腹腔注射环磷酰胺对小鼠精子凋亡的影响

目的观察腹腔注射环磷酰胺对小鼠精液常规和精子凋亡的影响。方法将20只雄性昆明小鼠随机分为对照组和实验组,按60 mg/kg体重给对照组小鼠腹腔注射NS,60 mg/kg体重给实验组小鼠腹腔注射环磷酰胺,每天1次,连续5 d,常规饲养观察34 d,然后对小鼠睾丸进行病理切片观察病理形态变化,对小鼠精子进行精液常规分析,对精子行FITC-AV/PI染色后用流式细胞仪检测精子凋亡率。结果实验组小鼠睾丸生精细胞、间质细胞和部分支持细胞明显变性,对照组与实验组精子密度分别为（5.20±1.34）×106/ml、（1.73±0.03）×106/ml,精子活力分别为（14.49±0.30）%、（6.64±1.88）%,精子成活率分别为（68.39±15.13）%、（39.96±4.89）%,精子凋亡率分别为8.38±0.45、14.84±1.22,两组比较有显著差异（P〈0.05）。结论腹腔注射环磷酰胺可使小鼠睾丸生精功能降低,精子凋亡增加,造成小鼠少弱精症。     

维生素E对尾部悬吊大鼠雄性生殖损伤的防护作用

目的 研究维生素E（VE）对尾部悬吊大鼠雄性生殖损伤的防护作用。方法 选用性成熟期健康SD雄性大鼠30只，随机分为对照组、尾吊组、VE＋尾吊组3组。14d后观察各组大鼠的睾丸重量、形态，精子数量和质量以及血清激素含量。结果 与对照组相比，尾吊组大鼠睾丸重量、精子数量和质量以及血清睾酮含量均显著下降（P〈0．0．5）。VE可以显著改善这些指标（P〈0．05）。另外，尾吊组大鼠睾丸生精小管萎缩，间质水肿。生精上皮层数减少，细胞排列松散，生精小管腔内的精子数明显减少。VE＋尾吊组大鼠睾丸形态结构部分恢复正常，生精小管腔内的精子数量增多。结论 VE对尾部悬吊造成的大鼠雄性生殖损伤有防护作用。     

电磁脉冲暴露对雄性成年小鼠生殖的影响

目的 探讨电磁脉冲（EMP）对雄性小鼠生殖的影响。方法 48只健康成年雄性BALB/c小鼠（8周龄）,用随机数表法分为假暴露组和暴露组,每组24只。动物进行EMP全身暴露或假暴露,EMP场强720 kV/m,脉宽40 ns,重复频率1 Hz,脉冲次数100次。EMP暴露后不同时间（1、7、14和35 d）腹腔麻醉小鼠,剥离双侧附睾尾,游离精子,检测精子质量（包括精子数量、畸形率和存活率）;剥离双侧睾丸,HE染色法观察其组织形态,测量生精小管直径;ELISA和Western blot检测睾丸组织内干细胞因子（SCF）和胶质源性神经营养因子（GDNF）的水平。结果 EMP暴露后1、7、14和35 d,与假暴露组相比,暴露组小鼠的精子质量和睾丸形态结构无明显改变（P>0.05）;小鼠生精小管直径,暴露组分别为（196.85±16.65）、（196.79±14.33）、（196.35±22.71）和（198.60±25.88）μm;假暴露组分别为（204.31±27.13）、（197.07±18.11）、（194.37±21.45）和（200.59±19.36）μm,两组比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。SCF和GDNF水平在EMP暴露后不同时间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 本实验条件下的EMP暴露对成年雄性小鼠的睾丸结构和生殖功能无明显影响。     

极短期微波辐射对雄性大鼠生殖系统的影响

目的探讨极短期微波辐射是否具有雄性生殖损伤效应。方法二级雄性Wistar大鼠75只,经平均功率密度为0、2、5和11 mW/cm2微波辐射10 s,于辐射后1、7、14和30 d应用放射免疫分析法检测血清睾酮浓度,SCA精子图像分析系统检测附睾精子活力参数,光镜观察睾丸组织结构和附睾精子畸形率改变。结果 5和11 mW/cm2微波辐射后7 d,大鼠血清睾酮含量明显下降（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;2和11 mW/cm2微波辐射后14 d,大鼠附睾精子畸形率明显增加（P〈0.05）;各组于辐射后7~30 d出现睾丸生精上皮层疏松,生精细胞变性、坏死和脱落,生精小管腔内精子减少或空虚,蛋白水肿液积聚等;辐射后30 d,血清睾酮、附睾精子活力参数及精子畸形率无明显改变。结论 2~11 mW/cm2微波极短期辐射可导致可恢复性的雄性大鼠生殖系统结构和功能损伤。     

含金属硫蛋白蛋奶粉对辐射损伤的防护作用

目的研究含金属硫蛋白（metallothionein，MT）蛋奶粉对小鼠电离辐射损伤的防护作用。方法受试小鼠连续灌胃含MT蛋奶粉14d后给予2．5GyX射线照射，24h后处死小鼠，检测其外周血白细胞数、淋巴细胞增殖率、股骨骨髓细胞DNA含量、胸腺细胞周期进程以及血液、肝脏和肾脏丙二醛（MDA）含量和抗氧化酶（SOD、CAT和GSH—Px）活性。结果受照射小鼠给予含MT蛋奶粉后，外周血白细胞数、淋巴细胞增殖率、股骨骨髓细胞DNA含量和肝脏、肾脏、血浆SOD、CAT和GSH—Px活性明显高于辐照对照组，而血液、肝脏和肾脏MDA含量明显降低。含MT蛋奶粉加照射组明显减轻了胸腺细胞G1期阻滞，促进其DNA合成。结论含MT蛋奶粉对小鼠辐射损伤具有防护作用。     

镉对大鼠睾丸生精细胞凋亡的影响

 目的 探讨镉对睾丸结构和功能损害作用的分子机制,研究镉对生精细胞凋亡的影响.方法 选用2月龄Wistar雄性大鼠16只,均分为染镉组和对照组,分别自腹腔注射氯化镉(2 mg/kg)和等量生理盐水,7 d后采用原位缺口平移技术检测睾丸生精细胞凋亡数目的变化.结果 与对照组相比,染镉组大鼠睾丸生精细胞凋亡数目明显增多(P<0.01).结论 染镉后大鼠睾丸生精细胞凋亡明显增加,这种变化可能是镉影响睾丸结构和功能的分子机制之一.     

酪氨酸和依那普利对高原运动后自由基代谢的影响

目的：探讨酪氨酸和依那普利对高原人体运动时自由基代谢的影响。方法：对进驻海拔3700m高原半年的30名健康青年随机分为酪氨酸组，依那普利组及安慰剂组，每组10人。在安静时、服药前、服药第10天、第15天及停药第10天、第20天分别采用功率自行车进行渐增负荷运动至力竭，测定其血清中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH－Px)和丙二醛（MDA）含量。结果：（1）高原力竭运动使GSH－Px、MDA增加（P＜0．05），SOD无统计学差异（P＞0．05）。（2）给予酪氨酸、依那普利10d即可使SOD、GSH－Px活性增强，MDA降低；依那普利停药10d药效消失，酪氨酸停药20d药效消失。结论：酪氨酸、依那普利对高原低氧所致的自由基代谢失衡均有调节作用，可提高高原作业效率，延缓运动性疲劳发生，且酪氨酸效果更适合。     

低剂量γ射线辐照对血清抗氧化系统的兴奋效应

目的：探讨低剂量γ射线辐照人全血对血清抗氧化酶活性的影响。方法：20份人全血,以剂量为1Gy的γ射线进行辐照,吸收剂量率为17Gy/min,分别于照射前及照射后1、2h取样检测血清中总抗氧化能力（T—AOC）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH—Px）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）活力及还原性谷胱甘肽（GSH）、丙二醛（MDA）含量。结果：离体全血在剂量为1Gy γ射线照射后1h,可见血清中GSH含量升高,MDA含量降低及T—AOC、SOD、GR、GSH—Px、CAT活性升高,且均与照射前比较有显著差异（P〈0．01）。经γ射线照射2h后,除SOD活性与照射后1h差异无显著性外,MDA含量进一步降低,GSH含量及T—AOC、GR、GSH—Px及CAT活性进一步升高,与照射后1h比较有显著差异（P〈0．01）。结论：低剂量γ射线辐照能明显提高血清抗氧化能力,即可诱导抗氧化系统的兴奋效应。     

红景天对高原人体运动后自由基和血清肌酸激酶的影响

目的：探讨药物对高原人体运动后自由基代谢和肌酸激酶的影响。方法：对进驻海拔4100m高原20d的40名健康青年随机分为红景天组、乙酰唑胺组、西氏胶囊组和对照组,每组10人,在安静时、服药前、后和踏阶运动后分别检测血中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH－Px)、肌酸激酶（CK）和其同功酶（CK－MB）含量。结果：服药前运动后较安静时,MDA、GSH－Px、CK、CK－MB显著增高,有显著性意义（P＜0．05或P＜0．01）;SOD虽有所升高,但无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。服药6d踏阶运动后与安静时比,红景天组、乙酰唑胺组、西氏胶囊组MDA、GSH－Px、CK、CK－MB显著升高（P＜0．05或P＜0．01）;红景天组SOD增高有显著性意义（P＜0．05）,乙酰唑胺组和西氏胶囊组无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。红景天组与乙酰唑胺组、西氏胶囊组相比SOD升高,MDA下降,有显著性意义（P＜0．05）;CK、CK－MB无统计学意义（P＞0．05）,西氏胶囊组GSH－Px升高有显著性意义（P＜0．05）,乙酰唑胺组无统计学意义。乙酰唑胺组与西氏胶囊组比各项指标均无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。服药后与服药前比较,红景天组SOD、GSH－Px增高,MDA、CK－MB降低,有非常显著性意义（P＜0．01）,CK显著降低（P＜0．05）;乙酰唑胺组与西氏胶囊组（GSH－Px显著增高,MDA、CK、CK－MB显著降低（P＜0．05）,SOD无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。对照组各指标无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。结论：3种药物对高原低氧环境运动所致的自由基代谢失衡有调节、保护作用,且红景天效果更明显。     

壬基酚对雄性大鼠生精功能及相关激素和酶的影响

目的初步研究不同剂量壬基酚对雄性大鼠的生精功能及血清激素和睾丸内相关酶的影响。方法雄性大鼠48只,随机分为4组,即对照组、壬基酚低、中、高(50、100、200 mg/kg)剂量组,对照组每日灌胃给予植物油(0.15 ml/100 g),给药组每日灌胃给予壬基酚油溶液,连续28 d。染毒28 d后处死大鼠,取血,放免法检测血清睾酮(T)、皮质酮(CORT)、促卵泡刺激素(FSH)以及黄体生成素(LH)水平。摘取右侧睾丸制备组织匀浆,采用分光光度法测定SOD、MDA、GSH以及LDH的活性。取左侧睾丸分析初级精母细胞染色体畸形率。取附睾,检测附睾尾精子数量、精子活动率和精子畸形率。结果染毒28 d后,与对照组相比,壬基酚组大鼠血清T、FSH和LH水平降低,其中高剂量组降低显著(P<0.05)。CORT升高,但无显著性差异。另外,随染毒剂量增加,大鼠睾丸组织SOD活力、GSH和MDA水平呈现逐渐上升趋势,各染毒组LDH活性升高。壬基酚组大鼠精子数、精子活动率显著低于对照组,精子畸形率显著高于对照组,初级精母细胞染色体畸变率高于对照组。结论壬基酚对雄性大鼠有明显的生殖毒性。其可能通过降低大鼠血清T、FSH和LH水平,增加睾丸组织GSH和LDH活力产生作用。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.