Correlation between birth defects and dietary nutrition status in a high incidence area of China

Objective To investigate the association between birth defects and dietary nutrient intake in a high risk area of China. Methods A dietary survey was performed and serum folic acid was measured in women whose pregnancy was affected by neural tube defects （NTDs） or unaffected by any birth defects （BDs） in Zhongyang and Jiaokou Counties in Shanxi Province of China. ResuIts The local average consumption of foods including dark green vegetables, fruits, fat and meat, and nutrient intake （e.g. energy, protein, retinol, riboflavin, vitamin E, and selenium） were lower than the national average level. In women of childbearing age, these regions, the intake of nutrients was much lower than the recommended nutrient intake （9%-77%）. The case-control dietary nutrition study of women whose pregnancy was affected by BDs （including NTDs and congenital heart defects） demonstrated that, in early pregnancy, adequate nutrition （i.e. eating meat, fresh vegetables, fruit more than once a week） was a protective factor, while eating germinated potatoes was a risk factor. The geometrical mean （pS- p95） of serum folic acid in women with NTD birth defects was 9.6 nmol/L （3.6, 23.03）, which was significantly lower than that in normal women （14.03 nmol/L）. Conclusion Women of childbearing age in the two counties of Shanxi Province, China, have a marked insufficient intake of some nutrients, especially folic acid, zinc, vitamins A and B12. This nutrient deficiency may be an important risk factor for the high prevalence of birth defects in these regions. Therefore, adequate dietary nutrition in early pregnancy can prevent BDs.     

Dietary habits,nutrient intake and biomarkers for folate,vitamin D,iodine and iron status among women of childbearing age in Sweden

Background: Dietary intake and nutritional status are important for pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes. Dietary advice on folate, targeted to women of childbearing age, aims at preventing neural tube defects in the offspring.

Aim: To describe food and nutrient intake and nutritional status among women of childbearing age in Sweden in relation to current nutrition recommendations.

Methods: Dietary intake was assessed using a web-based four-day consecutive food record among adults aged 18–80 years—‘Riksmaten 2010–11 adults’. In a subsample, biomarkers of folate, vitamin D, iodine, and iron status were assessed.

Results: Women of childbearing age had lower intakes of fruit and vegetables, fish, and whole grains, but higher intakes of soft drinks. Macronutrient composition was generally in line with the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations, except for a lower intake of fibre, a higher intake of saturated fatty acids, and added sugars. Mean intakes of vitamin D, folate, and iron were below recommended intakes (RI). Median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was 74?μg/L, 20% had insufficient vitamin D status, and 3% low folate concentrations with no age differences. Furthermore, 29% of women 18–44 years of age had depleted iron stores.

Conclusions: The dietary pattern among women of childbearing age (18–44 years) was less favourable compared to older women. Intakes of some micronutrients were below RI, but no differences in vitamin D, folate, or iodine status between age groups were observed. However, improvements of folate and iodine status among women of childbearing age are warranted. This can be achieved by following dietary guidelines including use of folic acid-containing supplements.     

糖代谢异常孕妇膳食营养状况调查

目的:调查糖代谢异常孕妇饮食结构及营养素摄入情况,以便有针对性地进行营养指导。方法:选取OGTT试验异常孕妇79例作为调查对象。使用24 h膳食回顾调查法,分析调查对象每天膳食热能及各种营养素摄入量,能量、蛋白质和脂肪来源,餐次比情况,并将饮食状况与孕妇OGTT血糖浓度进行Logic回归分析。结果:调查对象大部分热能摄入过量;脂肪及糖类产热比偏高,蛋白质产热比相对偏低(P<0.05)。三餐能量分配不合理,晚餐过高,早餐不足。经过Logistic回归的分析,早餐中粥、肠粉和米饭的摄入过多为危险因素,水果日摄入量>400 g为危险因素;孕期蔬菜食物日摄入量400 g以上为保护因素。结论:糖代谢异常妇女饮食营养结构不合理。有必要进行个体化饮食指导,提高怀孕与生育的质量。     

营养跟踪评估记录单在高龄孕妇中的应用

目的 探讨营养跟踪评估记录单对高龄孕妇营养知信行水平及营养状况的影响.方法 选取2017年7月1日-2017年12月31日在某院产前住院的高龄孕妇80例,采用随机数字表法分为对照组(n=40)和观察组(n=40).对照组孕妇给予常规孕期保健指导,观察组孕妇给予营养跟踪评估记录单指导孕期保健.比较2组孕妇营养知信行得分、...     

Nutrient Intakes of Pregnant Women and their Associated Factors in Eight Cities of China: A Cross-sectional Study

Background:

During the last 3 decades, China has dramatic changes of the dietary pattern among its citizens, particularly in urban cities. This study aimed to determine the nutrient intake status and factors associated with nutrient intakes of urban Chinese pregnant women now-a-day.

Methods:

The multistage stratified random sampling method was applied in the cross-sectional study. 479 women in three trimesters of pregnancy from eight cities of China were recruited. Nutrient intakes were evaluated with one 24 h dietary recall, and compared with the Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) 2013 for available nutrients.

Results:

Most pregnant women had imbalanced macronutrient distribution with excessive energy derived from fat. Intakes of Vitamin A, B₆, calcium, magnesium, and selenium were below Chinese Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) and Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) in all trimesters. Most pregnant women took more folic acid in the first trimester with a significant decrease in the second and third trimester (P < 0.05). Shortfall in iron intake was found in the third trimester whereas some women may be at the risk of excessive iron intake. Intakes of thiamin met RNI in the first trimester but were below EAR in all trimesters. Trimester phasing was positively associated with most nutrients (P < 0.05). Prepregnancy body mass index was inversely associated with energy, fat, Vitamin C, and calcium intake (P < 0.05). Educational level and household income were positively associated with folic acid intake (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:

Current prenatal dietary choices of urban pregnant women in China are imbalanced in the nutrient intake when compared with national DRIs 2013, particularly in intakes of energy derived from fat and micronutrients. Appropriate dietary advice to pregnant women should promote a balanced diet with emphasis on avoidance of foods of high fat content and incorporation of foods that are good sources of the key micronutrients that are usually lacking in a regular pregnancy diet. Further research is needed to understand the eating habits and food patterns that contribute to this imbalanced diet in order to be able to effectively improve prenatal women''s nutrient intake status.     

青龙满族自治县围产儿出生缺陷情况分析及对策研究

目的：了解青龙满族自治县围产儿出生缺陷现状,寻找导致围产儿出生缺陷的原因,探索研究预防出生缺陷的各种措施,为本地区优生优育服务决策提供科学依据。方法依托国家免费孕前优生健康检查项目,收集2013年1月～2015年9月来青龙满族自治县生殖保健医院参加国家免费孕前优生健康检查项目后的20271名计划怀孕的育龄妇女,围孕期早孕随访发现畸形而终止妊娠的胎儿各项数据资料,作回顾性统计分析。结果共发现围产儿出生缺陷156例,围产儿出生缺陷率7.69‰,且3年来呈下降趋势。围产儿出生缺陷主要顺位为无脑儿、脊柱裂、脑膨出、先天性脑积水等;导致围产儿出生缺陷的主要因素为经济状况、生活环境、生活习惯、获得的卫生服务、对优生优育知识的掌握程度、孕期营养素的服用等。结论为了降低围产儿出生缺陷率,必须加强优生健康知识宣传,提高育龄妇女的优生优育意识,同时通过国家免费孕前优生健康检查项目,积极推广产前筛查技术,加强产前筛查和产前诊断力度,积极开展妇女孕前和孕早期补服叶酸等预防出生缺陷的“三级预防”措施,才能有效的预防围产儿出生缺陷的发生,降低出生缺陷发生率。     

围孕期叶酸应用

孕早期是胎儿器官系统分化、胎盘形成的关键时期,细胞生长分裂十分旺盛,母体供给的叶酸严重不足,此时的叶酸缺乏可导致胎儿畸形,主要是神经管畸形,还可导致其唇腭裂、先天性心脏病及胃肠道、骨、肾等器官畸形发生率增加。育龄期妇女孕前后增补叶酸可预防胎儿畸形的发病。待孕妇女孕前3个月至孕后3个月末,每日增补叶酸可有效降低胎儿出生缺陷的发生;降低孕妇妊娠高血压疾病的发病等,达到优生优育的目的,提高人口出生素质。     

银川市某院产前检查孕妇膳食营养状况调查

目的了解银川市妊娠期妇女膳食营养素摄入状况及其影响因素,为今后的孕期营养干预提供科学依据。方法采用24h膳食回顾法对在银川市妇幼保健院进行产前检查的788名孕妇进行调查。结果各孕期孕妇粮谷类摄入达到了平衡膳食宝塔推荐低限,水果摄入量超过了高限值;奶类、豆类、鱼禽蛋肉、蔬菜类的平均摄入量均低于中国居民营养素推荐摄入量（RNI）的最低值;孕早期和孕中晚期的总热能摄入分别占RNI的80%～85%之间,显示能量缺乏,而三大营养素的供能比例基本适宜;孕早期蛋白质的摄入占RNI的91.0%,可满足需求,孕中、晚期蛋白质的摄入占RNI的78.9%,表明缺乏;各孕期VitC及烟酸的摄入量充足。其它维生素存在不同程度的缺乏,VitB2的摄入占RNI的52.9%～58.8%,显示严重不足;各孕期钙的摄入占RNI的60.9%～49.0%,孕早期缺乏,孕中、晚期严重不足,孕期钙的食物来源中植物性食物平均占57.7%,奶类及其制品平均占35.8%;锌的摄入孕早期占RNI的89.8%,基本满足需要,孕中、晚期占RNI的62.3%,锌缺乏,孕期锌的食物来源中以非动物锌为主平均占70.3%;孕早期铁的摄入占RNI的124.0%,铁充足,孕中、晚期占RNI的76.4%,铁缺乏,孕期铁的食物来源中非肉类铁占90.0%以上。结论各孕期孕妇的饮食结构不合理;各孕期大部分营养素摄入存在一定程度的不足。     

宁波市2010年度出生缺陷危险因素调查及干预效果评价

目的调查宁波市2010年度出生缺陷监测实况,分析宁波市出生缺陷发生情况、危险因素与干预措施及其效果,寻求降低出生缺陷发生率的有效措施。方法随机抽取2010年度宁波市在各级各类医疗保健机构内住院分娩的妊娠满28周至产后1周的出生缺陷围生儿693例为观察组,同期随机抽取无出生缺陷围生儿585例为对照组,对两组进行致出生缺陷危险因素及干预措施比较分析。结果出生缺陷组有危险因素的围生儿211例,占30.45%;对照组有危险因素的围生儿142例,占24.27%。观察组与对照组的化学危险因素、物理危险因素暴露率比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),而两组生物危险因素暴露率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组与对照组未参加婚检率、优生检测率及孕前和孕早期叶酸未补服率比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论妊娠前后避免接触危险因素,尤其是化学和物理因素,参加婚检及优生优育检测,孕前和孕早期补服叶酸等能有效降低出生缺陷发生率。     

海军某院校学员膳食营养调查与评价

目的 了解军校学员食物与营养素摄入情况、体格发育状况、能量消耗情况和体能素质等,评估学员膳食营养状况,为提高学员营养和健康水平提供依据。方法 选取海军某院校预防医学专业全体本科学员作为调查对象,通过膳食调查、体格测量、能量消耗调查、问卷调查及体能测试等方式,对学员热能、营养素摄入及体质情况进行调查。结果 粮食类、蔬菜类、水果类、水产类、奶类、菌藻类食物摄入缺乏,畜肉、禽肉类食物与调味品类摄入过多;碳水化合物供能比不足,脂肪供能比超标,蛋白质摄入达到标准;磷、钠、铁的摄入量超标,维生素A摄入不足;能量摄入远大于能量消耗;体型超重者、体能测试不及格者均占较大比例;问卷调查中营养知识平均得分较低。结论 学员膳食结构不尽合理,三大产能营养素配比不平衡,微量营养素摄入不均衡,超重者比例偏高。建议减少畜肉、禽肉类食物摄入,减少调味品用量,增加粮食、蔬菜、水果摄入,增加水产类、奶类食物供应,并加强合理膳食科普宣传教育。     

Dietary folate as a risk factor for neural-tube defects: evidence from a case-control study in Western Australia

A population-based case-control study was conducted to test the hypothesis that the risk of the occurrence of neural-tube defects in infants with no other birth defects (isolated neural-tube defects) is associated inversely with the maternal dietary intake of free and/or total folate in early pregnancy. Information was collected from the mothers of 77 case subjects with isolated neural-tube defects who were born in Western Australia from 1982 to 1984, from the mothers of 77 control subjects with birth defects other than neural-tube defects (control group 1) and from the mothers of 154 control subjects with no birth defects (control group 2). The case and control subjects were matched individually by the date of the mother's last menstrual period. Odds ratios were adjusted for a number of potentially-confounding variables, such as the country of birth of the parents, paternal social class, previous pregnancy outcome, interval between index and previous pregnancy and pregnancy order. Crude and adjusted odds ratios showed a protective effect of an increasing intake of free folate in the first six weeks of pregnancy. Adjusted odds ratios, with reference to the lowest quartile of intake, (and their 95% confidence intervals) were 0.72 (0.25-2.08), 0.37 (0.11-1.23) and 0.31 (0.10-0.97) for quartiles 2-4 when control group 1 was used, and 0.44 (0.17-1.13), 0.34 (0.13-0.90) and 0.16 (0.06-0.49) when control group 2 was used. Similar, but weaker, trends were seen when total folate intake was the exposure variable. These findings support the hypothesis that the dietary intake of folate in early pregnancy protects against the occurrence of isolated neural-tube defects in infants. Measures of postpartum dietary folate and of postpartum serum and red-cell folate levels showed no association with the occurrence of neural-tube defects in infants.     

Multivitamin/folic acid supplementation in early pregnancy reduces the prevalence of neural tube defects

We examined the relation of multivitamin intake in general, and folic acid in particular, to the risk of neural tube defects in a cohort of 23,491 women undergoing maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein screening or amniocentesis around 16 weeks of gestation. Complete questionnaires and subsequent pregnancy outcome information was obtained in 22,776 pregnancies, 49 of which ended in a neural tube defect. The prevalence of neural tube defect was 3.5 per 1000 among women who never used multivitamins before or after conception or who used multivitamins before conception only. The prevalence of neural tube defects for women who used folic acid-containing multivitamins during the first 6 weeks of pregnancy was substantially lower--0.9 per 1000 (prevalence ratio, 0.27; 95% confidence interval, 0.12 to 0.59 compared with never users). For women who used multivitamins without folic acid during the first 6 weeks of pregnancy and women who used multivitamins containing folic acid beginning after 7 or more weeks of pregnancy, the prevalences were similar to that of the nonusers and the prevalence ratios were close to 1.0.     

Physicians' knowledge and attitudes regarding periconceptional folic acid supplementation: a survey in Southern Israel.

BACKGROUND: Pre-conceptional folic acid supplementation is an effective way to reduce the incidence of neural tube defects (NTDs). Primary care providers are an important source of information to promote folic acid intake. This study aimed at evaluating primary care physicians' knowledge and attitudes regarding folic acid supplementation for childbearing women. MATERIAL/METHODS: A questionnaire on physicians' knowledge and attitudes, mostly including multiple-choice questions, was delivered by mail to all physicians (n=370) in a large health provider organization in southern Israel in 2006. Data regarding demographics as well as type of specialty, experience, and place of work were collected. RESULTS: Eighty-seven physicians were included in the study (response rate: 24%). Seventy physicians out of 81 (94%) reported routine recommendation of folic acid for their patients. Most physicians admitted that they needed more information regarding folic acid supplementation. Knowledge about folic acid's role in preventing congenital anomalies was suboptimal, with 2% of the physicians correctly estimating the efficacy of folic acid in decreasing the risk of NTDs and 8% recognizing the association between folic acid supplementation and decreased prevalence of malformations other than NTDs. Knowledge about the correct timing (12%) and dosage (47%) of folic acid preparations for average-risk women was also lacking. CONCLUSIONS: Primary care physicians report that they routinely prescribe folic acid to women in childbearing age in order to prevent congenital anomalies, but their knowledge about folic acid supplementation is insufficient.     

Effect of maternal dietary intake on the weight of the newborn in Aligarh city, India

Background:

This study aimed (1) To record the nutrient intake of the respondents and compare the same with the available recommended dietary allowances (RDA). (2) To assess the correlation between maternal dietary intake and the weight of newborn.

Materials and Methods:

Two hundred and ninety two pregnant women. Study Area: Five hospitals of Aligarh city, Uttar Pradesh. Study Tool and Data Collection: Interview schedule was administered to record information regarding dietary intake and weight of newborn. The data collection was initiated in April 2009 and was completed in March’ 2010. Data Analysis: Statistical analysis was done by using version SPSS 17. Frequency distributions were calculated for all variables. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed to determine the influence of the dietary intake on the birth weight of newborn.

Results:

Results revealed that the nutrient intake in all trimesters of pregnancy was lower as compared to RDA. There were significant correlations between the nutrient intake of the mothers and the weight of newborn in all trimesters of pregnancy (P=0.01).

Conclusion:

It was found that the dietary intake during all trimesters of pregnancy were significantly associated with the birth weight.     

浙江省兰溪市2000-2010年围产儿出生缺陷及相关因素分析

目的：分析浙江省兰溪市围产儿出生缺陷的基本情况及动态变化,探索影响该市围产儿出生缺陷的主要原因和预防策略。方法：对2000-2010年兰溪市妇幼保健院产科出生缺陷资料进行统计分析。结果：9458例围产儿中发生出生缺陷216例,总出生缺陷发生率28.86‰;出生缺陷儿死亡率3.62‰。出生缺陷前五位的是唇腭裂、神经管发育畸形、无脑儿、先天性心脏病、脐疝;出生缺陷发生率与孕产妇年龄成正比,36岁以上孕妇是发生出生缺陷的高危因素;农村出生缺陷的发生率高于城市。结论：加强育龄孕妇产前筛查、农村育龄妇女孕期护理和相关知识的普及,降低围产儿的出生缺陷发生率。     

围孕期保健对出生缺陷的影响分析

目的：分析围孕期保健对围产儿出生缺陷的影响。方法：选取西安市第四医院2013年10月1日∽2013年12月25日收治1716例产妇为研究对象,对其临床资料进行回顾分析。结果：围孕期叶酸的补充可以显著降低神经管畸形的发生风险,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）;围孕期营养状况及孕妇的家庭收入等因素为减少出生缺陷发生的保护性因素,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）;出生缺陷的危险因素分别为孕妇接触职业危险因素、孕期患慢性病、孕期感冒、孕早期出血流产症状、孕期接触宠物、孕前或孕期房屋新装修、被动吸烟、孕期服药及孕期精神紧张或过度焦虑,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论：通过加强围孕期保健,减少和控制孕期危险因素,可以预防和减少出生缺陷,提高人口出生质量。     

加强农村育龄妇女增补叶酸管理预防神经管缺陷

目的实施国家重大公共卫生项目《农村妇女增补叶酸预防神经管缺陷》,降低上海市神经管缺陷的发生率。方法 2009年12月1日～2010年12月1日向上海市农村育龄妇女、外来流动人口育龄妇女免费发放叶酸预防神经管缺陷,收集数据并进行分析。结果①通过项目实施使全区接受免费叶酸的育龄妇女叶酸服用率达95.55%,叶酸服用依从率达92.08%;②项目实施过程中在全区准备怀孕育龄妇女和孕妇中抽样调查预防神经管缺陷的知识知晓率达93.89%;③社区卫生服务中心加大预防神经管缺陷的健康教育力度;④项目实施得到街镇计生支持组织的大力支持。结论①增补叶酸预防神经管缺陷是提高我国人口素质的重要举措,应常抓不懈;②加大增补叶酸预防神经管缺陷健康教育力度并形成长效机制;③发挥社区卫生服务中心、计生、街镇、网络优势,使增补叶酸预防神经管缺陷深入社区、深入每一个计划怀孕的育龄妇女当中;④增补叶酸预防神经管缺陷从新婚夫妇源头抓起。     

112名孕妇营养状况及营养知识的调查

目的 了解妊娠期妇女营养素的摄入水平及食物种类是否合理,以便指导孕期保健,改善和提高孕妇的营养状况。方法 选择银川市妇幼保健院就诊的回汉族孕妇112名作为调查对象,采用问卷方式对孕妇进行膳食及营养知识的调查。结果 孕妇早期膳食不合理,各种营养素均不能满足机体需要。孕妇中、晚期膳食较为合理,但Ca^2＋、Fe^2＋、VB2的摄入水平仍不足或严重缺乏,造成这些营养素失衡的原因主要是不良饮食习惯和营养知识缺乏。结论 孕妇各期多种营养素摄入水平明显不足,建议加强孕妇营养健康教育,改善不合理的饮食习惯。     

Association of Dietary Pattern during Pregnancy and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Prospective Cohort Study in Northern China

Objective To examine the association of maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy with gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM) in northern China.Methods The dietary intakes of pregnant women were recorded twice by 24‐hour dietary recalls for three days prior to having been diagnosed with GDM, at 5‐15 and 24‐28 gestational weeks, respectively.GDM was diagnosed, and serum glycosylated hemoglobin(HbA1c) was measured at 24‐28 weeks.Dietary patterns were assessed by factor analysis. The association of the dietary pattern with GDM and HbA1c was examined by multiple logistic models.Results Of 753 participants, 64(8.5%) were diagnosed with GDM. Four dietary patterns were identified: Western pattern(dairy, baked/fried food and white meat), traditional pattern(light‐colored vegetables, fine grain, red meat and tubers), mixed pattern(edible fungi, shrimp/shellfish and red meat)and prudent pattern(dark‐colored vegetables and deep‐sea fish). Compared with the prudent pattern,both the Western pattern and the traditional pattern were associated with an increased risk of GDM(a OR = 4.40, 95% CI: 1.58‐12.22; a OR = 4.88, 95% CI: 1.79‐13.32) and a high level of HbA1c(a OR = 12.37,95% CI: 1.47‐103.91; a OR = 26.23, 95% CI: 2.54‐270.74). Compared to the lowest quartile(Q), Q3 of the Western pattern scores and Q3‐Q4 of the traditional pattern scores were associated with a higher risk of GDM.Conclusion The consumption of the Western pattern or the traditional pattern during pregnancy may increase the risk of GDM.     

孕期奶类摄入与新生儿出生体质量关系的前瞻性研究

  目的  了解西南地区孕妇孕期奶类摄入现况,探讨孕期奶类摄入量与新生儿出生体质量的关系。  方法  采用前瞻性研究,选取成都市某三甲妇幼医疗机构产前门诊孕8～14周单胎健康妇女为研究对象。通过3 d 24小时膳食回顾法分别于孕8～14周、孕24～28周及孕32～36周收集孕早、中、晚期奶及奶制品的摄入信息,计算总奶类摄入量和饮奶率;参照《中国孕期妇女膳食指南（2016）》的奶类推荐量（300 g/d）为标准计算达标率,同时将研究对象分为不饮奶组、饮奶不足组和饮奶适宜组。利用医院信息系统收集分娩孕周、新生儿出生体质量等资料。应用多因素非条件logistic回归模型分析孕期奶类摄入量与新生儿出生体质量的关系。  结果  最终纳入962例有效样本。孕早、中、晚期平均奶类摄入量〔中位数（P₂₅,P₇₅）〕分别为125.0（0,236.1） g/d、208.3（0,284.7） g/d、250.0（150.0,416.7） g/d,达标率分别为12.6%、33.2%和48.4%。平均新生儿出生体质量为（3 225.0±399.8） g,小于胎龄儿发生率为8.3%,大于胎龄儿发生率为3.9%。孕中期饮奶适宜组发生小于胎龄儿的风险较不饮奶组降低〔相对危险度（odds ratio, OR）=0.786,95%置信区间（confidence interval, CI）:0.385～0.976〕。孕晚期饮奶不足组和饮奶适宜组发生小于胎龄儿的风险较不饮奶组降低（分别为OR=0.672,95%CI:0.477～0.821和OR=0.497,95%CI:0.116～0.807）。未观察到孕早期奶类摄入量与新生儿出生体质量和孕中、晚期奶类摄入量与大于胎龄儿发生风险有关。  结论  西南地区孕妇各孕期奶类摄入不足问题突出,亟待改善。孕期奶类摄入与新生儿出生体质量有关,孕中、晚期奶类摄入量增加可能降低小于胎龄儿发生的风险。