手指关节损伤的MRI检查

目的了解MRI检查对手指关节损伤的诊断作用。方法对外伤后致手指损伤的18例24个近侧指间关节或掌指关节进行X线片和MRI检查;其中对6例8个指间关节损伤进行了手术治疗,对12例16个指间关节行石膏固定。结果X线片显示24个损伤关节中发现4例(4个)指关节有损伤并伴有指骨骨折;MRI显示24个指关节均有不同程度的损伤,其中侧副韧带损伤12个关节,侧副韧带损伤伴指骨骨折4个关节,侧副韧带损伤伴掌板撕裂伤8个关节。治疗后3个月,所有病例均获得随访。手功能按TAM评定标准评定疗效:优20个,良4个,优良率达100%。结论MRI检查对手指关节损伤的阳性诊断率很高,检测方便,为临床治疗提供了可靠的依据。     

Reconstruction of phalangeal articulations of the hand with vascularised phalangeal articulations of foot

SUMMARY: Since arthroplasty, prosthetic replacement and non-vascularised articulation autografting do not normally produce very satisfactory results for ankylosis of metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints, the authors performed reconstruction of phalangeal articulations of the hand using vascularised phalangeal articulations of the foot in 11 patients with ankylosis of the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints of hand due by trauma. Procedures included reconstruction of 9 hand metacarpophalangeal joints with vascularised grafting of pedal metatarsophalangeal joints in six patients, reconstruction of the hand metacarpophalangeal joints with grafting of vascularised proximal interphalangeal joints of foot in two patients and reconstruction of the hand proximal interphalangeal joints with grafting of vascularised proximal interphalangeal joints of foot in three patients. Early functional exercise was encouraged in all cases post-operatively. Follow-up ranged from 3 to 10 years and revealed that 9 cases had normal appearance and length of recipient area, 1 had slightly clumsy dorsal skin in the hand and 1 had slight dorsal angulation of a metacarpal bone. Recovery of joint range of motion was satisfactory. Radiographic, gross and sensation examinations also showed good operative outcomes. The authors believe that vascularised pedal metatarsophalangeal joints, with a rich blood supply, can be grafted to effectively reconstruct the finger joints with good function. A low rate of degeneration results because pedal and hand metatarsophalangeal joints are similar in anatomy and physiological function.     

创伤性胸锁关节损伤的诊断及治疗方法的选择（附69例报道）

目的：通过对创伤性胸锁关节损伤解剖结构的改变、致伤机理,诊断及不同治疗方法的研究。而寻求一种简便、有效的治疗方法,方法：69例71个创伤性胸锁关节,其中半脱位14个,新鲜脱位36个,陈旧性脱位13个,骨骺骨折8个,应用非手术治疗和手术治疗。随访6-18个月。结果：非手术治疗48个关节。47个关节功能正常,不伴疼痛等不适;手术治疗23个关节。17个关节功能正常,6个关节功能受限伴或不伴疼痛等不适。结论：非手术治疗是创伤性胸锁关节损伤首选治疗方法。且新鲜损伤优于陈旧性损伤,因此对创伤性胸锁关节损伤要求尽早诊断及治疗,以提高治疗效果。     

Functional consequences of crossing of articular ligaments]

The movements occurring at joints with fully congruent articular surfaces, such as ball-and-socket joints and hinge joints, can be roughly infered from the geometrical forms of their articular surfaces. In these cases pure sliding occurs between the moving surfaces. But this is no longer true for incongruent joints, and in such joints the ligaments play an important role in determining the frequently complex nature of the movements these joints produce : with combinations of sliding and rolling between their moving surfaces. Finally, the instantaneous velocity of these moving surfaces is also strongly influenced by the arrangement of the ligaments.     

异体关节移植治疗创伤性关节毁损的临床效果

目的观察运用新鲜及冷冻异体关节移植修复关节毁损的效果。方法1977年3月～1993年9月,对13例16个关节创伤性毁损患者进行异体关节移植修复手术。男9例,女4例;年龄17～55岁。其中掌指关节5例5个关节,指间关节6例9个关节,共11例14个关节;肘关节2例,共2个关节。指间关节及掌指关节均为机器挤压伤,2例肘关节为车祸伤,所有患者均为创伤致关节毁损。临床随机分为两组,A组7例8个关节于关节畸形愈合后行新鲜异体关节移植,B组6例8个关节伤后即时行冷冻处理后异体关节移植。于伤后即时至6个月行异体关节移植术。术后对移植关节的活动度、X线片表现及术后8周行免疫学检测。结果A组骨性愈合时间为5～8个月,B组骨性愈合时间为4～6个月。A组术后2年,掌指关节屈曲度为30～40°,指间关节屈曲度为20～30°;术后6～7年,屈曲度仅有10～20°;新鲜肘关节移植1例术后屈肘60°,伸肘0°,前臂旋前30°,旋后30°。B组术后2年,掌指关节屈曲度为60～70°,指间关节屈曲度为40～50°;术后6～7年,屈曲度仍有40～50°;冷冻异体肘关节移植1例术后屈肘90°,伸肘0°,前臂旋前45°,旋后45°。B组关节活动度、X线片表现明显优于A组。两组免疫学比较:A组IL-2为21.64±3.99,CD4/CD8为3.88±0.82。B组IL-2为16.63±3.11,CD4/CD8为2.53±0.23。A组与B组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论以恢复关节的外形、运动及综合性活动而言,冷冻异体骨修复骨关节缺损为一种较好的方法。     

The influence of age and exercise on the mobility of hand joints: 2: Interphalangeal joints of the three phalangeal fingers

This report is a continuation of the study about mobility of the metacarpophalangeal (MP) joints of the three-phalangeal fingers. We measured flexion of proximal (PIP) and distal (DIP) interphalangeal joints in university students (52 males and 49 females), senior citizens (30 males and 30 females), and pianists (21 males and 31 females). Students were considered as a control group characterized by normal mobility of hand joints. In all three groups, the smallest flexion in the PIP joints is in the little finger, in the DIP joints in the index and ring fingers. In the control group the flexion in the PIP joints is greater in females compared to males, in the DIP joints it is greater on the left side compared to the right. With the exception of DIP joints in females, the situation is also similar in seniors. In pianists, however, the gender and lateral differences are less pronounced, due to exercise. Seniors of both genders show significant limitation of flexion in all PIP as well as DIP joints, as compared to students, while pianists have the same range of flexion compared to students, which also corresponds to the situation in MP joints. The previous study, however, showed that pianists have a greater ability to abduct and hyperextend fingers.     

Experimental and clinical studies on free toe-joint transplantation to replace a finger joint by microvascular technic

Major vascular pattern of the toe joints was investigated with template and transparent specimens in ten lower limbs of five Japanese monkeys and seven adult human amputated lower limbs. This led to the conclusion that the metatarsal artery should be used for toe MP joint grafts, while the unilateral proper digital artery is suitable for toe PIP joint grafts, together with concomitant or dorsal cutaneous vein. Twelve PIP and nine MP joints, a total of twenty-one experimentally grafted monkey toe joints with the above described vascular pedicles were radiologically and functionally in excellent condition after twelve months, whereas twenty-seven experimentally grafted monkey toe joints without vascular pedicles fell into cartilage degeneration after six months. Based on the results obtained from these experimental studies, nine human finger joints, consisting of two CM, four MP and three PIP joints, were replaced with either toe MP or PIP joints. One and half years on average after the grafting, the grafted toe joints were radiologically and functionally normal with growth of the open epiphysis.     

Degeneration of articular cartilage of the ankle in cadavers studied by gross and radiographic examinations

Eighty-two joints out of 41 cadavers were studied grossly in order to evaluate degenerative changes in talocrural articular cartilage with age. Cartilage degeneration was seen in 97.6% of joints. Cartilage degeneration associated with cartilage defects were seen at the age of 50 years. Thereafter, the severity of degeneration became more marked with aging. This severe cartilage degeneration was mainly found in medial and anterior regions in the talocrural joints. The anterior tibiofibular, deltoid, calcaneofibular and anterior talofibular ligaments of 40 joints of out 20 cadavers were grossly studied in order to establish the relationship between the degree of degeneration of these ligaments and that of articular cartilage. Grossly severe degeneration was present only in the anterior talofibular ligaments of 2 joints. Both joints presented severe cartilage degeneration in the medial region of the talocrural joint. Severe cartilage degeneration was present in 7 out of 30 joints (23%) whose ligaments were apparently normal upon gross observation. These cartilage degenerations were present in the medial and anterior regions of the talocrural joints.     

中老年人半月板损伤的关节镜诊断治疗

目的总结中老年人半月板损伤的特点及关节镜下治疗的效果. 方法 2001年10 月～2004年5月,对52例57膝半月板损伤患者行关节镜下诊断与治疗.其中男20例,女32例,年龄52～78岁,平均65岁.膝关节病史1～21年.关节镜下见半月板水平破裂19膝,退行性破裂13膝,复合型破裂9膝,纵形破裂5膝,斜形破裂4膝,横形破裂4膝,瓣形破裂3膝.镜下缝合3膝,行半月板全切或部分切除54膝. 结果术后患者均获随访6～15个月,平均9个月.按董天祥等膝关节镜下疗效评价标准：优39膝,良12膝,中6膝,优良率89.5%. 结论中老年人半月板损伤症状体征不典型,关节镜下半月板治疗疗效满意且创伤小.     

Arthrodesis technique in post-traumatic foot disorders]

Surgical arthrodesis procedures are effective in stabilizing painful joints in the foot. Joints most suitable for arthrodesis are: the hallux joints, midfoot, and hindfoot joints. The use of internal fixation is recommended whenever possible to ensure a successful fusion. However, surgical technique is most important as is the final position of the fused joints.     

Sole radiographic expression of rheumatoid arthritis in the temporomandibular joints: a case report.

We present an unusual case of rheumatoid arthritis. The patient had no radiographic findings in any joints of the body expected to show symptoms of the disease, such as phalangophalangeal joints of the hands and metacarpophalangeal joints. Instead, the patient had radiographic findings in the temporomandibular joints, which are not commonly involved in the disease and its activity.     

关节镜下诊断与治疗滑膜软骨瘤病

目的：探讨关节滑膜软骨瘤病在关节镜下的表现、诊断要点、治疗及疗效分析。方法：本组24例,共26个关节,其中膝关节23个,肘关节2个,踝关节1个;男17例,女7例,男女比例2．4：1;年龄18－73岁,平均53岁。均行关节镜检查镜下软骨瘤取出及病变滑膜切除,并描述了该病在关节镜下的表现形式（滑膜表面型;滑膜层包裹型;关节囊纤维层包裹型;游离体型）和处理方法。结果：22例24个关节获得了平均24．5个月随访,未见复发,关节功能均好于术前,效果满意。仅有2例遗漏了2个游离体,无其它并发症。结论：关节镜下游离体摘除和滑膜切除术是治疗滑膜软骨瘤病的良好方法。     

足第二趾近侧趾间关节移植再造拇手指关节

目的 报道游离足第二趾近侧趾间关节移植再造拇手指关节临床疗效.方法 对手指关节损伤49例54指,采用吻合血管的足第二趾近侧趾间关节移植修复,其中再造掌指关节21指、近侧指间关节28指、远侧指间关节5指.全关节移植38指,半关节移植16指,术后观察其临床疗效.结果 移植关节49例54指全部成活.术后伤口均一期愈合.随访5～19个月,所有病例移植骨关节均愈合,临床愈合时间为4～8周,骨性愈合时间6～12周,移植关节均未出现退行性变,未出现骨不连及再骨折的现象.移植近侧指间关节屈曲活动度为35°～90°(平均65°);移植掌指关节者屈曲活动度为30°～75°(平均45°);移植远侧指间关节屈曲活动度为25°～65°(平均35°).参照关节活动度TAM/TAF评定标准评定,属优者23指,良者25指,可者5指,差者3指,优良率84%.近侧指间关节移植者效果最佳,其次是掌指关节,远侧指间关节移植者最差.结论 采用游离足第二趾近侧趾间关节移植修复拇手指关节缺损,功能恢复满意,可以较好的改善关节的功能.     

Value of dynamic splinting after replacement of the metacarpophalangeal joint in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

In a retrospective study, we compared a group of 13 patients (41 joints) treated with dynamic splints after replacement of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints with a group of 9 patients (29 joints) not so treated. We failed to confirm our hypothesis, that the range of movement in the joints would be less in the group treated with dynamic splints. Furthermore, residual extension lag was significantly less (p = 0.002) in the treated group. We conclude that postoperative dynamic splinting seems to be useful after replacement of MCP joints with silastic implants.     

Asymmetry of small joint involvement in rheumatoid arthritis: prevalence and tendency towards symmetry over time

OBJECTIVES: To quantify asymmetry of radiological joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), to determine whether asymmetrical damage to joints in RA becomes symmetrical over time, and to identify factors predictive of symmetrization. METHODS: In phase 1, initial, mid-term (mean follow-up: 3 years) and late (mean follow-up: 8 years) radiographs of 48 patients with definite RA (English population) were graded by the Modified Larsen (ML) system. In phase 2, 27 subjects (Canadian population) with at least one asymmetrical pair of joints in the hands or feet were identified. Two successive radiographs of 77 asymmetrical joints, separated by at least 2 years, were compared. Clinical and biological factors were assessed for their ability to predict symmetrization, defined as a reduction in side-to-side difference over time of two or more ML grades. RESULTS: In phase 1, the overall rate of asymmetry was 12.9% (95% CI: 11.2-14.5%), increasing from 9.7% (first visit) to 13.8% (mid-term) and 14.4% (last visit). Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints were more frequently asymmetrical than thumb (MCP and interphalangeal) joints (P = 0.0064) and proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints (P < 0.0001); wrist quadrants were more frequently asymmetrical than PIP joints (P < 0.0001). In phase 2, two groups were identified and compared: symmetrizers (22 joints) and non-symmetrizers (55 joints). The overall probability of small joints in the hand and foot symmetrizing was 28.5%. Rheumatoid factor (RF) was predictive of symmetrization. The risk of symmetrization was significantly increased in RF-positive patients with asymmetric joints (P = 0.01). The prevalence of asymmetry did not decrease with disease duration, despite symmetrization. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of asymmetry in joint damage in RA was 13-16%. Symmetry was more evident in PIP joints than in MCP and wrist joints. Seropositive patients are more than twice as likely to symmetrize than seronegative patients. Data regarding the tendency for symmetrization may have value in the clinical management of RA patients with asymmetrical joint damage.     

肋椎关节的观察及其临床意义

目的：为临床诊治背痛提供解剖学依据．方法：在２０具男性青年新鲜尸体的胸椎上，观察了４８０个肋椎关节，并摹拟其活动．结果：肋头关节面一般有上下两个关节面，但有２具标本的３个关节是由三个关节面构成；４１．７％是上关节面大，下关节面小；３１．２％是上关节面小，下关节面大；Ｔ４～６关节面的倾斜度各异；Ｔ４肋横突关节呈球窝型，其中２例关节腔内有半月状软骨．结论；Ｔ４肋椎关节活动度较大，变异较多，此处易出现病损。     

A Retrospective Analysis Evaluating Allogeneic Cancellous Bone Sponge for Foot and Ankle Arthrodesis

The present retrospective case crossover study was conducted to determine the effectiveness and safety data associated with the use of an allogeneic, cancellous bone sponge in an orthopedic foot and ankle population. We reviewed the medical records of 47 subjects (80 joints) who had undergone foot and/or ankle fusion with the cancellous bone sponge. The records were reviewed up to 12 months postoperatively. The joints included in the present study were 12 ankles, 3 ankle syndesmotic fusions (with concurrent total ankle arthroplasty), 17 subtalar joints, 17 talonavicular joints, 9 calcaneocubiod joints, 1 naviculocuneiform joint, 13 first tarsometatarsal joints, 6 lesser tarsometatarsal joints, and 2 first metatarsophalangeal joints. The endpoints of the present study were solid, sustained foot and ankle fusion, as demonstrated radiographically, and the occurrence of unexpected adverse effects related to the graft. The fusion rates were compared with those reported in other studies. The patient-reported outcome variables for the present study included the visual analog pain scale and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Score. The use of a cancellous sponge showed statistically significant improvements in pain and function and comparable or better fusion rates compared with outcomes reported in other published reports.     

Shortening osteotomy for treatment of metacarpophalangeal joint deformity.

The results of a new subcapital shortening osteotomy for correction of metacarpophalangeal joint deformity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis of the hands are presented. Seven patients (16 joints) were followed up for a mean of 33.5 months. The mean shortening of the metacarpal bone was 4.6 mm (range, 4-8 mm), and seven joints had additional intrinsic release. Only four (25%) joints held the correction of the deformity; all other joints had recurrence of palmar subluxation with or without additional ulnar drift. The range of motion of the joints with preserved correction after surgery was 80 degrees compared with 28 degrees of the joints with recurrent deformity. The possible mechanism of failure was analyzed. The results of the current series suggest that subcapital shortening osteotomy may not be indicated for treatment of severe metacarpophalangeal joint deformity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.     

尿酸盐结晶在手足部位的沉积规律

目的：了解尿酸盐结晶在人体手足的沉积部位,探索其分布规律。方法：128例痛风患者均在双源CT（DECT）上行手足部位的尿酸盐结晶扫描,利用痛风识别软件处理,记录绿色尿酸盐结晶沉积部位并统计分析。结果：尿酸盐结晶在手足沉积部位依次为跖趾关节、腕骨韧带、跖趾骨肌腱、掌指关节、胫腓骨肌腱、指浅屈肌腱、踝关节、跗关节、腕关节。结论：尿酸盐结晶在痛风患者手足多部位均有沉积,除关节外,周围组织也存在大量尿酸盐结晶沉积现象。