经食管超声在Stanford B型夹层动脉瘤腔内治疗术中的应用

近几年，随着腔内血管外科的迅猛发展，越来越多地将微创血管腔内技术应用于Stanford B型夹层动脉瘤的治疗中。尽管Stanford B型夹层动脉瘤的腔内治疗技术比腹主动脉瘤简单，但更容易出现内漏并发症。提高裂口一期封堵效果是亟待解决的问题，其中精确判断Stanford B型夹层动脉瘤第一裂口的位置为关键技术之一。因此，我们对     

血管腔内移植物治疗大动脉疾病的探讨

目的探讨以血管腔内移植物为主的血管腔内疗法治疗胸或胸腹主动脉疾病的疗效和存在问题。方法治疗包括夹层动脉瘤、真性和假性胸主动脉瘤、主动脉减速伤和缩窄患者共137例。主要病变的最低部位在腹腔动脉和肠系膜动脉之间。除血管腔内治疗法外,尚辅以腹主或髂动脉-肠系膜上动脉、或腋动脉-左颈总动脉等架桥术。结果发生急性内脏动脉缺血而急症开腹手术2例。早期漏7例。围手术期死亡6例(4．4％)。随访1～43(平均11)个月,发现后期内漏2例、血管腔内移植物部分断裂1例。DeBakeym型夹层治疗后发生Ⅰ型夹层病变1例。后期死亡5例(4例与腔内移植物无关,1例为多发性动脉瘤复发),失访11例,115例存活。结论以血管腔内移植物治疗高风险的大动脉病变相对安全有效,具有发展前景;但器材有待改进、远期疗效有待观察。     

支架型人工血管临床应用的初步经验

目的探讨支架型人工血管治疗各类动脉瘤的临床效果。方法本组包括夹层动脉瘤 4 8例 ;腹主动脉瘤 13例 ;降主动脉、左锁骨下动脉、肾下和肾上腹主动脉假性动脉瘤分别为 4例、1例、2例和 1例 ;左、右髂动脉瘤各 1例。对夹层动脉瘤和假性动脉瘤均行破口封堵术 ,真性腹主动脉瘤行隔绝术。结果本组均获技术成功。围手术期死亡 2例。 5例夹层动脉瘤术后近侧有少量残余漏 ,但 4例半年后近侧渗漏消失 ,9例残存远侧破口少量返流。腹主动脉瘤 6例术后即时有轻度内漏 ,3个月后 5例内漏消失。结论支架型人工血管治疗夹层动脉瘤、假性动脉瘤和真性动脉瘤手术微创、安全 ,但其远期疗效需进一步观察。     

主动脉腔内支架隔绝术治疗降主动脉瘤

目的探讨主动脉腔内支架隔绝术治疗降主动脉瘤的适应证和疗效。方法2005年3月-2008年10月,对21例典型B型（Stanford分型）主动脉夹层、5例假性动脉瘤、2例主动脉壁内血肿合并主动脉壁溃疡,在局麻（26例）或全麻（2例）下行主动脉腔内支架隔绝术。采用Medtronic Talent支架10例,Medtronic Valiant支架12例,微创直管型支架6例。结果28例手术均获成功,术后即刻造影示破口封闭,无内漏。术后无胸痛,无神经系统并发症,无内漏,术后住院时间（4.5±1.1）d,3-7 d。5例术后发热,吲哚美辛治疗1个月,体温正常。21例主动脉夹层术后1周CT扫描显示真腔扩大,血供明显改善,胸主动脉假腔内血栓形成,腹主动脉假腔存在,开口于假腔的分支靠远端破口供血;5例假性动脉瘤CT扫描显示破口封闭,假腔内血栓形成;2例壁内血肿CT扫描显示溃疡被支架覆盖。23例随访（21.3±10.2）月（1-40个月）,无并发症发生。结论主动脉腔内支架隔绝术疗效可靠,操作简单,创伤小,患者恢复快,并发症少,住院时间短。B型主动脉夹层、降主动脉假性动脉瘤和降主动脉壁内血肿均可采用腔内支架隔绝术治疗。     

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目的 探讨微创血管腔内技术治疗Stanford B型夹层的可行性、安全性、有效性及存在的问题。方法 应用CTA，MRA，DSA等影像学手段对14例入选对象进行术前评估，选择合理移植物通过微创血管腔内技术对病人第一裂口进行封堵，观察治疗后裂口、假腔血栓状况、移植物状况、脏器供血状况及相关并发症。结果 14例病人腔内操作技术成功率100％，无围手术期死亡、中转手术、截瘫、脏器及肢体缺血、移植物移位等并发症。早期内漏3例。随诊1个月至3年，2例内漏自愈，1例内漏仍在随访中，12例假腔内血栓形成，1例血栓部分形成，1例无血栓形成，无迟发性内漏、移植物移位及死亡等。结论 血管腔内移植物封堵第一裂口治疗Stan-ford B型夹层是一种简单、安全、有效的方法，但对手术适应证的选择、潜在并发症、无期效果有等进一步探讨。     

钝性外伤后胸主动脉扩张性病变的临床分析

目的 总结钝性外伤后胸主动脉扩张性病变诊疗经验.方法 回顾性分析12例钝性外伤后胸主动脉扩张性病变的临床资料,其中主动脉夹层(Stanford B型)8例以及降主动脉假性动脉瘤4例.术前螺旋CT血管造影及术中数字血管减影造影对病变进行评估,待严重合并症稳定后行腔内支架型人工血管植入术.术后3、6、12个月以及其后每年随访CTA明确治疗效果.结果 11例行腔内支架型人工血管植入术,另1例未及手术死亡.所有手术患者均获技术成功,完全或部分遮蔽左锁骨下动脉6例,支架释放后即刻造影发现内漏3例,2例球囊扩张后内漏消失,1例仅给予随访.共9例获随访(B型主动脉夹层6例、降主动脉假性动脉瘤3例),均正常生存,未出现左上肢缺血症状及神经系统阳性体征,CTA检查示近远端主动脉无新发夹层或动脉瘤,无内漏、截瘫以及支架移位等并发症.结论 钝性外伤后胸主动脉损伤多位于主动脉峡部,待重要脏器合并症稳定后行腔内支架型人工血管治疗有效可行,安全性高.     

主动脉夹层腔内治疗

1994年,Dake等报道以微创腔内隔绝术治疗了13例降主动脉扩张性疾病,包括真性、假性降主动脉瘤及Stanford B型主动脉夹层,从此将首先用于腹主动脉瘤的腔内隔绝术拓展到了治疗胸主动脉病变。在国内,我院于1998年报道了我国首例B型主动脉夹层腔内隔绝术,至今已经完成200余例。近年来,该技术发展迅速,已成普及之势。今天,对于慢性期Stanford B型主动脉夹层采用腔内隔绝术已经成为公认的首选治疗方法,我们仅结合本单位经验对目前在手术指征方面存在争议的问题作一讨论,供同道参考。     

腔内隔绝术治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层--116例临床分析

目的　探讨腔内隔绝术 (EVGE)治疗 Stanford B型主动脉夹层动脉瘤的手术指征、术前评估方法、手术操作技巧、并发症防治原则及临床应用前景。　方法　对自 1998年 9月至 2 0 0 1年 12月间施行的 116例 Stanford B型胸主动脉夹层动脉瘤 EVGE进行了回顾性研究。术前 CT血管造影 (CTA)或磁共振血管造影 (MRA)显示 :夹层动脉瘤最大直径平均 6 6 .2± 18.1mm,72例患者表现为单一夹层裂口 ,4 4例表现为多裂口。经股动脉或髂动脉将移植物导入胸主动脉封闭夹层裂口 ,手术在数字剪影血管造影 (DSA)监视下完成。　结果　术中移植物成功释放 115例 ,72例单一夹层裂口患者中 6 2例使用单一移植物 ,8例使用 2个移植物 ,2例使用 3个移植物 ,6例手术结束时残存 I型内漏 ;4 4例多夹层裂口者 ,18例使用 2个移植物同时封闭不同部位夹层裂口 ,2 6例远端夹层裂口旷置 ,1例中转开胸手术。平均随访时间 15 .4± 11.2个月 ,围手术期死亡 6例 ,其余病例术后无心、肺、肾功能衰竭及截瘫等严重并发症 ;术后 11个月猝死 1例 ,2例分别于术后 14个月和 2 4个月再发 Stanford A型胸主动脉夹层而行 Bentall手术 ,其余患者未出现与夹层及手术相关的并发症。　结论　 EVGE治疗 Stanford B型主动脉夹层动脉瘤是一种创伤小、恢复快的新方法     

腔内隔绝术治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层动脉瘤146例临床分析

目的 探讨StanfordB型主动脉夹层动脉瘤腔内治疗的手术指征、术前评估方法、手术操作技巧、并发症防治原则及临床应用前景。方法 对146例行Stanford B型主动脉夹层动脉瘤腔内隔绝术患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。术前采用CT血管造影(CTA)或磁共振血管造影(MRA)对主动脉夹层动脉瘤进行评估,术中在数字减影血管造影(DSA)监视下经股动脉或髂动脉将移植物导入胸主动脉封闭夹层裂口。结果 术中移植物成功释放145例,1例移植物无法释放而转行开胸手术。119例仅使用移植物封闭夹层近端裂口,26例同时封闭夹层近端及远端裂口,46例远端夹层裂口旷置。围手术期死亡6例,其余病例术后无心、肺、肾功能衰竭及截瘫等严重并发症。术后11个月猝死1例,2例分别于术后14、24个月再发Stanford A型胸主动脉夹层动脉瘤而行升主动脉人工血管置换术(Bentall手术),其余患者未出现与夹层动脉瘤及手术相关的并发症。结论 腔内隔绝术治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层动脉瘤是一种创伤小、恢复快的新方法,短期的随访结果表明该技术安全、有效。内漏是该方法的主要并发症并可能导致术后患者死亡,远期疗效有待继续随访。     

覆膜支架腔内隔绝术治疗主动脉夹层动脉瘤121例

目的 总结应用覆膜支架腔内隔绝技术治疗主动脉夹层的经验。方法 2003年10月至2007年2月完成覆膜支架腔内隔绝术治疗主动脉夹层动脉瘤121例，其中男86例，女37例；年龄29～72岁，平均（53．7±13，8）岁。Stanford B型114例、Stanford A型4例，外伤致胸降主动脉破裂3例。4例因主动脉破裂行急诊手术。结果 全组无死亡。未出现脊髓损伤、支架移位、锁骨下动脉窃血等并发症。术后并发症包括中度以上发热35例，Ⅳ型内漏11例，Ⅰ型内漏1例，肾功能衰竭1例，均经治缓解。术后平均住院（4．0±1．3）d。结论 覆膜支架腔内隔绝术是一种治疗Stanford B型和部分Stanford A型主动脉夹层动脉瘤的有效方法，其手术创伤小、术后恢复快，疗效肯定、安全性高。     

Repair of the thoracic aorta by transaortic stent grafting (open stenting)

BACKGROUND: The late results of direct open stent grafting of the aortic arch for aortic arch repair have not been reported previously. METHODS: Between September 1997 and December 2000 19 patients underwent open stent grafting with carotid artery bypass for thoracic arteriosclerotic aneurysms (TAA) of the distal aortic arch. In addition, 21 patients underwent open stent grafting with total aortic arch replacement for Stanford type A acute aortic dissection and 7 patients underwent stenting with carotid bypass for Stanford type B chronic aortic dissection. RESULTS: The early mortality rate was 11% for TAA, 10% for type A dissection, and 0% for type B dissection. Whereas none of the TAA or type A dissection required a second operation on the thoracic aorta, 1 TAA patient died 6 months postoperatively after sudden aortic rupture and 1 type B patient required descending aortic replacement because of ulceration caused by the stent graft at 11 months postoperatively. On follow-up computed tomography scan, in TAA patients, true aneurysms excluded by the stent graft showed early thrombosis, but the absorption of thrombosed aneurysms started from 1 to 6 months postoperatively and gradually progressed. In patients with type B chronic dissection, the false lumen showed early thrombosis and the true lumen was dilated at the central portion of the graft, which might increase turbulent flow by interaction with the stent. In patients with type A acute dissection, the false lumen showed both early thrombosis and early absorption. CONCLUSIONS: Early and late results of open stenting are acceptable and follow-up computed tomography scan may be able to predict late results of open stenting.     

Early and mid-term results of endovascular stent grafting for aortic aneurysms]

Early and mid-term clinical results of 28 cases of endovascular stent grafting for descending thoracic aortic aneurysms and 11 cases of abdominal aortic aneurysms are reported. Early clinical results: Among 28 patients (7 true thoracic aortic aneurysms, 3 pseudothoracic aortic aneurysms and 8 acute, 4 subacute, and 6 chronic aortic dissections), two patients (7.1%) with ruptured acute aortic dissection or ruptured infected pseudoaneurysm died in the perioperative period. Two of the remaining 26 patients experienced minor complications. Aneurysmal sacs or false lumens at the descending thoracic aorta were completely thrombosed in the 26 patients. One patient (9.1%) with a ruptured abdominal aneurysm died, and one of the remaining 10 patients had renal and peripheral emboli and peripheral vascular trauma. Inadvertent covering of the renal arteries occurred in another patient. Unless one patient had persistent endoleak, aneurysmal sacs in the 10 surviving patients were thrombosed. Mid-term clinical results: One aortic dissection at a different section of the descending aorta occurred 6 months after stent grafting for aortic dissection, and one patient died of pneumonia 3 months after stent grafting for an abdominal aortic aneurysm. CT scanning 6 months after stent grafting revealed a decrease in maximal aneurysmal size in 3 of 9 patients with true or pseudothoracic aneurysms and in 2 of 5 patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms. Five of 9 patients with stent grafting for acute or subacute dissection showed elimination of the false lumen in the descending thoracic aorta in a CT scan 6 months after grafting. One patient with a true thoracic aneurysm and one patient with an abdominal aortic aneurysm showed an increase in aneurysmal size in a CT scan 2 years and one year after treatment, respectively.     

Endovascular stent grafting of the descending thoracic aorta after arch repair in acute type A dissection

An endovascular stent graft was successfully deployed to the primary entry site in the proximal descending thoracic aorta after total aortic arch replacement using the "elephant trunk" technique in acute type A aortic dissection. The residual false lumen of the descending aorta was thrombosed completely after stent grafting. The elephant trunk was feasible for a proximal landing zone for stent grafting of the descending aorta. Stent grafting in combination with aortic arch replacement was a safe and effective procedure, and may be an alternative choice in carefully selected patients with type A aortic dissection.     

"杂交手术"治疗主动脉夹层

目的 总结主动脉夹层病人行人工血管置换同时术中植入血管内支架(即"杂交手术")的外科经验.方法 主动脉夹层6例中急性Standford A型4例,其中破口分别在升主动脉2例、降主动脉1例,升降主动脉均有破口1例.行升主动脉并全弓置换同时术中于降主动脉真腔内置入血管内支架(同时行主动脉瓣成型2例、Bentall手术1例);慢性StaMford B型主动脉夹层2例,均为介入无法完成者,破口较大、均在降主动脉起始部、左锁骨下动脉下方,行近端降主动脉置换同时术中于远端降主动脉真腔内置入血管内支架.术后2周及3个月复查全主动脉螺旋CT,了解胸腹主动脉、人工血管及血管内支架情况.结果 所有病人手术成功,体外循环时间38～228 min(平均92 min).Standford A型夹层升主动脉阻断118～186 min(平均136min)、选择性脑灌注33～68min(平均49min);Standford B型夹层:1例在上、下半身分别停循环22、28 min下完成手术,另1例常温下不停循环、保持下半身灌注完成手术.术后恢复顺利,治愈出院.术后2周及3个月复查主动脉螺旋CT示人工血管血流通畅,血管内支架无内瘘及移位,支架远端主动脉真腔扩大、假腔明显缩小.结论 对于夹层撕裂范围广泛、多破口的主动脉夹层病人,行近端夹层动脉瘤切除、人工血管置换同时在远端真腔内植入血管内支架,是一种安全、有效、经济的手术方法.     

Total Arch Replacement with Stented Elephant Trunk Technique: A Proposed Treatment for Complicated Stanford Type B Aortic Dissection

Abstract   Objectives : The treatment of Stanford type B aortic dissections involving the arch or associated with proximal aortic aneurysms remains a surgical challenge. We report our results with total arch replacement with the stented elephant trunk (SET) procedure for these complicated Stanford type B aortic dissections. Methods: Between December 2003 and June 2008, 31 patients were admitted for complicated type B dissection (12 acute, 19 chronic). The mean age at operation was 44.3 ± 10.6 years (range: 22-68 years). The surgeries were performed by using total arch replacement combined with SET implantation. Enhanced computed tomography (CT) was performed before discharge as well as 3 months and annually to evaluate the condition of the graft and the residual false lumen. Results: The procedure was successful in all but two patients; two patients died of multiple organ failure following surgery. No paraplegia was observed after surgery. Follow-up was completed in 27 of 29 patients and the mean follow-up period was 18.4 ± 12.3 months (range: 6-54 months). During follow-up CT scans, thrombus formation was observed in the descending aortic false lumen excluded by the stented graft in most patients. One patient died during follow-up while two patients with Marfan syndrome underwent successful operations for replacement of the remaining descending and abdominal aorta. Conclusion: Total arch replacement with the SET procedure has emerged as a viable option for complicated type B dissections and is associated with low morbidity and mortality. At mid-term follow-up, most patients have either thrombosed or have had no further increase in the false lumen of the descending aorta.     

Stent-grafting to descending thoracic aorta during coronary artery bypass grafting.

We report on 2 patients who underwent successful concomitant operation of coronary artery bypass grafting and stent grafting to descending thoracic aortic aneurysms. The device was inserted through a small linear incision on the anterior wall of the aortic arch. Intraoperative stent grafting to descending thoracic aortic aneurysms is an alternative therapeutic option for patients who require concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting and descending aortic replacement.     

Staged hybrid repair of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm after chronic type B aortic dissection

The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical outcomes of combined endovascular and open techniques to eradicate false lumen dilatation in the visceral aortic segment after type B aortic dissection associated with aortic aneurysm. We reviewed eight patients with distal thoracic and abdominal false lumen dilatation treated with a staged procedure. These included arch debranching as needed, proximal thoracic endovascular repair, and open surgical correction with abdominal aortic replacement of the visceral and infrarenal aorta. False lumen eradication was successful in all patients. There were no operative deaths, and paraplegia or paraparesis occurred in two patients. During a mean follow-up of 30 months, no complications or secondary interventions were necessary. The thoracic false lumen remained thrombosed in all patients, with no evidence of aortic dilatation or stent graft complications. Complete thrombosis and eradication of the false lumen can be achieved through a three-stage repair of chronic type B aortic dissection with aneurysmal dilatation. A prospective randomized trial is needed to establish the viability of this approach versus standard open repair of type II thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms.     

分支型腔内支架人工血管治疗B型主动脉夹层

目的 应用主动脉-左锁骨下动脉分支型支架人工血管治疗累及左锁骨下动脉的主动脉弓部夹层。方法2004年2月至2005年1月，采用北京裕恒佳科技有限公司制作的血管腔内分支型主动脉支架人工血管治疗主动脉弓部B型夹层病人42例。原发破裂口位于左锁骨下动脉开口远侧2cm以内。分支型支架由主动脉支架和左锁骨下动脉支架组合而成。支架直径较相应支撑部位动脉直径增加15％～20％。治疗在血管造影室进行，分支型支架人工血管经送放器送入动脉，在透视下释放，植入主动脉弓和左锁骨下动脉。结果41例（98％）成功放置分支型支架41只和直筒型可弯曲支架人工血管5只；1例因左锁骨下动脉变形成角未能将送放器送入而改用直筒型支架治疗。夹层破裂口均被封闭，夹层真腔全部恢复正常直径。术后复查2例存在少量内漏。入路动脉无损伤，无死亡病例。术后病人均恢复正常活动。结论主动脉-左锁骨下动脉分支型支架人工血管易使用，适合修复破裂口位于左锁骨下动脉开口旁的主动脉弓部夹层，但长期效果还需进一步观察。     

急性Stanford B型主动脉夹层腔内修复术的指征和治疗时机选择

目的 探讨急性Stanford B型主动脉夹层腔内修复术的指征和治疗时机的选择.方法 对2004年2月至2008年6月收治的Stanford B型主动脉夹层464例进行分析.男性391例,女性73例;年龄26～88岁,平均56.6岁.分析导致急性主动脉夹层破裂的危险因素并评价急性组(n=298)和慢性组(n=166)的腔内治疗效果.结果 夹层破裂组中反复或持续性胸背痛和胸腔渗出的发生率(83.3%和94.4%)高于非破裂组(10.4%和14.1%,P＜0.01).破裂组降主动脉平均最大径(49.4 mm)大于非破裂组(35.1 mm,P＜0.01).合并内脏和下肢动脉缺血的病例在腔内修复术后症状体征和相关指标都得剑明显改善.急性组近端假腔消失率51.7%高于慢性组的19.5%,而远端假腔开放率59.2%低于慢性组的79.3%(P＜0.01).24例壁间血肿或假腔完全血栓形成病例中有4例出现夹层复发.结论 近端假腔持续开放的急性夹层应行腔内修复术,而壁间血肿或假腔完全血栓化的急性病例可暂予密切随访.对于有反复或持续性胸背痛、胸腔渗出和降主动脉直径＞4.5 cm等破裂先兆的病例或短时间内无法好转的主动脉分支血管缺血者,应立即行腔内修复术.     

腔内修复术治疗多破口Stanford B型胸主动脉夹层的临床研究

目的 分析多破口Stanford B型胸主动脉夹层的临床特征,探讨胸主动脉腔内修复术处理该病的临床方式.方法 回顾性分析2011年2月-2015年5月因多破口(≥2个破口)Stanford B型胸主动脉夹层在广州军区武汉总医院心胸外科接收TEVAR治疗患者的病例资料,除近心端第一破口外,使用外科方式处理远端夹层破口为处理组,否则为非处理组.比较两组术后6个月内胸背疼痛发病率、远端夹层进展情况、假腔变化情况、远端破口获益情况.结果 检索出符合条件的病例67例,所有腔内修复术均获成功,无严重并发症发生病例,术后6个月内无死亡病例.处理组7例,非处理组60例.TEVAR后两组胸背疼痛发病率、远端夹层进展发病率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),处理组夹层假腔较非处理组明显变小(差异有统计学意义,P＜0.05),非处理组19例患者通过夹层远端破口的血流供应腹腔内脏动脉.结论 TEVAR是治疗多破口Stanford B型胸主动脉夹层有效的手术方式,远端破口应根据Stanford B型胸主动脉夹层特点进行个性化处理或尽量不处理.