有氧康复运动治疗慢性心力衰竭的疗效观察

目的 探讨有氧康复运动治疗慢性心力衰竭的疗效及安全性.方法 回顾性分析120例慢性心衰患者的临床资料,在基础药物治疗前提下,根据有无实施有氧康复治疗随机分为2组：A组60例为有氧康复治疗组,B组60例为未实行有氧康复治疗组即对照组.A组患者自入院开始即开始康复运动,心功能Ⅱ级以上者严格按照有氧康复运动方案进行锻炼.比较两组入院及1年后NYHA心功能分级、BNP、LVEF、LVED、6min步行试验距离、再住院率及死亡率.结果 A、B两组组内比较,1年后NYHA心功能分级,BNP、LVEF、LVED均较入院时好转（P＜0.05）.A、B两组组间比较,人院时NYHA心功能分级,BNP、LVEF、LVED差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,1年后A组患者明显优于B组患者（P＜0.05）,且6min步行距离较B组明显增加（P＜0.05）,再住院率及死亡率下降（P,＜0.05）.结论 有氧康复运动作为药物治疗的补充,安全有效,适宜慢性心力衰竭患者二级预防治疗.     

运动锻炼为核心的家庭心脏康复项目对慢性心力衰竭患者康复治疗效果影响的临床研究

目的 探讨运动锻炼为核心的家庭心脏康复项目对慢性心力衰竭（chronic heart failure, CHF）患者心脏康复治疗效果的影响。方法 选择2015年1月至2019年1月间在北京康复医院临床诊断为CHF患者48 例,随机分为四组：对照组（12例）：进行除运动锻炼治疗之外的常规心脏康复指导;医院功率车组（12例）;家庭功率车组（12例）：患者分别在医院和家庭内进行功率车锻炼;家庭普通运动组（12例）：家庭内运动,运动方式可采用游泳、慢跑、快走、骑自行车等方式。三组运动组患者采用12周运动锻炼为核心的整体管理。治疗前、后分别评估患者运动心肺功能、心脏超声、6 min步行距离（6 minute walking distance, 6MWD）、Minnesota心力衰竭生活质量（quality of life, QoL）评分等。结果 12周康复治疗后,医院功率车组、家庭功率车组和家庭普通运动组患者峰值摄氧量［（19.5±4.4）ml·min-1·kg-1、（18.5±3.1）ml·min-1·kg-1、（17.0±1.9）ml·min-1·kg-1比（13.2±2.0）ml·min-1·kg-1,P<0.05］、左心室射血分数［（44.6±3.9）%、（44.3±8.7）%、（43.6±5.0）%比（37.8±5.7）%,P<0.05］和6MWD［（502.6±95.8）m、（482.1±54.5）m、（448.4±51.6）m比（383.5±77.1）m,P<0.05］均较对照组明显升高;同时QoL评分［14.8±7.9、12.9±6.8、19.1±8.7比43.2±10.8,P<0.05］均较对照组明显降低。组间比较显示,家庭普通运动组患者峰值摄氧量较医院功率车组降低（P<0.05）。治疗前后比较显示,12周康复管理后,医院、家庭功率车组和家庭普通运动组患者峰值摄氧量、左心室射血分数和6MWD均比治疗前升高（P<0.05）,QoL评分较治疗前降低（P<0.05）。结论 家庭运动康复为核心的整体管理,包括功率车和普通运动,可显著改善CHF患者心肺功能、运动耐力和生活质量,家庭康复作为心脏康复一种有效的治疗模式,值得大力推广。     

运动康复训练对老年慢性心力衰竭患者预后的影响

目的探讨运动康复训练对老年慢性心力衰竭患者预后的影响。方法65例老年慢性心衰患者随机分为干预组33例和对照组32例。对照组给予常规治疗,干预组在常规治疗基础上采用运动康复训练,疗程均为8周。结果治疗8周后,干预组较对照组左室射血分数增加、NYHA心功能改善、6 min步行距离延长（P均〈0.05）;随访12个月后干预组较对照组生活质量明显提高（P〈0.05）,因心衰再入院率降低（P〈0.05）;干预组患者康复训练中未发生心衰加重、恶性心律失常等不良事件。结论对老年慢性心力衰竭患者实施运动康复训练安全有效。     

Effects of home-based exercise training on neurovascular control in patients with heart failure

BACKGROUND: The effect of home-based exercise training on neurovascular control in heart failure patients is unknown. AIMS: To test the hypothesis that home-based training would maintain the reduction in muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and forearm vascular resistance (FVR) acquired after supervised training. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients (54+/-1.9 years, EF<40%) were randomised into two groups: untrained control (n=12) and exercise trained (n=17). Both groups underwent assessment of Quality of Life (QoL), MSNA, and forearm blood flow. The exercise group underwent a 4-month supervised training program followed by 4 months of home-based training. After the initial 4 months of training, patients in the exercise group showed a significant increase in peak VO(2) and reduction in MSNA, compared to the untrained group, but this was not maintained during 4 months of home-based training. In contrast, the decrease in FVR (56+/-3 vs. 46+/-4 vs. 40+/-2 U, p=0.008) and the improvement in QOL that were achieved during supervised training were maintained during home-based training. CONCLUSIONS: Home-based training following supervised training is a safe strategy to maintain improvements in QoL and reduction in FVR in chronic heart failure patients, but is an inadequate strategy to maintain fitness as estimated by peak VO(2) or reduction in neurohumoral activation.     

"Pure" diastolic dysfunction is associated with long-axis systolic dysfunction. Implications for the diagnosis and classification of heart failure

AIMS: To investigate regional systolic function of the left ventricle, to test the hypothesis that "pure" diastolic dysfunction (impaired global diastolic filling, with a preserved ejection fraction > or = 50%) is associated with longitudinal systolic dysfunction. METHODS AND RESULTS: One hundred thirty subjects (31 patients with asymptomatic diastolic dysfunction, 30 with diastolic heart failure, 30 with systolic heart failure; and 39 age-matched normal volunteers) were studied by conventional and tissue Doppler echocardiography. Global diastolic function was assessed using the flow propagation velocity, and by estimating left ventricular filling pressure from the ratio of transmitral E and mitral annular E(TDE) velocities (E/E(TDE)); and global systolic function by measurement of ejection fraction. Radial and longitudinal functions were assessed separately from posterior wall and mitral annular velocities. Global and radial systolic function were similar in patients with "pure" diastolic dysfunction and normal subjects, but patients with either asymptomatic diastolic dysfunction or diastolic heart failure had impaired longitudinal systolic function (mean velocities: 8.0+/-1.2 and 7.7+/-1.5 cm/s, respectively, versus 10.1+/-1.5 cm/s in controls; p<0.001). In subjects with normal ejection fraction, global diastolic function correlated with longitudinal systolic function (r=0.56 for flow propagation velocity, and r=-0.53 for E/E(TDE) ratio, both p<0.001), but not with global systolic function. CONCLUSION: Worsening global diastolic dysfunction of the left ventricle is associated with a progressive decline in longitudinal systolic function. Diastolic heart failure as conventionally diagnosed is associated with regional, subendocardial systolic dysfunction that can be revealed by tissue Doppler of long-axis shortening. Diagnostic algorithms and definitions of heart failure need to be revised.     

Iron deficiency predicts impaired exercise capacity in patients with systolic chronic heart failure

Background

Iron is an indispensable element of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes, and, beyond erythropoiesis, is involved in oxidative metabolism and cellular energetics. Hence, iron deficiency (ID) is anticipated to limit exercise capacity. We investigated whether ID predicted exercise intolerance in patients with systolic chronic heart failure (CHF).

Methods and Results

We prospectively studied 443 patients with stable systolic CHF (age 54 ± 10 years, males 90%, ejection fraction 26 ± 7%, New York Heart Association Class I/II/III/IV 49/188/180/26). ID was defined as: serum ferritin <100 μg/L or serum ferritin 100–300 μg/L with serum transferrin saturation <20%. Exercise capacity was expressed as peak oxygen consumption (VO₂) and ventilatory response to exercise (VE-VCO₂ slope). ID was present in 35 ± 4% (±95% confidence interval) of patients with systolic CHF. Those with ID had reduced peak VO₂ and increased VE-VCO₂ slope as compared to subjects without ID (peak VO₂: 13.3 ± 4.0 versus 15.3 ± 4.5 mL•min•kg, VE-VCO₂ slope: 50.9 ± 15.8 versus 43.1 ± 11.1, respectively, both P < .001, P < .05). In multivariable models, the presence of ID was associated with reduced peak VO₂ (β = −0.14, P < .01 P < .05) and higher VE-VCO₂ slope (β = 0.14, P < .01 P < .05), adjusted for demographics and clinical variables. Analogous associations were found between serum ferritin, and both peak VO₂ and VE-VCO₂ slope (P < .05).

Conclusions

ID independently predicts exercise intolerance in patients with systolic CHF, but the strength of these associations is relatively weak. Whether iron supplementation would improve exercise capacity in iron-deficient subjects requires further studies.     

Quality of life in older patients with systolic and diastolic heart failure

AIMS: To get insight into the quality of life of a clinical practice sample of patients with heart failure that are admitted to the hospital. Secondly to determine differences between patients with systolic and diastolic dysfunction and finally to describe factors relating to quality of life. METHODS: Three dimensions of quality of life (functional capabilities, symptoms and psychosocial adjustment to illness) were assessed during interviews of 186 patients with chronic heart failure. In addition, data on demographic, clinical and self-care characteristics were collected and patients completed a 6-min walk. RESULTS: On average patients walked 172 m in 6 min and reported functioning in daily life at a mean level of 4.5 MET. Patients experienced four different symptoms of heart failure. Most of them described dyspnea, fatigue, sleep disturbance and ankle oedema. Problems with psychosocial adaptation occurred mostly in social and vocational domains. Overall well-being of patients was rated as 6.4 on a 10-point scale. In regard to quality of life, the only differences between patients with systolic and diastolic heart failure was the occurrence of ankle oedema and health-care orientation. The variance in components of quality of life were partly explained by demographics and clinical characteristics. All three dimensions of quality of life were related to ability for self-care. CONCLUSION: Patients with heart failure seen in clinical practice are often not comparable to patients described in major clinical trials or patients that are admitted for transplant evaluation. Their functional capabilities are more compromised, but they may have fewer problems with psychosocial adjustment. Patients with normal systolic dysfunction also report a low quality of life. It could be important to enhance self-care abilities of patients to improve psychosocial adaptation to illness.     

Response of the oxygen uptake efficiency slope to exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure

BACKGROUND: The oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) is a new exercise parameter that provides prognostic power in patients with CHF. Little is known about the effects of exercise training (ET) on OUES. AIM: To describe the response of OUES to 6 months of ET in CHF patients and compare its evolution to that of other exercise variables. METHODS: 35 patients with CHF (NYHA II-III, age 54+/-9y, LVEF 31+/-10%) performed 3 maximal exercise tests, i.e. at the start, middle and end of a 6 month ET program. OUES, PeakVO(2), ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT) and slope VE/VCO(2) were determined. RESULTS: OUES, peakVO(2), VAT, slope VE/VCO(2), peak Watt, 6MWT and NYHA-class improved during the first part of the ET period (p<0.05). Only VAT, peak Watt and 6MWT continued to improve during the second part of the ET period (p<0.05) Improvements in OUES correlated better with improvements in peakVO(2) (r=0.77, p<0.001), than changes in other prognostic variables. DISCUSSION: OUES improves significantly after 6 months of ET. Changes in peakVO(2) correlate best with changes in OUES. OUES is sensitive to ET and can be used to evaluate the progression of exercise capacity in CHF patients.     

慢性心力衰竭患者运动康复训练方式的研究进展

随着医疗技术进步、心血管发病率逐年增加和世界人口老龄化进程的推进,心力衰竭的患病率逐年攀升,且存在5年存活率低、再入院率高及预后不良等严重问题.随着以运动为主的心脏康复的快速发展,心力衰竭患者采用运动训练作为非药物治疗手段显得尤为重要.心力衰竭患者的运动训练方式包括有氧训练、阻抗训练、呼吸肌训练及神经肌肉电刺激等.但临...     

Incidence of renal dysfunction over 6 months in patients with chronic heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction: contributing factors and relationship to prognosis.

AIMS: To determine the prevalence and incidence of renal dysfunction (RD) in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), to identify contributory factors and predictors of worsening renal function (WRF), and to explore the relationship between RD and mortality. METHODS AND RESULTS: Prospective data on 1216 patients with CHF were analysed. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was used to determine renal function, and WRF was defined as an increase in serum creatinine of >26.5 micromol/L (>0.3 mg/dL). The prevalence of RD defined as a GFR of <60 mL/min was 57%. During 6 months, WRF occurred in 161 (13.0%) patients. Predictors of WRF were vascular disease, the use of thiazide diuretics, and a baseline urea >9 mmol/L. Two hundred and sixty-three (21.6%) patients died, and baseline RD and WRF both predicted a higher mortality (P<0.001), whereas an improvement in renal function over the first 6 months predicted a lower mortality (hazard ratio 0.8, 95% confidence interval 0.6-1.0). CONCLUSION: In ambulatory patients with CHF, RD is common, commonly deteriorates over a relatively short period of time, is unlikely to recover substantially, and augurs a poor prognosis.     

Cardiac correlates of exercise induced pulmonary hypertension in patients with chronic heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction

BACKGROUND: Patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) may develop pulmonary hypertension at rest and during exercise. The cardiac correlates of pulmonary hypertension have been ascertained in the resting state, but seldom during exercise in these patients. AIMS: We sought to determine the cardiac correlates of exercise induced pulmonary hypertension in patients with LVSD by monitoring the estimated pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) by continuous Doppler echocardiography during semirecumbent bicycle exercise. METHODS: Eighty-five patients (mean age 57 +/- 13 years, 75% male) with CHF due to LVSD (LV ejection fraction [EF] <45%, mean LVEF 26 +/- 8%) were studied. RESULTS: Mitral effective regurgitant orifice area and E-wave were independent predictors of resting PASP. Resting PASP and exercise induced changes in PASP were unrelated (r =-0.08, P = 0.45). Decrease in LV end-systolic volume, increase in left atrial (LA) area, resting LV asynchrony, and decreased tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) were independent predictors of exercise PASP. CONCLUSIONS: Resting LV asynchrony, impaired LV contractile reserve, and increase in LA dilatation correlate with the severity of exercise induced pulmonary hypertension in patients with CHF due to LVSD, while right ventricular systolic dysfunction is inversely related to the severity of exercise induced pulmonary hypertension.     

Physical responses to different modes of interval exercise in patients with chronic heart failure--application to exercise training

METHOD: In exercise training with chronic heart failure patients, workingmuscles should be stressed with high intensity stimuli withoutcausing cardiac overstraining. This is possible using intervalmethod exercise. In this study, three interval exercise modeswith different ratios of work/recovery phases (30/60 s, 15/60s and 10/60 s) and different work rates were compared duringcycle ergometer exercise in heart failure patients. Work ratefor the three interval modes was 50% (30/60 s), 70% (15/60 s)and 80% (10/60 s) of the maximum achieved during a steep ramptest (increments of 25 w/l0s) corresponding to 71, 98 and 111watts on average. Metabolic and cardiac responses to the threeinterval exercises were then examined including catecholaminelevels and perceived exertion. Parameters measured during intervalexercise were compared with an intensity level of 75% peak VO₂,determined during an ordinary ramp exercise test (incrementsof l2·5 W. min^–1). RESULTS: () (1) In all three interval modes, VO₂, ventilation and lactate did not increase significantlyduring the course of exercise. Mean values during the last workphase were between 754 ± 30 and 803 ± 46 ml. min^–1for VO₂, between 26 ± 3 and 28 ± 11. min^–1for ventilation and between 1·24 ±0·14and l·29 ± 0·10 mmol.1^–1 for lactate.(2) In mode 10/60 s, heart rate and systolic blood pressureincreased significantly (82 ± 485 ± 4 beats. min^–1;124 ± 5134 ± 5 mmHg; P<0·05 each), whilein mode 15/60 s catecholamines increased significantly (norepinephrine0·804 ± 0·0891·135 ± 0·094nmol. 1^–1; P<0·008; epinephrine 0·136± 0·012 0 193 ± 0·019 nmol. 1^–1;P<0·005). (3) In all three modes, rating of leg fatigueand dyspnoea increased significantly during exercise but remainedwithin the range of values considered ‘very light to fairlylight’ on the Borg scale. (4) Compared to an intensitylevel of 75% peak VO₂, work rate durrng interval work phaseswas between 143 and 221%, while cardiac stress (rate-pressureproduct) was significantly lower (83–88%). CONCLUSION: All three interval modes resulted in physical response in anacceptable range of values, and thus can be recommended.     

Advances in diastolic heart failure

More than 50% of people living with congestive heart failure have diastolic heart failure (DHF). Most of them are older than 70 years, and female. The prevalence of DHF has increased with time. DHF is caused by left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction (DD) which is induced by diastolic dyssynchrony. Cardiac and extracardiac factors play important roles in the development of heart failure (HF) symptoms. The diagnosis of DHF is generally based on typical symptoms and signs of HF, preserved or normal LV ejection fraction, DD and no valvular abnormalities on examination, using noninvasive and invasive methodologies. The outcomes with pharmacological therapy in patients with DHF are frequently neutral in clinical trials, and prognosis still remains poor with a 5-year mortality of 42.3% after hospitalization for HF. Further trials are necessary.     

Physical training reduces peripheral markers of inflammation in patients with chronic heart failure.

AIMS: Previous studies have shown an abnormal expression of cellular adhesion molecules and cytokines in chronic heart failure, which may be related to endothelial dysfunction characterizing this syndrome. Our study investigates the effects of physical training on serum activity of some peripheral inflammatory markers associated with endothelial dysfunction, such as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) in patients with chronic heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS: Serum levels of GM-CSF, MCP-1, sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 were determined in 12 patients with stable chronic heart failure (ischaemic heart failure: 6/12, dilated cardiomyopathy: 6/12, New York Heart Association: II-III, ejection fraction: 24+/-2%) before and after a 12-week programme of physical training in a randomized crossover design. In addition, the functional status of chronic heart failure patients was evaluated by using a cardiorespiratory exercise stress test to measure peak oxygen consumption. Physical training produced a significant reduction in serum GM-CSF (28+/-2 vs 21+/-2 pg. ml(-1), P<0.001), MCP-1 (192+/-5 vs 174+/-6 pg. ml(-1), P<0.001), sICAM-1 (367+/-31 vs 314+/-29 ng. ml(-1), P<0.01) and sVCAM-1 (1247+/-103 vs 1095+/-100 ng. ml(-1), P<0.01) as well as a significant increase in peak oxygen consumption (14.6+/-0.5 vs 16.5+/-0.5 ml. kg(-1)min(-1), P<0.005). A significant correlation was found between the training-induced improvement in peak oxygen consumption and percentage reduction in soluble adhesion molecules sICAM-1 (r=-0.72, P<0.01) and sVCAM-1 (r=-0.67, P<0.02). CONCLUSION: Physical training affects beneficially peripheral inflammatory markers reflecting monocyte/macrophage-endothelial cell interaction. Training-induced improvement in exercise tolerance is correlated with the attenuation of the inflammatory process, indicating that inflammation may contribute significantly to the impaired exercise capacity seen in chronic heart failure.     

Central adaptations to exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure

In chronic heart failure patients, the increase of peak VO₂ observed after a period of aerobic training is currently attributed more to peripheral (skeletal muscle) than central (heart) adaptations. This paper reviews the current scientific evidence regarding the existence or the absence of significant training-induced adaptations of peak cardiac output and its determinants in patients with chronic heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction. It is concluded that, on the basis of available literature, a training-induced significant increase of peak cardiac output with respect to pre-training values does exist in the chronic heart failure population. Such an effect is due to adaptations of the main cardiac output determinants, that is, heart rate and stroke volume, whose relative contribution to the cardiac output increase will vary in the single patient due to variability in the individual response to the training stimulus. Moreover, these data emphasize both the safety and even the central morpho-functional benefits of aerobic training programs in the chronic heart failure population, setting the stage for an even more widespread use of this non-pharmacologic intervention in the everyday clinical practice. As most studies considered in this review were conducted in the pre-beta-blockers era, the possibility to extend the conclusions of this paper to chronic heart failure patients on beta-blocking therapy remains to be verified.     

分级匹配＋动态阶梯递增运动康复护理在慢性心力衰竭患者中的应用观察

目的观察分级匹配＋动态阶梯递增运动康复护理在慢性心力衰竭患者中的应用效果。 方法选择2017年1—8月于长庆油田职工医院住院的150例慢性心力衰竭患者作为研究对象,按随机数表法分为对照组和观察组,各75例。对照组接受常规运动康复护理,观察组接受分级匹配＋动态阶梯递增运动康复护理干预。比较两组干预后6 min步行试验结果、生活质量评分、心功能康复有效率及6个月内再入院率。 结果观察组患者干预后6 min步行试验结果高于对照组,生活质量评分低于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组患者心功能康复有效率高于对照组,6个月内再入院率低于对照组(P<0.05)。 结论采用分级匹配＋动态阶梯递增运动康复护理对慢性心力衰竭患者施加干预,可获得较好的心功能康复效果,降低再入院率,提升生活质量。