训内容,以微视频归类模块、基于微信群分期推送的自主学习形式构建培训方案。采用方便抽样法选取上海市某三级甲等综合医院85名急诊科护士（n=85）,进行微视频追根溯源培训,通过含有启发性思考、微视频学习、要点巩固、要点解析、延伸拓展五个环节的11期模块对其进行EID知识培训。比较干预前后急诊科护士自主学习能力和EID知信行水平,并调查其对该培训模式的满意度评价。使用SPSS 20.0及GraphPad Prism 9.3.0进行四分位数（Q₂₅,M,Q₇₅）的非参数Wilcoxon配对检验。结果 急诊科护士接受培训前后,其自主学习能力整体（Z=-4.69,P<0.001）及自我动机概念（Z=-4.48,P<0.001）、任务分析（Z=-4.06,P<0.001）、自我监控与调节（Z=-4.50,P<0.001）、自我评价（Z=-4.82,P<0.001）各维度得分差异均有统计学意义,培训后高于培训前;其EID知信行整体（Z=-4.65,P<0.001）及知识（Z=-4.04,P<0.001）、态度（Z=-3.24,P=0.001）、行为（Z=-4.05,P<0.001）各维度得分差异均有统计学意义,培训后高于培训前。急诊科护士对该培训模式满意度评价较高（各条目满意度均>90%）。结论 微视频追根溯源培训模式能有效提高急诊科护士自主学习能力和EID知信行水平,培训满意度较高,可尝试推广使用。     

沉浸体验式教学在临床麻醉学本科教学中的应用效果

目的 探究沉浸体验式教学在临床麻醉学本科教学中的应用效果。方法 将2022年1月至2022年5月在空军军医大学临床医学五年制专业学习的本科生纳入研究对象。将其分为沉浸教学组和传统教学组,每组35人。沉浸教学组接受沉浸体验式教学,传统教学组接受讲授式教学。完成授课后两组学员接受相同理论、操作考核,并进行教学满意度调查和综合能力评估。采用SPSS 22.0 软件进行t检验和卡方检验。结果 沉浸教学组学员对教学的满意度更高[（88.32±7.28） vs. （70.15±7.11）]（P=0.001）,且理论[（86.34±7.42） vs. （77.31±5.32）]（P=0.020）、操作考试[（92.23±5.33） vs. （81.21±4.98）]（P=0.022）得分高于传统教学组。此外,沉浸教学组学员沟通能力（P=0.026）、反应能力（P<0.001）、适应能力（P=0.007）、评判性思维（P<0.001）各项得分均高于传统教学组。结论 沉浸体验式教学能够有效提高本科生完成临床麻醉学授课后的理论和实际操作能力,能有效激发学员积极性,值得在后续教学活动中推广。     

军医院校研究生情绪调节自我效能感在心理素质和抑郁间的中介效应

目的 探讨军医院校研究生情绪调节自我效能感在心理素质和抑郁之间的中介作用。方法 采用医学硕士研究生心理素质问卷（PQQMM）、情绪调节自我效能感量表（RESES）、抑郁自评量表（SDS）对485名军医院校研究生进行整群抽样调查,采用SPSS 19.0软件进行数据分析。结果 心理素质总得分和各维度（认知、适应性与个性）得分均与情绪调节自我效能感得分呈正相关（表达积极情绪自我效能感得分r=0.74、0.57、0.41、0.67,P均<0.01;管理消极情绪自我效能感得分r=0.78、0.65、0.37、0.64,P均<0.01）,两者均与抑郁得分呈负相关（心理素质总得分及各维度得分r=-0.78、-0.54、-0.50、-0.62,P均<0.01;表达积极情绪自我效能感得分r=-0.60,P<0.01;管理消极情绪自我效能感得分r=-0.65,P<0.01）。高情绪调节自我效能感个体的心理素质得分高于低情绪调节自我效能感个体（t=14.71,P<0.01）、抑郁得分低于低情绪调节自我效能感个体（t=-9.43,P<0.01）。表达积极情绪自我效能感在心理素质3个维度（认知、个性、适应性）与抑郁之间存在部分中介效应,分别占总效应的22.38%、6.25%、24.75%;管理消极情绪自我效能感在心理素质3个维度与抑郁之间存在部分中介效应,分别占总效应的24.80%、13.50%、24.54%。结论 情绪调节自我效能感在军医院校研究生心理素质与抑郁之间具有部分中介作用。     

以生为本的翻转课堂在医学人文英语课程中的效用研究

目的　探索以生为本的翻转课堂教学模式[教学目标（obejctive）、课前准备（preparation）、教学视频（instructive video）、视频回顾（review）、知识测试（test）、活动探究（activity）以及总结提升（summary），简称"O-PIRTAS"]引入医学人文英语课堂是否有助于课程学习和提升学生的医学人文素养。方法　以厦门医学院临床和护理本科二年级118名学生为对照组，122名学生为试验组，围绕5个模块展开8周的教学。对照组采用传统教学模式，试验组依托超星平台使用O-PIRTAS展开翻转教学。教学结束后通过课程测试和发放问卷调查，比较两组学生在人文关怀能力、共情能力、情绪智力能力和支持性沟通能力等医学人文素养重要指标方面的教学效果。数据采用SPSS 22.0进行t检验和卡方检验。结果　试验组学生课程平均成绩（83.61±2.13）分高于对照组（78.03±2.02）分，差异有统计学意义（t=3.60，P<0.001）。调查问卷结果显示，试验组学生在共情能力、情绪智力能力和支持性沟通能力方面评价均高于对照组（t=-3.20，P=0.002；t=-3.93，P<0.001；t=-4.00，P<0.001）。结论　将O-PIRTAS翻转课堂教学模式引入医学人文英语课程有助于提高学生课程学习和医学人文素养，提升课堂的有效性，更好地发挥课程育人作用。     

基于TPACK的军队医学院校青年教师信息化教学能力调查研究

目的 调查某军队医学院校青年教师整合技术的学科教学知识（technological pedagogical content knowledge,TPACK）能力水平现状,为提升青年教师信息化教学能力提供现实依据。方法 对已有TPACK能力测量量表进行适当修改,形成调查问卷,以某军队医学院校青年教师（教龄<3年）为调查对象,采取方便抽样法,调查其TPACK能力水平现状,通过互联网发放问卷,获得119份有效样本,采用SPSS 20.0进行独立样本t检验和单因素方差分析。结果 青年教师各能力得分均值最高为技术知识（technological knowledge,TK）（3.68±0.74）,最低为整合技术的学科教学知识TPACK（3.17±0.74）;不同专业类别青年教师TPACK各能力水平间差异无统计学意义;不同学位水平青年教师的TK、学科知识（content knowledge,CK）、整合技术的教学法知识（technological pedagogical knowledge,TPK）、整合技术的学科知识（technological content knowledge,TCK）、TPACK水平总体均数差异存在统计学意义（F=12.99,P<0.001;F=13.64,P<0.001;F=4.38,P=0.015;F=3.83,P=0.025;F=3.63,P=0.029）,博士学位青年教师TK、CK、TPK、TCK水平高于本科、硕士学位青年教师。结论 应贯穿青年教师教学成长全周期设计TPACK能力培养体系,构建教学实践共同体并完善制度保障。     

临床护理"双师型"教师岗位胜任力评价及相关因素分析

目的　调查临床护理"双师型"教师岗位胜任力状况，并分析影响其岗位胜任力的相关因素。方法　采用临床护理教师胜任力问卷对西南医科大学附属医院临床护理"双师型"教师及"非双师型"教师共312人进行调查。采用SPSS 20.0软件进行t检验、卡方检验和秩和检验。结果　临床护理"双师型"教师岗位胜任力自我评价平均分值为（4.26 ±0.41）分，高于"非双师型"教师（3.19±0.50），胜任力较好。自我评价维度中，职业素养（17.39±1.54）、专业态度（21.75±2.21）、专业能力（21.14±2.31）、教学能力（50.39±5.93）、人际协调能力（25.57±3.04）、人格特征（17.27±2.04）分值差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。不同性别（P=0.735）、是否是专科护士（P=0.335）的岗位胜任力自我评价分值差异无统计学意义；有无教师资格证（P=0.001）、是否是科室骨干（P=0.002）、不同学历（P=0.001）、不同年龄（P<0.001）、不同职称（P<0.001）、不同工作年限（P<0.001）的岗位胜任力自我评价分值差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。结论　"双师型"教师与"非双师型"教师应以岗位胜任力为核心定位，采取"阶梯式"的培养和管理模式，不断完善岗位胜任力的培训计划。     

陕西省某医学院校护生学习投入与教师支持的关系：职业认同的中介作用

目的　分析护生职业认同在其感知的教师支持与学习投入间的中介效应。方法　选择某医学院校所有年级在校护生409人作为研究对象。利用教师支持问卷、职业认同感问卷、学习投入量表对护生进行测评。建立并检验职业认同在其感知的教师支持与学习投入间的中介效应。结果　护生教师支持得分（4.60±0.67）,职业认同得分（3.58±0.63）,学习投入得分（4.79±0.97）。教师支持与职业认同总分呈显著正相关（r=0.504,P<0.001）,教师支持与学习投入总分呈显著正相关（r=0.362,P<0.001）,职业认同与学习投入总分呈显著正相关（r=0.315,P<0.001）。多元线性回归分析结果显示,学习投入与护生职业认同总分、支持性的学习风气相关,可解释总变异的16.6%。职业认同在其感知的教师支持与学习投入间存在中介效应,模型各路径系数均有统计学意义（P<0.05）,各项拟合指标均较好。教师支持对学习投入的直接效应为0.31,且能够协同职业认同对学习投入造成间接影响,间接效应为0.11。结论　教师支持对学习投入有直接预测作用,且职业认同在其中发挥中介作用。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.