9家肿瘤专科医院2012年抗菌药物用药分析

目的:调查肿瘤专科医院抗菌药物的使用情况,为促进临床合理用药提供有用信息。方法:统计分析2012年中国药学会医院药学专业委员会《医院处方分析合作项目》肿瘤专科项目组随机抽取的全国6个地区9家三级甲等肿瘤专科医院的抗菌药物处方及住院医嘱。结果与结论:9家肿瘤专科医院的抗菌药物数据显示,用药金额居前5位的药物种类为头孢菌素类、碳青霉烯类、青霉素类(含酶抑制剂)、喹诺酮类、三唑类等;住院患者用药金额占较大比例,最低的为61.6%,最高的为98.8%;用药频度居前5位的药品有阿莫西林、阿奇霉素、莫西沙星、头孢呋辛、头孢克洛等。随着抗菌药物临床应用专项整治活动的推进,肿瘤专科医院加强了抗菌药物品种品规的管理;某些抗菌药物的用法用量仍存在不合理现象。肿瘤专科医院应持续加强临床抗菌药物的管理及合理使用。     

药品集中带量采购背景下苏北13家公立医院抗菌药物分级管理目录分析

目的:为合理使用和管理集中带量采购(下称“集采”)抗菌药品提供参考。方法:检索连云港市卫生健康委员会和苏北13家公立医院官网,收集2020年1月—2022年9月期间13家医院备案的《抗菌药物临床应用分级管理目录》,对目录中抗菌药品调整和目录间差异进行描述性汇总分析。结果:实施集采政策以来13家医院更新分级管理目录共22次。截至2022年9月,三甲、三乙、二甲、二乙医院分级管理目录中抗菌药品品规数的中位数分别为74.00、69.50、42.00和22.50。集采抗菌药品中头孢菌素类、喹诺酮类和大环内酯类品规数居多,而β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复方制剂、碳青霉烯类和氨基糖苷类等无集采药品。13家医院分级管理目录中有5种抗菌药品出现跨级管理,其中3种为集采药品。调整次数最多的20种抗菌药品主要包括β-内酰胺类和喹诺酮类等,有6种集采药品调入目录。结论:实施集采有利于优化医院抗菌药物分级管理目录,确保分级管理目录合理是科学化管理集采抗菌药品的重要前提条件。在集采政策推动下,苏北地区医院分级管理目录更新及时,有效规范目录结构,保证药品合理使用。     

乳腺恶性肿瘤围术期抗菌药物应用调查与分析

目的:评价乳腺恶性肿瘤围术期抗菌药物的应用情况。方法:采用回顾性调查分析方法,对我院2008年乳腺恶性肿瘤患者的病历资料进行统计、分析。结果:我院乳腺恶性肿瘤围术期抗菌药物预防性应用率达100%;术前给药时机正确率为100%;手术时间超过3h的363例患者均未在术中加用抗菌药物;围术期抗菌药物应用平均时间为90h;第1代头孢菌素和青霉素类应用率合计达55.1%,青霉素类+酶抑制剂、喹诺酮类、第3代和第2代头孢菌素4大类药应用率合计达41.1%;不合理更换抗菌药物者6例;应用阿奇霉素氯化钠注射液者3例。结论:我院乳腺恶性肿瘤围术期抗菌药物应用基本合理,但仍存在一些不足,需引起重视。     

西安地区37家医院2012年第2季度抗菌药物利用分析

目的:了解西安地区医院抗菌药物的利用情况。方法:参照"2012年全国抗菌药物临床应用专项整治活动"中规定的抗菌药物合理应用指标,对西安地区37家医院2012年第2季度的抗菌药物合理应用指标和抗菌药物种类、销售金额、用药频度(DDDs)及日均费用(DDC)等进行回顾性分析。结果:该地区37家医院目前应用的抗菌药物品种都能控制在规定范围内,住院患者抗菌药物使用强度(AUD)指标达标率为41.67%,门诊患者抗菌药物处方比例指标达标率为45.94%,Ⅰ类切口手术预防用药率指标达标率为3.03%,Ⅰ类切口手术预防用药的品种选择、给药时机和疗程合理率指标达标率分别为48.48%、63.64%、36.36%,介入手术目前还不能完全做到不预防用抗菌药物,二级医院细菌病原学送检率较低。头孢菌素、喹诺酮类、广谱青霉素及其复方制剂的销售金额较多、DDDs较大。销售金额排序列前20位的药物中注射剂占95%;DDDs排序列前20位的药物中为口服常释剂型且DDC<50元的占65%。结论:该地区医院应继续加强住院患者抗菌药物AUD、门诊患者抗菌药物处方比例、Ⅰ类切口手术预防用药率、Ⅰ类切口手术预防用药疗程合理率、介入手术预防用药率、限制使用级和特殊使用级抗菌药物使用前微生物送检率等指标的控制;同时加强第3、4代头孢菌素和喹诺酮类药物的管理;继续保持在临床中以使用普通、主流的抗菌药品种和以口服给药为主的抗菌药物合理使用优势;在抗菌药物目录调整中注意对一些价格低廉、使用率高的品种进行保留,以促进该地区抗菌药物的进一步合理应用。     

南京地区33家医院2009-2011年大环内酯类抗菌药物利用分析

目的:评价南京地区医院大环内酯类抗菌药物的利用情况。方法:采用回顾性方法,对南京地区33家医院2009-2011年大环内酯类抗菌药物的销售金额、用药频度(DDDs)等进行统计、分析。结果:该地区医院大环内酯类抗菌药物的销售金额及总DDDs各年度均有所降低,年均降幅分别为9.77%和8.23%。品种方面,2010-2011年较2009年增加了2种,即螺旋霉素和地红霉素。第2代大环内酯类的用量远大于第1代,占整个大环内酯类的94.97%。各年度销售金额及DDDs排序列前3位的药物为阿奇霉素、克拉霉素、罗红霉素;销售金额排序列前3位的生产厂家为江苏扬子江药业、江苏恒瑞医药集团、辽宁沈阳第一制药厂;销售金额排序列前5位的产品为罗红霉素细粒剂(仁苏)、克拉霉素缓释片(诺邦)、克拉霉素分散片(锋锐)、阿奇霉素胶囊(希舒美)、注射用乳糖酸阿奇霉素(其仙)。结论:该地区医院大环内酯类抗菌药物的应用呈下降趋势,应用排序列前3位的是阿奇霉素、克拉霉素、罗红霉素,均为第2代大环内酯类。     

医保住院患者抗菌药物应用分析

目的:了解医疗保险用抗茵药物的用药频度及联合用药.方法:利用Foxpr06.0数据库系统,统计2003年医疗保险住院用药品种、金额和抗茵药联用.采用WHO推荐的限定日剂量方法分析药物的临床使用情况.结果:抗茵药物中,头孢菌素类、喹诺酮类、林可霉素类和青霉素类最为常用,占用药总金额的89.33%.新型头孢菌素和喹诺酮类药物开始进入临床用药.结论:我院住院患者的抗菌药物应用率较高,但抗茵药物的消费趋势正朝着安全、有效、合理、经济的方向发展.     

上海地区12家二级医院2008-2010年抗菌药物利用分析

目的:了解上海地区二级医院抗菌药物的应用情况。方法:对上海地区12家二级医院2008-2010年门诊及住院患者的抗菌药物应用信息(处方量、用药金额、用药频度(DDDs)、处方频数等)进行统计、分析。结果:门诊患者抗菌药物销售金额占药品总销售金额的比例、处方量占总处方量比例均较住院患者低,且逐年下降趋势明显;门诊患者第2、3代头孢菌素类口服品种销售金额呈现较高的增长趋势,其中头孢克肟增幅最大,年均增长率(CAGR)达132.53%;阿奇霉素与左氧氟沙星的DDDs位居前列;住院患者氨曲南销售金额与头孢美唑的DDDs增速最快,CAGR分别达104.22%和42.47%;非手术住院患者第3代头孢菌素类的处方频数最高,手术住院患者第1代头孢菌素类与头霉素类的处方频数排序逐年上升,喹诺酮类排序逐年下降。结论:门诊和住院患者抗菌药物应用管理需各有侧重,切实落实细菌耐药监测工作,有助于抗菌药物的合理应用。     

2005年广州地区抗菌药物用药费用分析

目的 分析2005年本市抗菌药物的使用情况及趋势.方法 选取本市36家大医院2005年1月～12月抗菌药物使用数据进行统计,按照购药金额排序法,列出购药金额排在前20位的抗菌药物进行分析.结果 临床使用抗菌药物主要以头孢菌素类、喹诺酮类和青霉素三大类为主.结论 头孢菌素类和喹诺酮类药物过多和超代使用,使用欠合理.     

上海地区81家医院2006～2009年抗感染药利用分析

目的:了解上海地区医院抗感染药的应用情况和变化趋势,为临床合理应用抗感染药及科学管理提供参考。方法:调查上海地区81家医院2006～2009年抗感染药的销售金额、主要品种、用药频度(DDDs)及日均费用。结果:该地区抗感染药销售金额呈逐年上升趋势,年复合增长率达21.05%。DDDs和销售金额排序列前2位的均为头孢菌素类和喹诺酮类。头孢呋辛和阿奇霉素分列销售金额和DDDs的首位。注射剂销售金额远高于口服剂型,DDDs和销售金额排序列首位的都是国内生产厂家。结论:该地区医院抗感染药应用情况与国内、外总体用药情况相似,根据药敏结果选择品种是进一步提高抗感染药合理应用的关键。     

2010年株洲市一医院抗菌药物临床应用分析

目的:了解我院2010年抗菌药物的应用状况,分析评价其合理性,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法:利用我院药库管理信息系统检索2010年抗菌药物的出库数量、金额,应用限定日剂量法和ABC法分析抗菌药物使用情况。结果:我院抗菌药物应用中,出库金额排序前3位分别为第3代头孢菌素、青霉素类/β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复方制剂、第2代头孢菌素;用药频度排序前3位依次为抗结核药、大环内酯类、第3代头孢菌素;使用强度排序前3位依次为第3代头孢菌素、头霉素类、青霉素类/β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复方制剂。结论:我院抗菌药物中β-内酰胺类、抗结核药、大环内酯类、氟喹诺酮类应用较多,头孢菌素占绝对优势。使用结构基本合理,但也存在抗菌药物用药集中、用药过度、少数品种过量使用等问题,应进一步加强监督管理,规范抗菌药物的临床应用,使抗菌药物使用更加安全、有效、经济。     

Role of glutathione in reduction of arsenate and of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in disposition of arsenite in rats

Arsenate (AsV), the environmentally prevalent form of arsenic, is converted sequentially in the body to arsenite (AsIII), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAsV), monomethylarsonous acid (MMAsIII), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAsV) and some trimethylated metabolites. Although the biliary excretion of arsenic in rats is known to be glutathione (GSH)-dependent, involving transport of arsenic-GSH conjugates, the role of GSH in the reduction of AsV to the more toxic AsIII in vivo has not been defined. Therefore, we studied how the fate of AsV is influenced by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), which depletes GSH in tissues. Control and BSO-treated rats were given AsV (50 micromol/kg, i.v.) and arsenic metabolites in bile, urine, blood and tissues were analysed by HPLC-HG-AFS. BSO increased retention of AsV in blood and tissues and decreased appearance of AsIII in blood, bile (by 96%) and urine (by 63%). The biliary excretion of MMAsIII was also nearly abolished, the appearance of MMAsIII and MMAsV in the blood was delayed and the renal concentrations of these monomethylated arsenicals were decreased by BSO. Interestingly, appearance of DMAsV in blood and urine remained unchanged and the concentrations of this metabolite in the kidneys and muscle were even increased in response to BSO. To test the role of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in arsenic disposition, the effect of the of the GGT inhibitor acivicin was investigated in rats injected with AsIII (50 micromol/kg, i.v.). Acivicin lowered the hepatic and renal GGT activities and increased the biliary as well as urinary excretion of GSH, but failed to alter the disposition (i.e. blood and tissue concentrations, biliary and urinary excretion) of AsIII and its metabolites. In conclusion, shortage of GSH decreases not only the hepatobiliary transport of arsenic, but also reduction of AsV and the formation of monomethylated arsenic, while not hindering the production of dimethylated arsenic. While GSH plays an important role in the disposition and toxicity of arsenic, GGT, which hydrolyses GSH and GSH conjugates, apparently does not influence the fate of the GSH-reactive trivalent arsenicals in rats.     

微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用研究进展

本文综述了微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用,介绍微透析取样技术的原理、组成、探针类型、特点,重点阐述了微透析取样技术在测定脑、血液、皮肤等组织器官中中药有效成分浓度的应用实例。表明微透析取样技术在中药药效研究中具有广阔的前景。     

应用PASS系统分析我院2010年住院医嘱

目的:了解我院2010年住院患者的合理用药情况,探讨如何利用合理用药监测系统( PASS)提高合理用药水平.方法:利用PASS对我院2010年15 966例住院患者的1 184 997条用药医嘱进行监测,以黑色警示医嘱为依据,收集不合理用药信息,并对监测结果进行统计、分析.结果:不合理用药医嘱50 261条,发生率为4.24％.绝对禁止黑色医嘱5441条,主要为药物相互作用(66.54％)、注射液体外配伍(17.86％)、用法用量(15.46％)、儿童警告(1.14％).结论:应用PASS系统能有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药情况,有利于提高临床合理用药水平,但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善.     

Changes in levels of dependency and predictors of mortality in elderly people in institutional care in Dunedin

The 1983 study of dependency of subjects in institutional care in Dunedin was repeated two years later. A significant increase in levels of dependency in residential homes, particularly in the Religious and Welfare sector was found. In 1983 there were 29 high dependency residents and 73 medium dependency residents in residential homes. In 1985 these numbers had increased to 55 and 86 respectively. There was no change in the number of low dependency residents. In 1983, 6 high dependency residents had been admitted to residential home care in the year prior to the study. In 1985 the number of high dependency residents recently admitted had increased to 23. There had also been a significant increase in the dependency of patients in Religious and Welfare continuing care hospitals. Of the 933 subjects in institutional care in 1983 who were able to be followed, 354 (37.9%) died in the following 2 years. Mortality rate was higher for those in hospital care (48.1%) than for those in residential home care (29.6%). Mortality rates were higher in more dependent subjects and this was evident for each measure of dependency.     

应用PASS系统对我院2008年住院医嘱的分析

目的监测分析2008年我院住院患者用药情况。方法将PASS系统嵌入医生工作站、临床药学工作站等子系统,构建合理用药计算机网络系统,对住院医嘱进行及时监测,将监测结果向医生反馈,并对其进行统计、分析。结果2008年共监测医嘱3 620 241条,不合理医嘱908条,占0.02%。不合理医嘱中,配伍禁忌(381条)占41.96%,用法用量(381条)占41.96%,药物相互作用(108条)占11.89%,儿童用药(38条)占4.19%。经与医生沟通后,更改不合理医嘱856条,占94.27%。结论PASS系统可有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药,通过与医生交流,大大减少药物不良事件的发生,值得临床推广应用,也为临床药师开展工作带来了极大的便利。但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善。     

Role of desacetylation in the detoxification of cephalothin in renal cells in culture

The toxicity of three cephalosporin antibiotics to rabbit kidney cells in culture was compared to their known nephrotoxic potential in vivo (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). While cephalothin is considered to be a relatively nonnephrotoxic cephalosporin when administered to many species including humans and rabbits, in several in vitro systems involving rabbit renal tissue, cephalothin was comparatively more toxic than anticipated based on in vivo data. Cephalothin is extensively desacetylated in rabbits to a less microbiologically active metabolite, desacetylcephalothin. When a microsomal S9 fraction from rabbit kidney was added to the in vitro assay in cultured rabbit renal cells, cephalothin was desacetylated and its toxicity to kidney cells was reduced. The addition of S9 in vitro provided a toxicity ranking of the cephalosporins that correlated with their known in vivo nephrotoxic potentials (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). The in vitro detoxification of cephalothin by S9 was blocked by the coadministration of the esterase inhibitor, aminocarb. Desacetylcephalothin was relatively nontoxic to rabbit renal tissue in vitro. These results suggest that the desacetylation of cephalothin in vivo represents a previously unrecognized mechanism of detoxification of this cephalosporin antibiotic. Furthermore, this mechanism of detoxification may be applicable to other acetylated cephalosporins.     

2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药用药调查

目的:分析讨论某院抗真菌药使用的合理性,为临床安全有效地使用抗真菌药提供参考。方法:回顾性统计分析某院2009年住院患者抗真菌药用药信息。结果:2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药DDDs排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、制霉菌素和伊曲康唑;使用金额排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、米卡芬净及卡泊芬净;更换一种抗真菌药进行治疗的患者数为176人,在全部患者中占13.4%。结论:应进一步强化用药指征的意识,提高标本送检率,同时改善某些抗真菌用药不合理更换的现象,以避免耐药性发生,从而更好更长远地体现抗真菌药的治疗价值。     

Kinetics of in vitro metabolism of methoxyphenamine in rats

1. Methoxyphenamine (MP) was metabolized in vitro by rat liver preparations to O-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (O-desmethyl-MP), N-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (N-desmethyl-MP) and 5-hydroxymethoxyphenamine (5-hydroxy-MP). These metabolic pathways were inhibited by SKF 525-A and carbon monoxide, which indicates that these reactions were mediated at least partly by an NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 system. 2. Strain differences in the metabolism of this drug in vitro were observed in female Lewis and Dark Agouti (DA) rats, which are proposed models for human debrisoquine phenotypes. Methoxyphenamine O-demethylase and 5-hydroxylase activity in DA rats were lower than those in Lewis rats. 3. The metabolic transformation of methoxyphenamine in vitro to O-desmethyl-MP was inhibited competitively by debrisoquine and sparteine. This indicates that the cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme mediating the metabolism of MP to O-desmethyl-MP is similar to that mediating metabolism of debrisoquine and sparteine. However, no inhibition was observed with methenytoin.     

Comparison of in vitro cell models in predicting in vivo brain entry of drugs

Although several in vitro models have been reported to predict the ability of drug candidates to cross the blood-brain barrier, their real in vivo relevance has rarely been evaluated. The present study demonstrates the in vivo relevance of simple unidirectional permeability coefficient (P(app)) determined in three in vitro cell models (BBMEC, Caco-2 and MDCKII-MDR1) for nine model drugs (alprenolol, atenolol, metoprolol, pindolol, entacapone, tolcapone, baclofen, midazolam and ondansetron) by using dual probe microdialysis in the rat brain and blood as an in vivo measure. There was a clear correlation between the P(app) and the unbound brain/blood ratios determined by in vivo microdialysis (BBMEC r=0.99, Caco-2 r=0.91 and MDCKII-MDR1 r=0.85). Despite of the substantial differences in the absolute in vitro P(app) values and regardless of the method used (side-by-side vs. filter insert system), the capability of the in vitro models to rank order drugs was similar. By this approach, thus, the additional value offered by the true endothelial cell model (BBMEC) remains obscure. The present results also highlight the need of both in vitro as well as in vivo methods in characterization of blood-brain barrier passage of new drug candidates.