人工气道内痰液与声门下滞留物黏稠度比较的研究

目的：比较人工气道内痰液与声门下滞留物的黏稠度,为临床声门下吸引压力的选择提供客观依据。方法分别收集ICU气管切开患者的气道内痰液和声门下滞留物样品各60份,其中Ⅰ°、Ⅱ°、Ⅲ°痰液各20份,水样、黏稠样、凝胶样声门下滞留物各20份。测定各样品中Ca2+含量及pH值并进行分泌物流变学实验。结果Ⅰ°、Ⅱ°、Ⅲ°痰液分别与水样、黏稠样、凝胶样声门下滞留物比较,不同痰液分度的Ca2+含量均高于不同分度的声门下滞留物,不同痰液分度的pH值均低于不同分度的声门下滞留物,不同痰液分度滑动时间均长于不同分度的声门下滞留物,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.01）。结论声门下滞留物水样、黏稠样、凝胶样黏稠度均低于人工气道内Ⅰ°、Ⅱ°、Ⅲ°痰液的黏稠度,临床上应选择更合适的声门下滞留物分度方法,并选择更适宜的吸引负压,进行有效吸引,提高声门下分泌物的吸引效度。     

神经外科ICU患者胃内容物反流误吸的影响因素分析

目的了解神经外科ICU患者胃内容物反流及误吸的发生率,分析发生误吸的高危因素,为临床及时给予有效护理干预措施,预防误吸发生,减轻误吸并发症提供依据。方法选取某三级甲等医院神经外科ICU机械通气患者进行病情观察,收集年龄、性别、体位、意识状态、胃潴留量、鼻饲管口径、人工气道气囊压力等数据,采集咽喉部分泌物及气管分泌物,进行胃蛋白酶检测。结果观察235例次患者,胃内容物反流的发生率为48.1%,误吸发生率为38.3%。经单因素分析得出不同胃管直径型号、气管插管/气管切型号、鼻饲液泵入速度、胃潴留量、Glasgow评分、气囊压力及是否使用镇静剂患者误吸发生率差异有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01)。进一步采用Logistic回归分析,患者误吸的影响因素为Glasgow评分、鼻饲液泵入速度、胃潴留量和气囊压力。结论根据胃内容物反流误吸的发生原因,随时观察患者的病情变化,特别注意患者的意识状态和胃潴留量,检测气管插管或气管切开的气囊压力,采取合理的鼻饲液泵入速度,以降低胃内容物反流误吸率。     

雷尼替丁加西沙必利与雷尼替丁治疗胃食管反流性疾病的疗效研究

将49例有胃食道反流症状、食道pH监测有病理性胃食道反流的患者随机分成两组(其中25例有内镜下食道炎)。一组用雷尼替丁(300mg,2次/d)加西沙必利(5mg,3次/d)(n=25);另一组单用雷尼替丁(300mg,2次/d)(n=24)治疗,疗程4周。结果显示:胃食道反流症状的好转率分别为88.00％、58.33％(P<0.05);食道pH值有效率分别为92.00％、54.17％(P<0.05);内镜下食道炎的愈合率分别为84.62％、50.00％(P>0.05)。以上结果表明:抑制胃酸分泌的药物与促动力剂合用是控制胃食道反流性疾病的最佳方法之一。     

通过超声测量胃横截面大小评估全身麻醉诱导期反流误吸发生率的临床意义

目的探究超声评估全身麻醉诱导期胃内容物反流误吸的临床意义。方法选取2016年4月～2018年1月在我院行颅脑创伤(TBI)手术治疗的患者50例,术前均经超声测量胃窦横截面(CSA)。依据CSA分为A组(CSA340mm~2)和B组(CSA340mm~2)各25例。两组患者均采用常规慢诱导方法。对比两组麻醉诱导后反流误吸发生率以及术后24h反流误吸发生率。结果 A组麻醉诱导后反流误吸发生率和术后24h反流误吸发生率为24.00%、32.00%,B组麻醉诱导后反流误吸发生率和术后24h反流误吸发生率为4.00%、8.00%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论判定安全麻醉诱导期患者是否出现胃内容物反流误吸可依据CSA340mm~2,超声检查能反应胃内容物性质,胃窦是最佳测量部位。     

择期手术患者术前长时间禁食应该被废止

<正>1患者术前为什么需要禁食?术前禁食主要是为了避免在麻醉时发生肺误吸胃内容物的危险。在麻醉诱导阶段,患者的保护性咳嗽及吞咽反射都被抑制,而胃内容物的pH值是2～3,因此,术前胃越空虚越好。如果肺内吸入酸性的胃内容物,必将引起气管内的刺激及炎性反应,从而影响肺的气体交换,这将产生严重的危害。麻醉时发生吸入性肺炎的几率约为(1～6)/万。有研究显示当胃液量大于25 mL、pH值小于2.5时,患者在麻醉时就可能发生食道返流而发生误吸的危险。因此,有人在术前应就使用H2受体抑制剂来降低胃酸pH值。     

术前禁食的现状及进展

择期手术前应常规排空胃,以免围手术期发生胃内容物的反流和呕吐.不论是呕吐或反流,如果病人咽喉反射消失或迟钝,胃内容物即可进入气道导致误吸.1946年Mendelson[1]提出,误吸pH＜2.5、容量＞0.4ml/kg的胃内物,就足以诱发致命的Mendelson综合征,即误吸综合征.     

钢丝螺纹气管导管食道封堵导流在饱胃患者麻醉中应用27例分析

饱胃患者急诊手术麻醉时，如何防止反流误吸以保证呼吸道畅通一直是一个难以解决的问题。作者对患者在镇静下以钢丝螺纹气管导管封闭食道并导流反流物，然后实施麻醉，取得了较好的效果。现报告如下。     

ICU机械通气患者误吸评估方法及风险因素评估的研究进展

<正>误吸指进食(或非进食)时,有数量不一的食物、口腔内分泌物或胃食管反流物等进入到声门以下的气道[1]。ICU患者存在误吸或误吸风险,气管插管或气管切开抑制了患者咽部运动,使喉部的保护性反射消失;气管导管气囊压迫食管上段括约肌影响吞咽功能,从而对反流物的清除能力     

胃食道返流与肺部疾病的关系

胃食道返流(Gastroesophagel reflux,GER)是指胃内容物穿过食道下端括约肌进入食管,包括食管贲门失弛缓症,贲门痉挛,巨大食管及食管裂孔疝等引起的返流.近年来多数学者认为,由于消化,呼吸两系统同源于内胚层,食道反应和支气管反应性相互影响GER与多种肺疾患有密切相关,并认为胃液误吸肺这这些疾患的病囚.随着监测食道pH值技术的进步,对GER的诊断,治疗相继做了深入研究,兹将有关资料简介如下.     

麻醉期呕吐及胃内容物反流误吸4例分析

麻醉期呕吐、胃内容物反流误吸是麻醉工作中遇到的较为严重的并发症,是术后严重肺部并发症甚至死亡的重要原因之一.我院自2006年至今麻醉期呕吐、胃内容物反流误吸4例,其中严重误吸1例,造成严重后果.现总结讨论如下.1 临床资料1.1 一般资料对我院自2006年至今发生的4例麻醉期呕吐、反流误吸患者进行回顾性分析.其中男性3例(1例为高血压脑出血患者,1例为肠梗阻患儿,1例为醉酒饱胃患者),女性1例(急诊剖宫产),年龄5～65(平均33.7)岁.4例均表现为麻醉过程中出现呕吐、胃内容物反流,发生误吸.     

Single-dose intravenous H2 blocker prophylaxis against aspiration pneumonitis: assessment of drug concentration in gastric aspirate

This placebo-controlled trial compared the effects of preoperative, intravenous cimetidine (300 mg) or ranitidine (50 mg) on gastric pH and gastric volume in 31 adult patients requiring general anesthesia. The elapsed time from drug administration to initial gastric sampling did not differ significantly between ranitidine (45 minutes), cimetidine (48 minutes), or placebo (52 minutes) treated patients. Ranitidine, but not cimetidine, significantly (P = 0.02) increased gastric pH when compared with placebo. Gastric pH correlated (r = 0.7, P = 0.01) with cimetidine concentration in gastric fluid at induction. Gastric pH was directly proportional to ranitidine concentration in gastric fluid at induction, but the correlation was weak (r = 0.54, P = 0.1). The H2 blockers did not significantly alter gastric volume when compared with placebo. The number of patients with gastric pH less than = 2.5 and gastric volume = greater than 25 ml did not differ significantly between cimetidine (8%), ranitidine (10%), and placebo (22%). No clinical evidence of aspiration pneumonitis was found in our study patients.     

Investigation and outcome of 121 infants and children requiring Nissen fundoplication for the management of gastroesophageal reflux

In a 6.5 year period starting January 1982, 121 patients (74 male, 47 female; 1.6:1) with complicated gastroesophageal reflux referred to Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, required a Nissen fundoplication at a mean age of 35.5 months (range 3 weeks to 18 years). The median age of onset of symptoms was less than 1 month. Symptoms and indications for surgery included regurgitation (88%), failure to thrive (52%), reflux-associated pulmonary symptoms and aspiration (48%), biopsy evidence of esophagitis (35%) with heartburn (17%), dysphagia (18%), hematemesis (17%), anemia (13%), and hypoproteinemia (22%). Sixty-four percent of the patients had a syndrome or chromosomal abnormality, respiratory disease, or neuromuscular disorder. The barium contrast upper-gastrointestinal radiographic series, performed in all patients, identified structural [gastric outlet obstruction (2%), esophageal stricture (11%), erosive esophagitis (9%)], and functional abnormalities [gastroesophageal reflux (90%), barium aspiration (8%), esophageal hypoperistalsis (30%), delayed gastric emptying (4%)]. Barium contrast upper gastrointestinal radiographic series identified gastroesophageal reflux with a sensitivity of 90% (compared to history), was 50% sensitive and 92% specific for erosive esophagitis (compared to biopsy), was 59% sensitive and 74% specific for esophageal dysmotility (compared to esophageal manometry), and there was a significant (p less than 0.01) association between barium aspiration and prior evidence of aspiration pneumonitis. Esophageal manometry demonstrated a significantly (p less than 0.001) lower esophageal sphincter pressure in patients compared with controls, but no significant correlation with failure to thrive, aspiration pneumonia, biopsy evidence of esophagitis, or parameters of the 24-hour esophageal pH study. Twenty-four hour pH monitoring showed significantly (p less than 0.05) more reflux episodes than in asymptomatic controls and there was significant (p less than 0.05) correlation between the percentage of time pH was less than 4 and the presence of hypoalbuminemia, and biopsy-proven erosive esophagitis or Barrett's esophagus. Endoscopic appearance was 91% sensitive and 60% specific for esophagitis when compared to biopsy. Nissen fundoplication was completely effective at resolving gastroesophageal reflux in 83%, and associated with marked improvement in 15%. No patient died as a result of fundoplication. Major complications included: recurrence of symptoms requiring reoperation (2%), subsequent mechanical bowel obstruction (8%), wound infection or pneumonia (12%).     

Correlation of color Doppler sonographic findings with pH measurements in gastroesophageal reflux in children

PURPOSE: We conducted a prospective study of color Doppler sonography in children with suspected gastroesophageal reflux (GER). The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of color Doppler sonography with that of continuous 24-hour pH monitoring of the esophagus in diagnosing GER and to determine how to interpret the reflux episodes detected on color Doppler sonography in children at high risk for reflux. METHODS: Color Doppler sonography and 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring were performed in 54 children ranging in age from 2 months to 10 years (mean, 3 years). The stomach of each patient was filled for adequate gastric distention just before the color Doppler sonographic examination. We counted the number of reflux episodes over a period of 15 minutes. One day after the sonographic examination, the reflux was evaluated with esophageal pH monitoring, and the resultant reflux index (ReI) was obtained. The ReI was considered to be pathologic when it was equal to or greater than 11.99%. The number of refluxes on color Doppler sonography and the ReI were correlated for each patient. RESULTS: The 2 tests showed an 81.5% agreement in the detection of GER. When pH monitoring was taken as the reference test, color Doppler sonography had a high sensitivity (95.5%) for diagnosing GER but a very low specificity (11.0%), with a positive predictive value of 84.3% and a negative predictive value of 33.3%. There was no statistically significant correlation between the frequencies of GER detected on color Doppler sonography and the ReIs on pH monitoring (p = 0.1103). There was no correlation between the reflux grades on sonography and the ReI grades on pH monitoring (p = 0.422). CONCLUSIONS: Color Doppler sonography is highly sensitive and easier to use than pH monitoring. Although there are no definite criteria for evaluating the severity of GER on color Doppler imaging, this modality may be useful in screening children for GER.     

创伤性昏迷鼻饲患者口咽反流与误吸关系的研究

目的 探讨创伤性昏迷患者口咽反流与误吸的关系。方法 对27例创伤性昏迷患者鼻饲含放射性锝的匀浆液,测定鼻饲后1、2、3、4及5h口咽与支气管分泌物内的放射性计数。结果 患者气管分泌物的放射性计数随着口咽分泌物放射性计数的升高而升高,两者属中度相关,相关系数为0．406（P=0．000）。结论 减少创伤性昏迷患者口咽反流的措施可减少误吸的发生。     

不同负压持续声门下吸引家兔实验对护理实践的启示

目的 通过动物实验探讨不同负压持续声门下吸引对实验家兔的影响,旨在寻找安全有效的持续声门下吸引方式。 方法 采用自身对照法,选取临床上持续声门下吸引常用的负压,将入选的40只健康家兔按随机数字表法分成A、B两组,即A组：40~60 mmHg（1 mmHg=0.133 kPa）、B组：60~80 mmHg,两组分别间歇4 h声门下冲洗1次。观察并记录两组实验家兔机械通气1周内痰液量、声门下至气囊上滞留物引流量;机械通气第4天和实验结束时,记录两组出现肉眼可见血性液体和潜血实验阳性例数。同步显微镜下观察两组试验家兔气管黏膜组织的形态学改变。 结果 两组试验家兔痰液量、声门下至气囊上滞留物引流量和滞留物出现肉眼可见血性液体情况相比,差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）;滞留物潜血实验阳性情况：机械通气第4天和第7天,B组例数明显多于A组,P均<0.05。电镜下气管黏膜损伤情况：机械通气第4天和第7天,A组气管黏膜损伤为I度,B组气管黏膜损伤为IV度。 结论 在保持安全有效吸引的前提下,恒定40~ 60 mmHg负压持续声门下吸引,间歇4 h声门下冲洗1次,不仅可以保证吸引效果,而且可以减轻对气管黏膜的损伤。     

脑卒中患者胃管留置长度的循证护理

目的：初步探讨脑卒中患者胃管留置长度的循证护理,以期积累临床经验并指导临床实践工作。方法收集234例需鼻饲行留置胃管的脑卒中患者,按所在病区分为对照组（ n＝110）和观察组（ n＝124）,观察组根据循证步骤选取最佳的证据,最终胃管留置长度为患者眉心至脐的体表距离（55～65 cm）,而对照组按传统方法胃管留置长度为患者前额发际至剑突的体表距离（45～55 cm）,比较两组患者留置鼻饲胃管期间反流、呛咳或误吸的发生率。结果留置期间观察组发生反流、呛咳、误吸的百分率为2．42％,3．22％,0．80％,均明显低于对照组的14．54％,17．27％,9．09％,差异有统计学意义（χ^2值分别为9．942,5．188,5．360;P＜0．05）。结论采取循证护理的方法制定科学、个性化的胃管留置长度,可有效改善脑卒中患者的护理疗效,值得在临床实践工作中大力推荐。     

神经外科ICU病人胃液pH值、胃蛋白酶、定植菌与呼吸道感染的关系研究

[目的]了解神经外科 ICU病人胃液pH值、胃蛋白酶含量及胃内细菌定植与呼吸道感染的关系,为临床给予及时的有效护理干预措施提供依据。[方法]选取北京市某三级甲等医院神经外科 ICU病人进行连续3 d的病情观察,并采集胃液进行 pH值、胃蛋白酶含量检测及细菌培养,采集气管分泌物进行细菌培养。[结果]纳入47例病人,共收集235例次,胃液pH值为2.5~8.0（5.54±1.02）;胃液 pH 值随 ICU入住时间逐渐增加,酸度逐渐下降;胃液中胃蛋白酶含量为3.766 ng/mL~84.482 ng/mL,与胃液pH值呈负相关（r=-0.939,P〈0.001）;76.6%病人胃液中含有定植菌,85.1%病人痰液中含有定植菌,病人胃液中细菌定植菌落与呼吸道细菌菌落呈现一致的比例为57.4%。[结论]对ICU重症病人进行胃液pH值监测,可动态观察病人的病情变化,及时合理地调节胃液的酸碱度,将胃液pH值控制在适当的范围,对于病人的治疗和预后具有重要意义。     

Videoendoscopy and histopathology of the esophagogastric junction in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: During endoscopy the stomach is considered to rise at the level of the 'gastric' folds; however, anatomical studies have demonstrated that the proximal gastric folds may in fact be esophageal. This prospective study was designed to assess the histopathology of endoscopically visible proximal gastric folds in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. METHODS: 35 consecutive patients (20 males) with gastroesophageal reflux disease underwent video endoscopy, including biopsy sampling from the endoscopically visible esophagogastric junction (0 cm, 0.5 cm and 1.0 cm distal to the rise of gastric folds and 0.5 cm and 1.0 cm proximal to it). Endoscopy was digitally recorded and reviewed for assignment of biopsy level. Columnar-lined esophagus and esophagitis were cataloged according to the Paull-Chandrasoma histopathologic classification and the Los Angeles endoscopic classification. RESULTS: Endoscopy: Normal endoscopic esophagogastric junction was seen in 11 (31%) patients and visible columnar-lined esophagus < or = 0.5 cm in 24 (69%). Histology: Columnar-lined esophagus extended 1.0 cm in 22.8% of patients and 0.5 cm in 51.4%, distal to the rise of the gastric folds. In all patients columnar-lined esophagus was interposed between squamous epithelium and gastric oxyntic mucosa. Thus, so-called gastric folds contained mucosa of esophageal origin in all patients. Intestinal metaplasia (Barrett esophagus) was detected in eight (22.9%) patients. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopy cannot exclude histopathologic columnar-lined esophagus within gastric rugae. Thus, visible 'gastric' folds should not be used for definition of the esophagogastric junction but as a reference landmark for biopsy sampling during endoscopy.     

Duodenogastric reflux in patients with gastric ulcer disease

We studied reflux of duodenal contents into the stomach in patients with gastric ulcers, patients with duodenal ulcers, and normal subjects. Duodenogastric reflux was assessed in the fasting state and after cholecystokinin octapeptide administration (0.02 micrograms/kg intravenously). Slight reflux was observed in the fasting state in all three groups. However, after cholecystokinin octapeptide administration, reflux was significantly greater in gastric ulcer patients than in control patients for pancreatic phospholipase A2 (p less than 0.01) and lysophosphatidylcholine (p less than 0.001). Also in gastric ulcer patients, the gastric contents were significantly more alkaline (pH 5.26 +/- 0.58, p less than 0.001) during duodenogastric reflux than in normal subjects (pH 3.65 +/- 0.50) or duodenal ulcer patients (pH 2.67 +/- 0.63). Our results suggest that reflux of both pancreatic and biliary secretions might contribute to the gastric mucosal injury in gastric ulcer patients and we postulate that pancreatic phospholipase A2 might have a greater role in this process than has been previously acknowledged.