鼻内镜下经鼻蝶斜坡脊索瘤的手术治疗

摘要：目的探讨鼻内镜经鼻蝶入路手术治疗斜坡区脊索瘤的手术方法和临床效果。方法2010年3月~2015年4月收治13例斜坡区脊索瘤患者,运用鼻内镜经鼻蝶入路切除位于颅底斜坡的脊索瘤,未能全切除者术后辅以放射治疗,杀灭残留的肿瘤组织。结果经鼻蝶内镜下全切肿瘤6例,次全切除4例,大部分切除3 例。术后临床症状得到不同程度改善10 例,无明显缓解3例,术后辅助放疗。随访3个月至4年,4例术后2年复发,行再次手术,1例出现脑脊液鼻漏,行漏口修补后好转出院,其余患者肿瘤无复发。术后3例患者症状无明显缓解,患者年龄大,一般情况较差,未再次行手术治疗。结论鼻内镜下经鼻蝶入路切除主要位于中,上斜坡的脊索瘤,手术入路短,术中深部结构辨认清晰,相对于其他手术入路,该入路创伤小、安全、用时少,疗效满意。是斜坡脊索瘤治疗的一种较好的手术入路。     

经鼻内镜下摘除蝶鞍占位性病变（附7例分析）

目的：探讨经鼻内镜下蝶鞍手术方法的适应证、应用价值及应用前景,并探索性提出经鼻－经鼻中隔－经筛－经蝶入路摘除蝶鞍巨大肿块,方法：蝶鞍占位性病变病人共7例：垂体微腺瘤5例、巨大垂体腺瘤1例、鞍区炎性坏死性肉芽肿1例。6例采用经鼻－蝶入路;1例采用经鼻－鼻中隔－筛－蝶入路。结果：术前症状在术后均有不同程度的改善（除1例前有一眼失明者外）,无1例出现严重并发症,6例蝶鞍占位获得全切;1例获得次全切,结论：经鼻内镜下摘除蝶鞍占位性病变具有很好的推广应用前景。内镜下经鼻－鼻中隔－筛－蝶入路为蝶鞍巨大肿块的切除提供了一条较佳的手术途径。     

内镜经鼻蝶入路切除累及鞍外垂体瘤的疗效分析

目的　探讨内镜经鼻蝶入路切除累及鞍外的垂体肿瘤的疗效及并发症。方法　回顾性分析2013年1月～2016年1月中南大学湘雅三医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科收治的24例采用内镜经单鼻孔鼻蝶入路手术治疗的累及鞍外的垂体瘤患者临床资料,其中伴甲介型蝶窦的垂体腺瘤2例,蝶窦气化正常的垂体腺瘤22例。结果　24例患者中,肿瘤全切除18例（75%）,次全切除5例（20.8%）,短暂性尿崩症18例,永久性尿崩症3例,颅内感染1例,鼻-鼻窦炎2例,鼻出血2例。2例甲介型蝶窦垂体腺瘤达到全切除,无手术并发症。结论　内镜经鼻蝶入路可以更好的辨认蝶鞍区解剖标志,是鞍区肿瘤累及鞍旁及鞍上时可行的手术入路,同时蝶窦气化不良不应被视为此手术入路的绝对禁忌证。     

神经内镜经双鼻孔入路在颅底外科中的应用

目的回顾性分析神经内镜经双鼻孔入路在颅底外科手术中的应用。方法收集70例颅底疾病患者神经内镜经双鼻孔入路行颅底手术治疗的临床资料。其中垂体腺瘤40例,鞍结节脑膜瘤11例,嗅沟脑膜瘤、脊索瘤、脑脊液鼻漏修补及视神经管减压各3例,颅咽管瘤、齿状突畸形各2例,眶内海绵状血管瘤、表皮样囊肿及鼻咽癌各1例。术后观察患者临床疗效。结果手术切除肿瘤62例,完全切除54例(87.1%),次全切除8例(12.9%);其中3例脑脊液鼻漏修补完全治愈,3例视神经管减压后视力好转,2例齿状突切除术后神经症状明显改善。结论神经内镜经双鼻孔入路能充分暴露鞍区等颅底结构,有效避免因空间狭窄所引起的操作不便,值得临床推广应用。     

内镜经鼻入路前颅底重建

目的 探讨内镜经鼻入路颅底手术后使用钛网行前颅底重建的可行性.方法 2006年4月至2007年1月,选择8例内镜经鼻颅底手术后颅底骨质缺损的患者,术中尝试内镜下经鼻入路使用钛网行前颅底重建.将钛网剪成双排网眼约3.0 cm×2.0 cm的条状,采用内镜引导下经鼻植入前颅底,依次由前向后使其横行嵌入双侧眶上壁与前颅底硬脑膜间,以修复前颅底骨质缺损.结果 8例患者中前颅底骨质缺损2例,前颅底及蝶鞍骨质缺损2例,前颅底、蝶鞍及斜坡骨质均缺损4例.组织病理学类型:嗅神经母细胞瘤2例,鳞状细胞癌1例,软骨肉瘤1例,恶性纤维组织细胞瘤1例,脑膜瘤2例,脊索瘤1例.术后随访2～10个月,1例钛网移位于鼻腔,其余7例均未发生移位,且鼻腔侧有黏膜覆盖.结论 内镜经鼻入路使用钛网行前颅底重建方法简便、安全、可行,并能够获得满意的重建效果.     

鼻内镜下经鼻腔-蝶窦入路切除垂体大腺瘤13例

目的：了解鼻内镜技术用于经蝶窦入路切除垂体大腺瘤的可行性。方法：对13例垂体大腺瘤患者采用鼻内镜下经鼻腔-蝶窦入路切除术式。结果：肿瘤全切除9例(69．2％)，大部切除3例(23．1％)，手术失败1例(7．7％)。术后1周内视力、视野明显改善10例(76．9％)，其中7例接近或完全恢复正常。除2例短暂脑脊液漏外，无其他严重并发症及死亡病例发生。结论：鼻内镜用于经鼻腔-蝶窦入路切除垂体大腺瘤可获得满意的临床效果，但应注意避免术中出血、解剖变异、鞍旁组织向鞍内膨出、复发性垂体大腺瘤及术后不适当的瘤腔处理对鼻内镜手术操作及疗效的影响。     

内镜下经鼻-蝶入路垂体腺瘤术后并发鼻窦炎的防治

目的:探讨内镜下经鼻-蝶入路垂体腺瘤术后并发鼻窦炎的原因及防治措施。方法:总结187例行内镜下经鼻-蝶入路垂体腺瘤切除术患者术后并发鼻窦炎的情况。结果:187例患者中术后发生鼻窦炎12例(6.4%),其中蝶窦炎9例(4.8%),筛窦炎2例(1.1%),上颌窦炎1例(0.5%)。10例经门诊非手术治疗治愈;2例保守治疗无效,再次行鼻内镜下鼻窦手术后治愈。结论:内镜下经鼻-蝶入路可以迅捷到达蝶鞍区,安全有效地切除垂体腺瘤;及时确诊鼻窦炎并加强围手术期处理,可以明显减少此并发症的发生,从而提高患者的治愈率及生存质量。     

经鼻内镜岩斜坡及颞下窝肿瘤的外科治疗

目的探讨经鼻内镜手术治疗岩斜区及颞下窝肿瘤的可行性和外科手术技术。方法2002年1月至2005年2月间对17例侵犯岩斜坡或颞下窝肿瘤单独采用内镜经鼻手术入路进行了治疗，详尽阐述外科手术技术及介绍典型病例。结果17例患者中脊索瘤5例，脑膜瘤4例，颅咽管瘤1例，神经鞘膜瘤1例，血管母细胞瘤1例，嗅神经母细胞瘤1例，恶性淋巴瘤1例，脊索肉瘤1例，腮腺癌颅底转移1例，甲状腺癌颅底转移1例。15例患者术后复查影像显示肿瘤全部被切除，2例大部分切除。所有病例随访5～43个月，良性肿瘤中有1例脊索瘤术后5个月复发，后行2次手术，其余均无复发。5例恶性肿瘤患者均随访2年以上，无复发或死亡。术后1例蛛网膜下腔出血、2例出现脑脊液鼻漏，其中1例经保守治疗痊愈、1例经2次鼻内镜手术修补成功。无颅内感染及死亡病例。结论经鼻内镜外科技术为岩斜区和颞下窝肿瘤的外科治疗提供了一种新的方法。这种入路能够简单和迅速地到达岩斜区和颞下窝，且既能够达到微侵袭目的，又能够满足全切肿瘤的要求。但需要术者熟练掌握内镜颅底解剖学、内镜手术操作及对各区域病变丰富的外科手术经验。术中应用影像导航系统将有助于识别解剖标志，使手术过程更加安全。     

经鼻内镜手术治疗颅底脊索瘤

脊索瘤是一种起源于胚胎发育时期残留脊索组织的先天性低恶性肿瘤，多发生于骶尾部及颅底中线部位，尤其是斜坡区域，其预后与肿瘤切除程度密切相关，肿瘤完全切除的患者多能长期生存。由于颅底脊索瘤多呈浸润性生长，侵袭范围广，累及颅底重要神经、血管及脑组织等，手术完全切除极其困难，因此被认为是神经外科治疗的难题之一。近年来随着神经内镜技术的发展，以及术中神经导航系统、电生理监测、经鼻超声系统和多普勒超声血管探测仪等监测技术的广泛应用，经鼻内镜入路能在直视下最大可能地安全切除颅底脊索瘤，并尽可能保留重要神经、血管功能，其手术创伤小，术后脑脊液漏等并发症发生率低，并且患者生存质量明显提高，已成为颅底脊索瘤手术治疗的首选方法。为进一步全面认识经鼻内镜治疗颅底脊索瘤的疗效及优缺点，我们查阅了近年来国内外公开发表关于经鼻内镜手术治疗颅底脊索瘤的相关文献，并从术前肿瘤评估分型、手术策略、肿瘤手术切除程度及其影响因素以及术后并发症等几方面对其进行综述。     

经蝶显微外科手术治疗发生脑脊液鼻漏的垂体腺瘤

目的总结自发性脑脊液鼻漏的垂体腺瘤的临床特点和经蝶手术治疗的方法。方法分析经蝶手术治疗发生脑脊液鼻漏的垂体腺瘤6例的临床资料。结果6例中5例为巨大型泌乳素垂体腺瘤,1例为伴有空蝶鞍的垂体无功能腺瘤,3例以脑脊液鼻漏为首发症状。术后随访3月至6年,4例肿瘤全切除,2例次全切除,脑脊液鼻漏全部治愈。结论发生脑脊液鼻漏的垂体腺瘤多见于巨大型泌乳素垂体腺瘤;也可见于垂体腺瘤伴有空蝶鞍者;放疗、服溴隐停治疗可促进垂体腺瘤发生脑脊液鼻漏。经蝶入路是最佳手术入路;肿瘤切除后严密填塞蝶窦是修补鼻漏的关键措施,术后腰穿蛛网膜下腔持续引流有利于修补瘘口的愈合。     

Approaches to sella turcica in endoscopic pituitary surgery

Recent advances in endoscopic sinus surgery suggested the potential for its surgical application to pituitary surgery. A number of institutions have reported the advantage of endoscope use in pituitary surgery, which is now widely accepted, but approaches to the sella vary in the literature. We retrospectively studied sella approaches in endoscopic pituitary surgery as rhinologists. Subjects included 6 cases of pituitary adenoma and 2 cases of Rathke's cleft cyst. A both-nostril transnasal transsphenoidal approach, our standard technique, was used in 6 cases. This approach consisted of elevation of mucoperiosteal flaps, resection of the vomer and sphenoid anterior wall, and opening of the sellar floor. Elevated mucoperiosteal flaps were used to close of the sella after tumor resection. All tumors were removed and no significant postoperative complications occurred. We found the both-nostril transnasal approach to be easy and time-saving and provided surgeon with a broad surgical field necessary to treat large tumors and accidental cases. Postoperative observation of the sella was easy for wide opening of the anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus. In our experience with reoperation, we quickly accessed the sella and easily removed tumors in the second operation. Our technique therefore has an advance in treatment of recurrence. The both-nostril transnasal approach involves the same procedures as median drainage of the sphenoid sinus, so our technique may have advantages in preventing mucocele of the sphenoid sinus as a late complication of transsphenoidal surgery. The transnasal transsphenoidal approach via both nostrils is preferable rhinologically.     

影像导航引导鼻内镜下前颅底骨化纤维瘤切除术

目的 探讨影像导航系统在经鼻内镜切除前颅底骨化纤维瘤手术中的作用。方法 选择影像导航引导下经鼻内镜手术切除累积眶纸板、颅底骨质的筛窦骨化纤维瘤12例男性患者,初次手术9例,复发病例3例。术前行鼻窦CT连续扫描,骨算法,层厚1mm。结果 CT显示所有病例筛骨水平板、眶纸板受累。4例前界至额隐窝前缘（鼻骨后）;6例累及眶尖与蝶窦外侧壁交界处：1例广泛累及上颔骨、蝶骨大翼、蝶鞍和斜坡。11例彻底切除病灶,1例（病变广泛者）切除大部分肿瘤。平均手术时间3．2小时,影像导航配准过程平均25分钟。1例术中并发脑脊液漏,术中鼻内镜下修补成功;3例术中损伤眶纸板,无手术及术后并发症。术后随访5个月～4年,姑息手术病例肿瘤生长缓慢,其余病例无复发,症状明显改善。结论 借助影像导航引导,经鼻内镜手术切除累及眶纸板、前颅底骨质的骨化纤维瘤,具有一定优势,但病灶不应广泛侵及额隐窝、蝶骨及斜坡。     

内镜经鼻联合显微镜额眶颧颞入路处理颅内外沟通性肿瘤的临床分析

目的探讨内镜经鼻入路联合显微镜额眶颧颞入路在颅内外沟通性肿瘤手术中的应用。方法回顾分析2016年5月至2018年1月在天津市环湖医院采用内镜经鼻联合显微镜额眶颧颞入路进行手术治疗的7例颅内外沟通性肿瘤患者的临床资料。7例患者中男4例,女3例,年龄27~65岁,中位年龄48岁。7例患者中2例复发侵袭性垂体瘤,3例颅底脑膜瘤,1例斜坡软骨肉瘤,1例复发鼻咽癌。病变广泛累及鼻腔、鼻窦、双侧海绵窦、鞍区、鞍上、上斜坡、颞叶、翼腭窝、颞下窝以及颅内重要血管。7例患者均采用全身麻醉下内镜经鼻入路联合显微镜额眶颧颞入路肿瘤切除治疗,观察手术全切情况、术中术后并发症情况以及术后疗效。所有患者术后随访6~12个月,采用格拉斯哥预后分级(Glasgow outcome scale,GOS)评估患者预后。结果 7例患者中肿瘤全切5例,大部切除2例。术中未出现并发症。术后发生严重并发症2例:其中1例脑脊液鼻漏并颅内感染,经腰大池引流和鞘内注射药物治疗后治愈;1例动眼神经麻痹,随访期间内未恢复。术后其他并发症包括滑车神经功能障碍1例次,耳鸣1例次,面部麻木2例次,随访中部分神经功能恢复。术中术后无死亡病例。7例患者术后随访均无肿瘤复发,且7例患者GOS评分均达Ⅳ~Ⅴ级。结论内镜经鼻联合显微镜额眶颧颞入路处理复杂性颅内外沟通性肿瘤可一期切除肿瘤,手术并发症较少,具有较好的临床应用前景。     

鼻内镜下经鼻前颅底手术的探讨

目的：探讨经鼻内镜行前颅底手术的可行性及适应证范围。方法：收集并分析我科近年来在鼻内镜下治疗的前颅底疾病6例，包括脑膜脑膨出3例，脑脊液鼻漏2例，左球后肿瘤1例。6例均在全身麻醉下手术。结果：6例手术均一次性成功，无并发症出现。结论：在鼻内镜下行部分鼻前颅底手术具有创伤小、术后恢复快、并发症少等优点，但手术适应证应该严格掌握，术者必须具备熟练的解剖学知识、手术技巧和经验，必须配备先进的手术设备。     

侵犯颅底的头颈部肿瘤的手术治疗

目的：探讨侵犯颅底的头颈部肿瘤的手术治疗方法。方法：对32例侵犯前、侧颅底的头颈部肿瘤患者进行手术治疗,采用鼻内镜下鼻腔入路5例,颅-面联合入路3例,上颌骨切除入路15例,口腔硬腭入路1例,经下颌入路1例,颈侧-下颌骨切开入路2例,耳后-颈联合入路1例,额颞入路2例,经面入路2例。结果：4例鼻窦黏液囊肿仅作开放引流,1例脊索瘤作次全切除,其余27例患者均全切肿瘤,无手术死亡及严重颅脑并发症。8例良性肿瘤患者随访6个月~8年情况良好,无肿瘤复发及死亡。24例恶性肿瘤患者,术后随访3年以上19例,生存12例;随访5年以上12例,生存5例;术后3、5年生存率分别为63.2%（12/19）和41.7%（5/12）。结论：根据病变性质、部位及范围设计手术入路,力求全切肿瘤并保护重要结构,采用适当的颅底修复方法,可获得良好的治疗效果。     

鼻内镜下颅底占位性病变的微创手术

目的探讨经鼻内镜在颅底占位性病变手术中的应用。方法回顾性分析2000年6月至2006年9月42例颅底占位性病变患者的临床资料。其中前、中颅底恶性肿瘤13例，脊索瘤8例，侵袭性垂体瘤向蝶窦、蝶鞍颅底破坏者5例，蝶骨骨纤维异样增殖症4例，翼腭窝、颞下窝神经纤维瘤3例，纤维血管瘤3例，前、中颅底骨化纤维瘤3例，其他病变3例。结果42例患者中，肿瘤完全切除36例，病变次全切除6例，2例因出血过多分两次完成手术，其余病变均1次完全切除。术后1例患者右眼失明，1例患者出现脑脊液耳漏，保守治疗1周后痊愈。42例均进行随访，随访6—81个月，其中5例失访，8例复发，6例死亡，其余患者未见复发。结论内镜下颅底占位性病变外科手术治疗安全、有效、微创，但需根据一定的技术、设备条件，严格掌握手术适应证。     

Robotic endoscopic surgery of the skull base: a novel surgical approach

OBJECTIVE: To describe a novel robotic surgical approach that allows adequate endoscopic access for resection of tumors involving the anterior and central skull base and allows 2-handed, tremor-free, endoscopic dissection and precise suturing of dural defects. DESIGN: Transnasal endoscopic approaches are being increasingly used for surgical access and resection of tumors of the anterior and central skull base. One major disadvantage of this approach is the inability to provide watertight dural closure and reconstruction, which limits its safety and widespread adoption in surgery of intracranial skull base tumors. Other disadvantages include limited depth perception and several ergonomic constraints. Four human cadaver specimens were used for this study. The surgical approach starts with bilateral sublabial incisions and wide anterior maxillary antrostomies (Caldwell-Luc). Transantral access to the nasal cavity is gained through bilateral wide middle meatal antrostomies. A posterior nasal septectomy facilitates bilateral access by joining both nasal cavities into 1 surgical field. The da Vinci Surgical System is then "docked" by introducing the camera arm port through the nostril and the right and left surgical arm ports through the respective anterior and middle antrostomies, into the nasal cavity. A 5-mm dual-channel endoscope coupled with a dual charge-coupled device camera is inserted in the camera port and allows for 3-dimensional visualization of the surgical field at the surgeon's console. Using the robotic surgical arms, the surgeon may perform endoscopic anterior or posterior ethmoidectomy, sphenoidotomy, or resection of the middle or superior turbinates depending on the extent of needed surgical exposure. In addition, resection of the cribriform plate is performed robotically with sharp dissection of the skull base. The dural defect is then repaired with a 6-0 nylon suture. RESULTS: Adequate access to the anterior and central skull base, including the cribriform plate, fovea ethmoidalis, medial orbits, planum sphenoidale, sella turcica, suprasellar and parasellar regions, nasopharynx, pterygopalatine fossa, and clivus, was obtained in all cadaveric dissections. The 3-dimensional visualization obtained by the dual-channel endoscope at the surgeon's console provided excellent depth perception. The most significant advantage was the ability of the surgeon to perform 2-handed tremor-free endoscopic closure of dural defects. CONCLUSIONS: Transantral robotic surgery provides adequate endoscopic access to the anterior and central skull base. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report the feasibility and advantages of robotic-assisted endoscopic surgery of the skull base. This novel approach also allows for 3-dimensional, 2-handed, tremor-free endoscopic dissection and precise closure of dural defects. These advantages may expand the indications of minimally invasive endoscopic approaches to the skull base.     

Management of allergic fungal sinusitis with intracranial spread

Allergic fungal sinusitis (AFS) is a form of paranasal nasal disease if not managed early often involves bone destruction and extension into the orbit and anterior skull base. We present our study of patients with AFS with intracranial, exdradural extension. This study includes our experience of 26 patients with the histological and immunological diagnosis of AFS based on findings of branching septate fungi interspersed with eosinophilic mucin and Charcot-Leyden crystals without fungal invasion of soft tissue, with intracranial extension. All had erosion of bone, which was observed on computerized tomography (CT) scans, extending intracranially and eight had disease that additionally involved the lamina papyracea. The average age of patients in this study was 25 years (range 9–46). There were 20 male and 6 female patients. All patients were immunocompetent. Skin test against aspergillin showed all patients had Type 1 hypersensitivity. All patients underwent transnasal and/or transmaxillary endoscopic approaches for debridement and eight underwent orbital decompression. No patient underwent craniotomy for removal of intracranial extradural disease. No patient had a cerebrospinal fluid leak. Postoperatively, all 26 were treated with a course of corticosteroids. The follow-up period ranged from 2 to 5 years. We conclude AFS is a unique form of fungal disease that might mimic anterior skull base and paranasal sinus tumors. Most cases can be successfully managed with transnasal and/or transmaxillary endoscopic techniques.