心理应激性失眠患者焦虑抑郁情绪分析

目的：分析心理应激性失眠患者焦虑抑郁情绪特征,为制定有效的治疗方案提供依据。方法：心理应激性失眠患者56例,均采用匹茨堡睡眠质量指数量表、焦虑自评量表与抑郁自评量表评定。结果：56例患者各量表评分均明显高于我国常模（P〈0.05）,其中属于轻或中度焦虑与抑郁分别为54例与50例,焦虑与抑郁情绪严重程度比较差异无显著性意义（96.4%与89.3%）。结论：心理应激性失眠患者存在明显焦虑抑郁情绪。     

知信行护理干预对烧伤科住院患者创伤后应激障碍的影响

目的 分析知信行护理干预对烧伤科住院患者创伤后应激障碍的影响,以指导未来烧伤科住院患者的护理计划制定,减少创伤后应激障碍发生。方法 选取2018年11月～2019年11月我院烧伤科住院患者105例,按照随机数字表法分为研究组52例和对照组53例。对照组给予普通护理干预,研究组给予知信行护理干预3个月,采用创伤后应激障碍(CAPS)量表对比两组患者的创伤后应激障碍的变化,使用焦虑自评量表(SAS)和抑郁自评量表(SDS)比较两组焦虑和抑郁状态。结果 干预3个月后,两组CAPS、SAS、SDS评分均低于干预前,且研究组低于对照组(P0.05)。结论 知信行护理干预可降低烧伤科住院患者创伤后应激障碍,利于改善患者焦虑和抑郁状态,具有一定的应用价值。     

高压氧综合治疗对失眠患者睡眠质量与抑郁、焦虑状态的影响

目的观察高压氧综合治疗对失眠患者睡眠质量与抑郁、焦虑状态的影响。方法将62例失眠患者随机分成2组,对照组采用常规的药物及心理治疗,高压氧综合治疗组在常规治疗的基础上加用高压氧治疗。2组治疗前、后均采用匹茨堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)及Zungs焦虑自评量表(SAS)对其睡眠质量及抑郁、焦虑状态进行评定。结果2组经治疗后,睡眠质量及抑郁、焦虑状态均有明显改善,且高压氧综合治疗组明显优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论高压氧综合治疗在改善失眠患者睡眠质量及抑郁、焦虑状态方面优于常规治疗。     

高血压患者睡眠质量及焦虑抑郁情绪状况调查

目的调查高血压患者的睡眠质量及焦虑抑郁情绪状况,为临床治疗提供依据。方法将100例高血压患者设为研究组,抽取同期体检健康者100名设为对照组,采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数评定两组睡眠质量,采用焦虑自评量表、抑郁自评量表评定研究组焦虑抑郁情绪。结果研究组62例存在睡眠障碍,对照组16名存在睡眠障碍,两组比较差异有极显著性（x2=38．28,P〈0．01）;研究组匹兹堡睡眠质量指数总分及各因子分显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）;研究组有睡眠障碍者焦虑自评量表、抑郁自评量表总分显著高于无睡眠障碍者（P〈0．01）。结论高血压患者睡眠质量较差,常伴有焦虑、抑郁情绪。     

65～80岁老年患者睡眠质量与心理状况的相关性研究

目的 调查老年住院患者心理健康状况和睡眠质量情况,分析二者的相瓦关系.方法 纳入2005年10月-2007年10月在哈尔滨医科大学附属第四医院老年住院患者300例.采用匹兹堡睡眠质量评价老年住院患者的睡眠质量,以匹兹堡睡眠质量指数>8分作为睡眠障碍的标准,将300例患者按匹兹堡睡眠质量指数<5分,5～8分,>8分为3组.分别为70例、84例、146例;采用心理卫生自评量表(90项症状自评量表)评价患者心理状况.测试前向患者说明调查目的及意义,要求患者在1～2 h内独立完成答卷,各组间心理卫生自评量表得分比较采用方差分析,匹兹堡睡眠质量指数和心理卫生自评量表得分的相关性分析采用Spearman等级相关分析.结果 按意向处理分析,300例患者全部进入结果分析.(1)匹兹堡睡眠质量指数>8分的患者症状自评量表中躯体化、强迫、抑郁、焦虑、精神病性5个因子及总均分显著高于5～8分和<5分的患者,且匹兹堡睡眠质量指数得分越高,症状自评量表各因子及总得分越高.(2)症状自评量表躯体化、强迫、抑郁、焦虑、精神病性5个因子及总分与睡眠质昔呈显著正相关,其中其他、躯体化、强迫、3个因子与睡眠质量、入睡时间、睡眠时间、睡眠效率呈现非常显著正相关,郁抑郁、焦虑、和症状自评量表与睡眠效率呈显著正相关.结论 老年住院患者睡眠质量越差.焦虑分和抑郁分就愈高,呈显著正相关,并且促使焦虑,抑郁等多种情绪障碍的发生.说明住院老年人失眠不单单是一个睡眠生理紊乱,同时还有一个心理紊乱过程.     

脊髓损伤截瘫住院患者心理状况调查

目的:调查脊髓损伤截瘫住院患者的心理状况。方法:采用创伤后应激障碍自评量表(PTSD-SS)和症状自评量表(SCL-90)问卷,对脊髓损伤截瘫患者309例进行测评并分析。结果:发出问卷309份,回收有效问卷269份;PTSD-SS测评结果显示,本组患者PTSD症状总均分和3大症状平均分均>2.9分;SCL-90问卷结果显示,本组患者焦虑、抑郁、躯体化、恐惧、精神病性因子分高于中国常模(P<0.05),人际关系分低于中国常模(P<0.05);患者对创伤事件的主观评定、反复性体验、回避反应及PTSD-SS总均分与SCL-90各因子得分呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论:脊髓损伤截瘫患者会出现一定程度的PTSD症状和多种情绪问题。     

脊髓损伤患者焦虑和抑郁倾向调查及护理对策

目的分析脊髓损伤患者的心理特点 ,指导临床心理护理。方法采用焦虑自评量表 (SAS)及抑郁自评量表 (SDS)对86例脊髓损伤住院患者进行评定 ,根据得分高低分别归纳出焦虑和抑郁的主要表现 ,并制定有针对性的心理护理计划。结果与结论 74.4%的患者有焦虑情绪 ,77.9%有抑郁情绪。焦虑的主要表现为夜间睡眠不好、常常要小便、手脚常常湿冷、不容易安静坐着、觉得会发生什么不幸等 ,抑郁的主要表现为性功能障碍、做事情感到困难、不容易下决定、生活无意义、吃饭比平时减少等。脊髓损伤患者普遍存在抑郁及焦虑情绪 ,应有针对性地进行心理康复护理。     

心率变异性生物反馈干预不同类型失眠障碍的比较北大核心CSCD

目的探究心率变异性(HRV)生物反馈训练对不同类型失眠障碍患者的影响。方法 2016年6月至2017年3月,对17例单纯性失眠患者、19例失眠伴焦虑患者及19例失眠伴抑郁患者均进行HRV生物反馈训练及相同的药物治疗(酒石酸唑吡坦,每晚服用10 mg),训练前后采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)、症状自评量表(SCL-90)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)及汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)进行评估并进行HRV数据采集。结果 HRV生物反馈训练后,三类失眠患者PSQI、SCL-90、HAMA、HAMD评分及低频段功率/高频段功率(LF/HF)均降低(t>1.446,P<0.05)。训练后,三组PSQI评分有显著性差异(F=3.537,P=0.038)。失眠伴焦虑、失眠伴抑郁组训练前后PSQI评分差值、LF/HF差值大于单纯性失眠组(P<0.05),失眠伴焦虑与失眠伴抑郁组间差值无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论 HRV生物反馈训练对三种类型失眠患者均有改善作用,其中,对失眠伴焦虑及失眠伴抑郁组患者睡眠质量改善程度优于单纯性失眠患者。     

失眠认知行为疗法在倒班相关睡眠障碍患者中的应用

目的观察失眠认知行为疗法对倒班相关睡眠障碍患者中的应用效果。方法选取2019年3月至2020年8月期间厦门市仙岳医院收治80例倒班相关睡眠障碍患者, 用随机数字表法将患者分为观察组和对照组各40例。对照组实施常规治疗和护理, 观察组在常规护理的基础上实施以失眠认知行为疗法进行干预。于入组时、6 w末使用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)量表和失眠严重程度指数量表(ISI)对睡眠质量进行评价, 用贝克焦虑量表(BAI)和贝克抑郁量表(BDI)对患者的焦虑和抑郁进行评价和观察。结果 6 w后观察组PSQI、ISI、BAI和BDI总分和PSQI中的睡眠质量、睡眠障碍、催眠药物和日间功能障碍四个维度分数均低于对照组, 比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论实施失眠认知行为疗法有利于提高倒班相关睡眠障碍患者的睡眠质量, 减轻其抑郁和焦虑的负性情绪。     

心率变异性生物反馈干预不同类型失眠障碍的比较

目的探究心率变异性(HRV)生物反馈训练对不同类型失眠障碍患者的影响。方法 2016年6月至2017年3月,对17例单纯性失眠患者、19例失眠伴焦虑患者及19例失眠伴抑郁患者均进行HRV生物反馈训练及相同的药物治疗(酒石酸唑吡坦,每晚服用10 mg),训练前后采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)、症状自评量表(SCL-90)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)及汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)进行评估并进行HRV数据采集。结果 HRV生物反馈训练后,三类失眠患者PSQI、SCL-90、HAMA、HAMD评分及低频段功率/高频段功率(LF/HF)均降低(t1.446,P0.05)。训练后,三组PSQI评分有显著性差异(F=3.537,P=0.038)。失眠伴焦虑、失眠伴抑郁组训练前后PSQI评分差值、LF/HF差值大于单纯性失眠组(P0.05),失眠伴焦虑与失眠伴抑郁组间差值无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论 HRV生物反馈训练对三种类型失眠患者均有改善作用,其中,对失眠伴焦虑及失眠伴抑郁组患者睡眠质量改善程度优于单纯性失眠患者。     

Examining the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder and social participation among Veterans with spinal cord injuries and disorders

Abstract

Purpose: The objectives of this study were to examine differences in social participation among Veterans with spinal cord injuries/disorders with and without post-traumatic stress disorder, and determine if lower social participation was independently associated with having post-traumatic stress disorder.

Methods: A cross-sectional mailed national survey was sent to a national sample of Veterans with spinal cord injuries/disorders who received prior-year Veterans Affairs healthcare. Surveys provided data on: demographics, health conditions, injury characteristics, and social participation. Analyses included bivariate comparisons, and multivariate logistic regression to determine if lower social participation was independently associated with post-traumatic stress disorder.

Results: Veterans with (vs. without) post-traumatic stress disorder (n?=?896) reported lower social participation (40.2 vs. 43.9, p?<?0.0001). Multivariate analyses showed that longer duration of injury (OR?=?0.98, 95% CI: 0.97–1.00, p?=?0.04) and white race (OR?=?0.62, 95% CI: 0.38–1.01, p?=?0.05) were associated with lower odds of post-traumatic stress disorder, while a greater number of health conditions (OR?=?1.43, 95% CI: 1.25–1.64, p?<?0.0001) was associated with greater odds. When controlling for covariates, lower social participation was independently associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (OR?=?0.94, 95% CI: 0.90–0.98, p?=?0.003).

Conclusions: Results indicate post-traumatic stress disorder is associated with lower social participation in Veterans with spinal cord injuries/disorders, independent of other factors that may impact participation. Efforts to screen for and treat post-traumatic stress disorder among persons with spinal cord injuries/disorders, regardless of injury-specific factors, are needed to improve participation.

• Implications for Rehabilitation

• Individuals with spinal cord injuries/disorders often have post-traumatic stress disorder; in Veterans with spinal cord injuries/disorders this may be compounded by trauma incurred through military experiences.

• Social participation, an important aspect of rehabilitation and community integration following spinal cord injury or disorder, may be hindered by symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder.

• Our data show that post-traumatic stress disorder is associated with lower social participation in Veterans with spinal cord injuries/disorders, independent of other factors that may impact participation.

• These results indicate that efforts to screen for and treat post-traumatic stress disorder among persons with spinal cord injuries/disorders, regardless of injury-specific factors, are needed to improve participation in this patient population.

     

Do post-traumatic stress symptoms predict reactions of adaptation to disability after a sudden-onset spinal cord injury?

Based on the perspective that post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) reflects a reaction of adaptation to trauma, the goal of this research was to examine the ability of PTSD symptom clusters (re-experiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal) to predict eight reactions of adaptation to disability (shock, anxiety, denial, depression, internalized anger, externalized hostility, acknowledgment, and adjustment) among individuals with non-congenital spinal cord injuries. Individuals (all of whom attended either a specialized civilian or a veteran spinal cord injury clinic in Texas) completed two self-report questionnaires--the Reactions to Impairment and Disability Inventory (RIDI) and the Purdue Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale Revised (PPTSD-R). According to the statistical fit indices, five of the fit indices suggested that the revised model was a good fit to the data, whereas one fit index and the chi/df ratio indicated that the revised model fit the data poorly. The model provided information on the ability of PTSD clusters to predict reactions of adaptation, which suggested a specific pattern of vacillation of post-traumatic responses during the process of adaptation. These findings need replication before proposing interventions for post-traumatic stress responses after the onset of a spinal cord injury.     

Predictors of psychosocial adaptation among people with spinal cord injury or disorder

OBJECTIVE: To examine the influence of disability-related medical and psychologic variables on psychosocial adaptation to spinal cord injury or disorder (SCI/D). DESIGN: A structural equation modeling design linking 3 sets of predictive variables to an outcome measure of adaptation. SETTING: Two outpatient SCI clinics (1 veteran, 1 civilian) in Texas. PARTICIPANTS: Veterans (n=181) and civilians (n=132) with SCI/D. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The adaptation outcome was measured by 2 subscales (acknowledgment, adjustment) of the Reactions to Impairment and Disability Inventory (RIDI) and by the Quality of Life Scale. The predictive variables were measured by a demographic questionnaire, 3 subscales (intrusion, re-experiencing, hyperarousal) of the Purdue Posttraumatic Stress Disorder-Revised scale, the McMordie-Templer Death Anxiety Scale, and 3 subscales (anxiety, depression, denial) of the RIDI. RESULTS: Goodness-of-fit indices suggested that a revised model of adaptation was a moderately good fit to the data. The revised model of adaptation indicated that there were medium total effects (direct plus indirect) on psychosocial adaptation by 2 latent variables (disability severity and impact, negative affectivity) and small total effects on psychosocial adaptation by disengagement coping. The latent factor of disengagement coping had the strongest direct effect on adaptation (although not statistically significant). Disability severity and impact had medium indirect effects and negative affectivity had small indirect effects on psychosocial adaptation. All of the aforementioned effects had a negative coefficient. CONCLUSIONS: Negative emotional responses (eg, depression, anxiety) to SCI/D, disengagement-type coping (eg, disability denial, avoidance), and the severity and impact of disability were related to lower levels of adaptation to SCI/D.     

Traumatic brain injury is under-diagnosed in patients with spinal cord injury.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the occurrence and severity of traumatic brain injury in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study with prospective neurological, neuropsychological and neuroradiological examinations and retrospective medical record review. PATIENTS: Thirty-one consecutive, traumatic spinal cord injury patients on their first post-acute rehabilitation period in a national rehabilitation centre. METHODS: The American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine diagnostic criteria for mild traumatic brain injury were applied. Assessments were performed with neurological and neuropsychological examinations and magnetic resonance imaging 1.5T. RESULTS: Twenty-three of the 31 patients with spinal cord injury (74%) met the diagnostic criteria for traumatic brain injury. Nineteen patients had sustained a loss of consciousness or post-traumatic amnesia. Four patients had a focal neurological finding and 21 had neuropsychological findings apparently due to traumatic brain injury. Trauma-related magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities were detected in 10 patients. Traumatic brain injury was classified as moderate or severe in 17 patients and mild in 6 patients. CONCLUSION: The results suggest a high frequency of traumatic brain injury in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury, and stress a special diagnostic issue to be considered in this patient group.     

门诊失眠患者焦虑、抑郁情况及影响因素分析

目的分析门诊患者失眠、焦虑及抑郁的影响因素。方法采用一般资料及阿森斯失眠量表、焦虑与抑郁自评量表的调查问卷,对257例失眠患者进行调查分析。结果失眠平均得分(13.63±4.03)分,失眠得分18分以下者占86.0%。失眠合并焦虑或抑郁者分别占37.7%和34.6%。失眠合并抑郁及焦虑者占24.9%,失眠与焦虑、抑郁呈正相关(P<0.01)。受教育程度为失眠的影响因素,体质量指数、生活习惯为焦虑的影响因素,体质量指数为抑郁的影响因素。结论失眠与焦虑、抑郁相互影响,受教育程度低者失眠得分较高,低体质量指数为焦虑、抑郁的影响因素,不规律的生活习惯是焦虑的影响因素。     

Post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety and quality of life in patients with traffic-related injuries

AIMS: This paper reports a study to investigate and follow-up relationships between post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression and quality of life in patients after traffic-related injuries. BACKGROUND: Worldwide, traffic accidents kill 1.2 million people and injure 50 million people per year. Accidental injuries are fourth in the top five causes of death in Taiwan. For survivors, traffic accidents not only cause physical impairments, but also psychological trauma, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and anxiety, all of which affect the quality of life. METHODS: An exploratory, correlational design was used, and participants were recruited consecutively. Data were collected at 1 and 6 weeks post-injury for 64 patients from two major medical centres in Taiwan. Instruments were the New Injury Severity Scale, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index, Beck Depression Inventory, State Anxiety Inventory and Medical Outcomes Study Questionnaire. The data were collected in 2002. RESULTS: Statistically significant improvements occurred in depression, anxiety and the quality of life between week 1 and week 6 (P<0.05); high levels of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms at week 1 (87.5%) and at week 6 (82.8%) showed no statistically significant improvement. There was a positive correlation between post-traumatic stress disorder and depression (r=0.70, P<0.001) and between post-traumatic stress disorder and anxiety (r=0.57, P<0.001), and a negative correlation between post-traumatic stress disorder and quality of life (r=-0.47, P<0.001). Depression was the most important variable to predict post-traumatic stress disorder at week 6, with depression levels at week 6 being a more powerful predictor than those at week 1. Regression analysis revealed that depression (19%) at week 1, depression at week 6 (45%), anxiety (3.8%) at week 6 and post-traumatic stress disorder (5.8%) explained a statistically significant amount of the variance at week 6. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that traffic accidents have an impact on people's psychosocial wellbeing. Healthcare professionals need to implement interventions to decrease post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and anxiety to increase the quality of life for patients following traffic injuries.     

The moderation of resilience on the negative effect of pain on depression and post-traumatic growth in individuals with spinal cord injury

Abstract

Purpose: To determine the moderating effect of resilience on the negative effects of chronic pain on depression and post-traumatic growth. Method: Community-dwelling individuals with SCI (n?=?37) were recruited at short-term admission for yearly regular health examination. Participants completed self-rating standardized questionnaires measuring pain, resilience, depression and post-traumatic growth. Hierarchical linear regression analysis was performed to identify the moderating effect of resilience on the relationships of pain with depression and post-traumatic growth after controlling for relevant covariates. Results: In the regression model of depression, the effect of pain severity on depression was decreased (β was changed from 0.47 to 0.33) after entering resilience into the model. In the final model, both pain and resilience were significant independent predictors for depression (β?=?0.33, p?=?0.038 and β?=??0.47, p?=?0.012, respectively). In the regression model of post-traumatic growth, the effect of pain severity became insignificant after entering resilience into the model. In the final model, resilience was a significant predictor (β?=?0.51, p?=?0.016). Conclusions: Resilience potentially mitigated the negative effects of pain. Moreover, it independently contributed to reduced depression and greater post-traumatic growth. Our findings suggest that resilience might provide a potential target for intervention in SCI individuals.

• Implications for Rehabilitation

• The majority of individuals with spinal cord injury suffer from pain that is usually refractory to treatment.

• In a study among community-dwelling individuals with spinal cord injury, resilience mitigated the negative effects of pain on depression and post-traumatic growth.

• Resilience might be suggested to provide a potential target for intervention in individuals with spinal cord injury.

     

ICU日记对患者及家属心理健康干预效果的Meta分析

目的 评价ICU日记对ICU患者和家属心理健康状况的干预效果。 方法 计算机检索从建库至2019年9月PubMed、Embase、Web of Science、Cochrane Library、中国生物医学文献数据库、中国知网、万方数据库和维普中文期刊数据库中有关ICU日记在ICU患者或家属中应用效果的随机对照研究,使用RevMan 5.3统计软件进行Meta分析。 结果 纳入8项研究进行Meta分析,结果显示,ICU日记对降低患者创伤后应激障碍[RR=0.65（95%CI为0.51~0.82）,P<0.001]及抑郁发生率[RR=0.65（95%CI为0.45~0.92）,P=0.02]有明显作用,对降低患者焦虑发生率[RR=0.69（95%CI为0.31~1.52）,P=0.36]以及患者家属的创伤后应激障碍发生率[RR=0.76（95%CI为0.33~1.74）,P=0.51]无明显作用。描述性分析显示,ICU日记对降低患者家属的焦虑和抑郁发生率也无显著作用。 结论 ICU日记可降低ICU患者创伤后应激障碍和抑郁发生率,但对降低ICU患者焦虑及家属的创伤后应激障碍、焦虑和抑郁的作用不显著。由于纳入研究的方法限制、研究数量较少,未来尚需开展更多高质量、大样本的原始研究,以进一步评价其应用效果。     

The spectrum of anxiety disorders in family practice

The spectrum ranges from fearful concerns about illness to clinical anxiety disorders, such as phobias, panic attacks, generalized anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder and adjustment disorder. Anxiety and fear are often associated with hospitalization, heart disease, insomnia, and somatopsychic syndromes. Determining the cause of the anxiety may help the physician plan the treatment approach. In selected cases, benzodiazepines are useful adjuncts to therapy.     

脊髓损伤致瘫痪患者焦虑抑郁状况的调查与应对措施

目的 调查脊髓损伤致瘫痪患者存在焦虑抑郁症状的状况,探讨原因及应对措施.方法 应用Zung焦虑自评量表(SAS)和抑郁自评量表(SDS),对60例脊髓损伤致瘫痪患者进行调查,发放问卷调查表,结果与国内常模进行比较.结果 60例脊髓损伤致瘫痪患者的SAS、SDS评分与国内常模比较,有显著差异,其中54例占90.00%患者有焦虑心理,57例占95.00%有抑郁心理,说明焦虑和抑郁症状在脊髓损伤致瘫痪患者中发病率很高.导致焦虑、抑郁的主要原因是疾病带来的痛苦、影响工作、学习和医疗费用等.结论 脊髓损伤致瘫痪患者存在心理问题,应针对性地进行健康教育及心理护理,以促进患者的康复.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the status of the anxiety and depression in the patients with paralysis after spinal cord injury, and the measures to cope with it. Methods Sixty cases of patients with paralysis after spinal cord injury were evaluated with Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and SelfRating Depression Scale (SDS), the results were compared with those of the domestic norm of healthy individuals. Results The scores of patients with paralysis after spinal cord injury were higher than that of domestic norm of healthy individuals. 54 cases had anxious symptom (90.00%), and 37 had depression.The causes led to anxiety and depression mainly came from the suffering of the disease, the influence of the work as well as the study and the cost of the treatment. Conclusions The patients with paralysis after spinal cord injury had mental problems, they need to be interfered with by healthy education and mental nursing in order to promote rehabilitation.