HPLC法同时测定酚氨咖敏颗粒中三组分的含量

目的:建立 HPLC 法同时测定酚氨咖敏颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、氨基比林的含量。方法:采用日本岛津 VP-ODS色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以甲醇-水(40:60)为流动相,流速:1.0 mL·min~(-1),检测波长273 nm,柱温:30℃,进样量:20 μL。结果:对乙酰氨基酚进样浓度在10～100μg·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999),平均回收率(n=3)为98.8%～99.4%;咖啡因进样浓度在2.4～24μg·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999),平均回收率(n=3)为98.2%～101.5%;氨基比林进样浓度在8～80μg·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9998),平均回收率(n=3)为98.3%～100.4%。结论:本方法灵敏度高,操作简便、可靠,适用于测定酚氨咖敏颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、氨基比林的含量。     

紫外分光光度法测定双苯氟嗪片的含量、含量均匀度及溶出度

目的:建立紫外分光光度法测定双苯氟嗪片含量、含量均匀度及溶出度的方法.方法:采用紫外分光光度法测定含量、含量均匀度和溶出度.溶剂为0.1 mol·L-1的盐酸溶液;测定波长为248 nm;含量及含量均匀度的测定浓度为12.5 μg·mL-1,溶出度的测定浓度为10μg·mL-1.采用对照品比较法计算含量、含量均匀度和溶出度.结果:双苯氟嗪在4～28 μg·mL-1的范围内线性关系良好,r=0.999 9(n=7).平均回收率为99.7%,RSD为0.16%(n=9).结论:该法简便,准确,可作为双苯氟嗪片含量、含量均匀度及溶出度的测定方法.     

高效液相色谱法测定复方对乙酰氨基酚片的含量和溶出度

目的:建立测定复方对乙酰氨基酚片含量和溶出度的方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法。色谱条件:采用SHIMADZUShim-pack C18色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-0.1%醋酸钠溶液(冰醋酸调节pH 3.5)(30∶70),流速1.0 mL.min-1,检测波长272nm。按中国药典桨法,采用ZRS-8G智能溶出仪,以0.1 mol.L-1盐酸溶液为溶出介质测定溶出度。结果:对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、阿司匹林线性范围分别为6.462～161.55μg.mL-1(r=0.9999),1.577～39.42μg.mL-1(r=0.9999),11.04～276.1μg.mL-1(r=0.9999);回收率(n=5)分别为100.1%,100.4%,99.8%,RSD分别为0.53%,0.70%,0.55%。样品溶出度均一性好,在30 min时3个组分溶出度均达到80%。结论:本方法准确、方便,结果满意,适用于复方对乙酰氨基酚片的含量和溶出度测定。     

HPLC法测定盐酸噻诺啡片的含量及其溶出度

目的:建立一种HPLC法测定盐酸噻诺啡片的含量及溶出度.方法:采用Phenex prodigy C18色谱柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),以乙腈-甲醇-0.02mol·L-1磷酸盐缓冲液(pH=3,含0.2%的三乙胺)(40:15:45)为流动相,220nm为检测波长,测定了盐酸噻诺啡片的含量和溶出度.结果:本法测定盐酸噻诺啡的线性范围为0.5～10μg·mL-1(r=0.999 9);日内精密度和日间精密度均小于2%(n=5);回收率在98%～102%之间.结论:本法精密、准确,适用于盐酸噻诺啡片的含量及溶出度测定.     

高效液相色谱法测定酚氨咖敏胶囊的溶出度

目的建立高效液相色谱法同时测定酚氨咖敏胶囊中4种组分的溶出度。方法采用Waters XTerra C_(18)(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以甲醇为流动相A,0.02 mol·L~(-1)磷酸二氢钾溶液-三乙胺(100∶0.02)为流动相B,梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL·min~(-1),柱温30℃,检测波长215 nm。采用篮法,100 r·min~(-1),测定不同溶出介质中酚氨咖敏胶囊的溶出度。结果酚氨咖敏胶囊中对乙酰氨基酚、氨基比林、咖啡因和马来酸氯苯那敏的分离度符合要求;线性范围分别为74.98～1199.76μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9998)、50.35～805.59μg·m L~(-1)(r=1.0000)、15.12～241.92μg·m L~(-1)(r=1.0000)和1.02～16.36μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999);平均回收率(n=6)分别为99.8%、99.5%、99.6%和99.1%。样品均一性好,在60 min时4个组分溶出度均> 85%。结论本方法简便、快速、准确,适用于酚氨咖敏胶囊的溶出度测定。     

HPLC法测定复方金刚烷胺氨基比林片中氨基比林的含量

目的:建立HPLC法测定复方金刚烷胺氨基比林片中氨基比林的含量.方法:色谱柱为Agilent C18(250 mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-1%醋酸溶液(用二乙胺调节pH至3.7)(34:66),流速1.0 ml·min-1,检测波长为260 nm.结果:氨基比林在18.7～32.1μg·ml-1范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 8),平均回收率99.7%,RSD0.3%(n-5).结论:方法专属性强,可用于复方金刚烷胺氨基比林片氨基比林的含量测定.     

RP-HPLC法测定氨林酚咖胶囊中3组分的含量

目的建立氨林酚咖胶囊中氨基比林、对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因含量的RP-HPLC测定方法。方法用Kro-masil C18色谱柱(250×4.6mm,5μm),以甲醇-水(60:40)为流动相,流速为1.0ml.min-1,检测波长为260nm。结果氨基比林、对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因分别在10.0～30.0μg.ml-1(r=0.9992)、8.3～24.8μg.ml-1(r=0.9993)和3.1～9.2μg.ml-1(r=0.9998)范围内呈线性关系,平均回收率分别为99.4%、98.4%、99.2%,RSD=0.7%、0.6%、0.8%(n=9)。结论本法适用于氨林酚咖胶囊中氨基比林、对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因的含量测定。     

小儿酚氨咖敏颗粒含量测定方法改进研究

提高小儿酚氨咖敏颗粒含量测定质量标准,更有效的控制其含量.用HPLC法同时测定氨基比林、对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因的含量.采用Diamonsal C18色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-0.05mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液-三乙胺-磷酸(10∶90∶0.02∶0.03)(调节pH值为3.5),流速为1ml·min-1,检测波长215nm.线性关系与回收率氨基比林0.06～1.80μg(r=0.9999),101.22%(RSD=0.45%);对乙酰氨基酚0.075～2.25μg(r=0.9999),101.27%(RSD=0.51%);咖啡因0.02～0.6μg(r=0.9999),100.7%(RSD=0.70%).方法简便,准确,重现性好.     

高效液相色谱法同时测定小儿酚氨咖敏颗粒中3种组分的含量

目的:采用高效液相色谱法同时测定小儿酚氨咖敏颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因和氨基比林的含量。方法:使用Diamonsil C18柱(200 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);柱温30℃;流动相:1%醋酸溶液(用二乙胺调节pH值为3.7)-甲醇(60∶40);检测波长272 nm;流速1.0 ml/min。结果:采用高效液相色谱法测定小儿酚氨咖敏颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因和氨基比林的含量,线性范围分别为20.80～62.41、4.64～13.92和17.91～53.72μg/ml,相关系数r均为1;平均回收率分别为99.9%(RSD为0.5%)、99.9%(RSD为1.2%)和100.7%(RSD为1.0%)。结论:采用高效液相色谱法同时测定小儿酚氨咖敏颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因和氨基比林的含量,方法简便、快速、准确,能更好地控制产品质量。     

HPLC法测定复方金刚烷胺氨基比林片中氨基比林的含量

目的:建立复方金刚烷胺氨基比林片中氨基比林的含量测定HPLC法。方法:色谱柱Diamonsil C_(18)柱(250mm×4.6mm.5μm),流动相为甲醇-水(52:48),检测波长为272 nm,流速为1.0 ml·min~(-1)。结果:线性范围为0.37～2.25μg(r= 0.999 9),平均回收率为99.8%,RSD为0.5%(n=6)。结论:本方法简便准确、准确,重现性好,可用于复方金刚烷胺氨基比林片中氨基比林的含量测定。     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Synthesis and anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of gaultherin and its analogs

The synthesis of gaultherin (1) and its analogs was carried out to provide 11 glycosides under phase-transfer catalytic conditions. The activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated by nitric oxide production inhibitory assay in vitro. Methyl 2-O-(4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylbenzoate (5f) showed significantly anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by the evaluation in vivo. Structure–activity relationships within these compounds were discussed.     

Modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty in toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics

Two important methodological issues within the framework of the variability and uncertainty analysis of toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic systems are discussed: (i) modelling and simulation of the existing physiologic variability in a population; and (ii) modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty when there is insufficient or not well defined (e.g. small sample, semiquantitative, qualitative and vague) information available. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are especially suited for separating and characterising the physiologic variability from the overall variability and uncertainty in the system. Monte Carlo sampling should draw from multivariate distributions, which reflect all levels of existing dependencies in the intact organism. The population characteristics should be taken into account. A fuzzy simulation approach is proposed to model variability and uncertainty when there is semiquantitative, qualitative and vague information about the model parameters and their statistical distributions cannot be defined reliably.     

成骨细胞的功能与损伤和骨质疏松的防治

骨质疏松是一种全身性骨骼疾病,导致骨折风险增加。成人的骨量通过破骨细胞的骨吸收和成骨细胞的骨形成作用来维持动态平衡,治疗骨质疏松症的理想策略是抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收和/或增强成骨细胞的骨形成功能。目前针对保护成骨细胞及增强其功能的骨质疏松疗法相对较少。因此,本文针对成骨细胞相关功能蛋白、各种细胞损伤机制（内质网应激、氧化应激、机械过载、微小RNA和长链非编码RNA的影响等）及骨质疏松的治疗与预防作一综述,以期为针对增强成骨细胞功能的骨质疏松治疗策略提供新思路。     

益生菌与肿瘤防治

益生菌广泛存在于自然界中,通过维持宿主体内菌群平衡、影响肠屏障功能和调节免疫应答等作用,提高宿主健康水平,被公认为"肠道健康卫士".一些益生菌可以增强机体的免疫功能,抑制致癌物质,影响肿瘤细胞的基因表达,对肿瘤具有拮抗作用.大量研究表明,益生菌在未来的肿瘤防治中有很好的应用和发展前景.     

Self-stimulation and amphetamine: Tolerance to d and l isomers and cross tolerance to cocaine and methylphenidate

The effects of the d and l isomers of amphetamine on self-stimulation responding were tested following acute and chronic administration. Tolerance and post-drug depression of responding occurred in tests with both isomers, indicating no role for p-hydroxynorephedrine (PHN) which is one of the metabolites of d-amphetamine. In the second experiment, d-amphetamine, methylphenidate and cocaine all produced quantitatively and qualitatively similar effects on self-stimulation responding following acute administration. Following chronic administration of d-amphetamine, animals showed tolerance to all three drugs, indicating cross-tolerance among them. These data are consistent with an hypothesis that tolerance and post-drug depression following chronic amphetamine treatment are the result of decreases in postsynaptic receptor sensitivity, which would lead to a decreased effectiveness of all three drugs, regardless of their pre-synaptic mechanisms.     

Acamprosate and naltrexone treatment effects on ethanol and sucrose seeking and intake in ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats

Rationale  Two pharmacotherapies are approved for treating alcohol craving (acamprosate and naltrexone), but both have shown mixed findings in animals and humans. Objectives  The present experiments utilized a “reinforcer blocking” approach (i.e., rats were able to consume ethanol during treatment) to better understand the efficacy of these treatments for ethanol seeking and drinking using ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats. Materials and methods  In “nondependent” experiments, drugs (acamprosate 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg; naltrexone 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg) were administered over 3-week periods prior to operant sessions with a low response requirement to gain access to reinforcers for 20 min. For “dependent” experiments, rats were made dependent in vapor/inhalation chambers. Results  Acamprosate and naltrexone had similar effects on intake in nondependent and dependent rats; neither drug was selective for ethanol over sucrose drinking. In nondependent animals, naltrexone was more efficacious at more doses than acamprosate, and acamprosate’s effects were limited to a dose that also had adverse effects on body weight. Both pharmacotherapies showed more selectivity when examining reinforcer seeking. In nondependent rats, acamprosate and naltrexone had response-attenuating effects in ethanol, but not sucrose, groups. In dependent animals, acamprosate had selective effects limited to a decrease in sucrose seeking. Naltrexone, however, selectively decreased ethanol-seeking in nondependent rats. Conclusions  The naltrexone-induced decreases in seeking suggested a change in incentive motivation which was selective for ethanol in nondependent rats. The “nondependent” paradigm may model early stages of “problem drinking” in humans, and the findings suggest that naltrexone could be a good intervention for this level of alcohol abuse and relapse prevention.     

Antiinfective and encrustation-inhibiting materials--myth and facts

Catheters, urethral and ureteral stents and other urological implants are frequently affected by encrustration and infection due to their permanent contact with urine. Indwelling urinary catheters provide a haven for microorganisms and thus require extensive monitoring. Several surface modification techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of devices including the immobilization of biomolecules, the incorporation of hydrophilic grafts to reduce protein adsorption, the creation of hydrophobic surfaces, the creation of microdomains to regulate cellular and protein adhesion, new polymers and antimicrobial coatings. Physico-chemical explanation to elucidate the mechanism of such encrustation or infection inhibiting materials is still not available. Our series of experiments showed a marked decrease of silver-activity in biological fluids which corresponds with the controversial clinical results obtained with silver coated urinary catheters. Rifampicin/minocycline coated catheters had very low activity against Gram-negative rods, enterococci and Candida spp., the main causing organisms of urinary catheter infection. Surface engineered materials and antimicrobial drug delivery systems will be the next generation of sophisticated urinary catheters and stents, if both efficacy as well as efficiency has been proved clinically.     

Alprazolam and lorazepam single and multiple-dose effects on psychomotor skills and sleep

Summary The effects of alprazolam 0.5 mg and lorazepam 2 mg on cognitive and psychomotor skills were assessed in twelve normal volunteer subjects in a randomised, double-blind, crossover design. Single and multiple dose effects were monitored using a battery of tests comprising critical flicker fusion threshold (CFFT), choice reaction time (CRT), simulated car tracking, and subjective ratings of perceived sedation (LARS) and of sleep behaviour (LSEQ). Compared with placebo baseline scores, treatment with lorazepam 2 mg (both single and multiple doses) resulted in a widespread impairment of CRT, tracking accuracy, and CFFT. Single doses of alprazolam 0.5 mg reduced CFFT with respect to the placebo baseline. Single and multiple dose treatment with both drugs resulted in subjective reports of sedation, a reduction of sleep onset latency, and improved sleep quality. Only lorazepam 2 mg significantly disrupted the integrity of behaviour on waking from sleep. These results suggest important pharmacodynamic differences between the two drugs in the doses used.