妊高征脐血管内皮细胞损伤与SOD和LPO的变化及意义

目的探讨脐血管内皮细胞损伤、血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化脂质(LPO)在妊高征发病中的作用。方法随机选择妊高征患者33例(PIH组)、正常晚期妊娠妇女33例(NLP组),分别采用免疫组织化学法、放射免疫法和荧光测定法检测脐血管内皮细胞损伤程度、血清SOD和LPO水平。结果妊高征组脐动脉内皮细胞损伤较正常妊娠组加重,而且与病情程度有关(P<0.05;P<0.01);其血清SOD较正常妊娠组显著减少(P<0.001),而LPO较正常妊娠组显著增加(P<0.001),SOD/LPO比值较正常妊娠组明显降低(P<0.001)。结论妊娠期血管内皮细胞损伤加重以及机体氧化和抗氧化平衡失调可能与妊高征的发病过程有关。     

妊高征患者血清TNF-α、IL-6和D-D检测的临床意义

目的：探讨了妊高征患者血清TNF-α、IL-6和D-D水平的变化及临床意义。方法：应用放射免疫分析和生化法对32例妊高征患者进行了血清TNF-α、IL-6和D-D检测,并与35名正常孕妇作比较。结果：妊高征患者血清TNF-α、IL-6和D-D水平均非常显著地高于正常孕妇组（P〈0.01）,且血清D-D水平与TNF-α、IL-6水平呈正相关（r=0.5918、0.6011,P〈0.01）。结论：检测妊高征患者血清TNF-α、IL-6和D-D水平的变化对患者的病情判断、临床治疗均具有重要的临床价值。     

妊高征肾病患者血清MMP-2、MMP-9检测的临床意义

目的：探讨了妊高征肾病患者血清MMP2、MMP9水平的变化及临床意义。方法：应用酶联法测定了32例妊高征肾病和50例无肾病组及35名正常孕妇血清MMP2、MMP9水平的变化。结果：妊高征肾病组和无肾病组血清MMP2水平非常显著高于正常孕妇组（P〈0.01）,而MMP9水平则非常显著地低于正常孕妇组（P〈0.01）,妊高征肾病组与无肾病组亦有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。结论：检测妊高征患者血清MMP2、MMP9水平的变化对其病情和预后判断均具有重要的临床价值。     

妊高征肾病患者血清CysC、TGF-β1和HGF检测的临床意义

目的：探讨了妊高征肾病患者血清CysC、TGF-β1和HGF水平的变化及临床意义。方法：应用胶乳免疫增强比浊法和酶联法对38例妊高征肾病患者进行了血清CysC、TGF-β1和HGF检测,并与35名正常健康人作比较。结果：妊高征患者血清CysC、TGF-β1和HGF水平均非常显著地高于正常人组（P〈0.01）,且血清CysC水平与TGF-β1和HGF水平呈正相关（r=0.6012、0.5784,P〈0.01）。结论：检测妊高征肾病患者血清CysC、TGF-β1和HGF水平的变化对了解病情、观察疗效和预后判断均有一定的临床价值。     

妊高征患者血浆血管内皮活性因子及相关白细胞介素水平的变化

目的：探讨妊高征患者血浆ET、NO和血清IL-6、IL-8水平的变化与患者发病的关系。方法：35例非孕妇女、35例正常孕妇（对照组）及32例妊高征患者的血浆ET、血清IL-6及IL-8含量均采用放射免疫分析;血浆NO采用生化比色法。结果：35名正常孕妇血浆ET、NO均显著高于正常非孕妇女组（P〈0.01）;IL-6和IL-8水平则略有升高,但尚无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。32例妊高征患者治疗前血清ET、IL-6及IL-8三项指标水平较对照组升高极显著（P〈0.01）;NO水平则显著低于对照组（P〈0.01）。经治疗2周,ET、IL-6及IL-8三项指标较对照组下降均非常显著,与对照组比较已无显著差异（P〉0.05）;而NO水平则升高显著,与对照组比较亦无显著差异（P〉0.05）。相关分析结果表明,血浆ET水平与IL-6及IL-8水平呈显著正相关（r=0.6097、0.7213,P〈均0.01）。结论：妊高征患者血清4项指标的测定对于了解和认识其发病机理及预估病情有帮助。     

妊高征患者血清TNF-α和外周血B细胞及T淋巴细胞亚群水平检测的临床意义

目的：探讨妊高征患者血清TNF-α和外周血B和T淋巴细胞亚群水平及临床意义。方法：分别应用放免法和单克隆抗体法对34例妊高征患者进行了血清，TNF-α和外周血B及T淋巴细胞亚群水平检测，并与35名正常健康人作比较。结果：妊高征患者血清TNF-α、B细胞数量均显著高于正常对照组（P〈0．01），而CD3、CD4、CD4／CD8比值则显著低于正常对照组（P〈0．01）。结论：妊高征是一种和自身免疫调节异常相关的疾病。     

妊高征患者治疗前后血浆leptin和血清Hcy、NPY检测的临床价值

目的：探讨了妊高征患者治疗前后血浆leptin和血清Hcy、NPY水平的变化及临床意义。方法：应用放免法和酶联法对33例妊高征患者进行了治疗前后血浆leptin和血清Hey、NPY检测,并与35例正常健康人作比较。结果：妊高征患者在治疗前血浆leptin和血清Hcy、NPY均非常显著地高于正常人组（P〈O．01）,经治疗1个月后与正常人组比较仍有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论：检测妊高征患者血浆leptin和血清Hcy、NPY水平的变化已被认可用于疗效观察和预后判断。     

重度妊娠高血压疾病甲襞微循环与血清胱抑素C的相关性

目的 （1）研究正常妊娠晚期妇女、重度妊高征患者血清中胱抑素C（简称CC）的浓度及甲襞微循环变化。（2）探讨妊高征甲襞微循环障碍与CC的相关性。方法 选择重度妊高征患者30例为实验组，正常晚孕妇女30例为对照组。分别观察妊高征患者甲襞微循环变化及CC浓度。结果 （1）重度妊高征患者血清CC值及甲襞微循环积分较正常晚孕者明显增高（P〈0．01）。（2）CC水平与甲襞微循环积分呈正相关（P〈0．01）。结论 重度妊高征甲襞微循环障碍与CC呈正相关，甲襞微循环与CC检测可作为妊高征患者的诊断及防治的重要监测指标。     

妊高征肾病患者血浆ET-1、leptin和NPY检测的临床意义

目的：探讨了妊高征肾病患者血浆内皮素-1（ET-1）、leptin和NPY水平的变化及意义。方法：应用放射免疫分析对30例妊高征肾病患者进行了血浆ET-1、leptin和NPY测定,并与35名正常健康人作比较。结果：妊高征肾病患者血浆ET-1、leptin和NPY水平均显著高于正常人组（P〈0.01）,妊高征肾病患者血浆ET-1、leptin和NPY水平呈明显的正相关（r=0.5812、0.6015,P〈0.01）。结论：检测妊高征肾病患者血浆ET-1、leptin和NPY水平的变化对了解病情、观察预后均具有重要的临床价值。     

妊高征肾病患者血清CysC水平与红细胞膜ATP酶活性的关系

目的：探讨了妊高征肾病患者血清胱抑素蛋白酶抑制素C（CysC）水平与红细胞膜Na^＋、K^＋-ATP酶和Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋-ATP酶活性改变参与妊高征肾病发生的可能机制。方法：应用乳胶免疫增强比浊法和Reinil制膜法测定了32例妊高征肾病患者血清CysC水平与红细胞膜Na^＋、K^＋-ATP酶和Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋-ATP酶含量,并与35名正常孕妇组作比较。结果：妊高征肾病患者血清CysC水平非常显著地高于正常孕妇组（P〈0．01）,而红细胞膜Na^＋、K^＋-ATP酶和Ca^2＋、Mg2^2＋-ATP酶含量显著地低于正常孕妇组（P〈0．01）。结论：妊高征肾病的发生发展与血清CysC水平和红细胞膜Na^＋、K^＋-ATP酶和Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋-ATP酶活性有密切的关系。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.