天花粉蛋白诱导黑色素瘤凋亡机制的研究

目的：研究天花粉蛋白(TCS)对黑色素瘤B-16细胞的作用，探讨天花粉蛋白抗肿瘤的机制。方法：(1)应用单细胞电泳及Hoechst33258染核形态观察来研究TCS对黑色素瘤B-16细胞损伤作用。(2)应用激光共聚焦扫描显微术结合特异性荧光探针Fluo-3/AM、H₂DCF-DA和DAF-FM diacetate观察在TCS作用下，单个瘤细胞内钙离子（Ca²⁺）、一氧化氮（NO）和活性氧（ROS）的信号动态变化，并探讨细胞内ROS和NO的增加与钙离子的关系。结果：(1)终浓度50 mg/L TCS孵育3 h、6 h后，单细胞电泳、Hoechst33258染色的核形态观察未发现与对照组有明显区别；孵育12 h后单细胞电泳可见DNA损伤的特征性现象-彗星尾巴；Hoechst33258染色的核形态观察发现有明显的核浓缩和边集现象，出现特征性凋亡小体。(2)终浓度50 mg/L的TCS可引起细胞内Ca²⁺、NO和ROS的生成量明显高于对照组（P＜0.01）。细胞内ROS和NO的增加与钙离子的增加密切相关。结论：天花粉蛋白对黑色素瘤B-16细胞DNA具有较强损伤作用，可诱导其发生凋亡；天花粉蛋白诱导凋亡可能与细胞内钙、ROS和NO的增加有关。     

黄芪皂苷对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的免疫增强作用

目的：研究黄芪皂苷（AS）增强巨噬细胞的免疫作用，探讨其调节机体免疫功能的机理。方法：在体外培养的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞中加入不同浓度的AS后，观察其对巨噬细胞一氧化氮（NO）合成及对肿瘤细胞杀伤活性的影响；透射电子显微镜观察巨噬细胞的超微结构改变；应用激光扫描共聚焦显微术，结合特异性荧光探针Fluo-3／AM、观察AS引起巨噬细胞内Ca^2＋的变化。结果：50～800μg／ml AS作用细胞24小时后，NO分泌量增加，杀瘤活性加强，且呈量-效依赖关系；400蜡／ml AS作用细胞24小时后，透射电子显微镜观察可见细胞表面突起增多、增粗、增长；滑面内质网、溶酶体增多；50—800μg／ml AS作用细胞4小时后，细胞内Ca^2＋的浓度升高，并与药物浓度呈正相关。结论：AS能增强小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的免疫作用；细胞内Ca^2＋浓度的升高可能是AS激活巨噬细胞，发挥免疫调节作用的机理之一。     

硫化氢对体外大鼠肝星状细胞内Ca2+浓度变化及细胞增殖的影响

目的 研究硫化氢(H₂ S)对大鼠肝星状细胞-T6(HSC-T6) Ca²⁺浓度、细胞增殖的影响及其机制。 方法 活化HSC-T6用含10%小牛血清DMEM培养液制备为1×10⁵个肝星状细胞(HSC)悬液。钙离子荧光探针Fluo-3/AM负载细胞后，在不同刺激条件下，利用激光扫描共焦显微镜动态扫描HSC-T6细胞内Ca²⁺荧光强度（FI）变化，FI表示细胞内Ca²⁺浓度。四唑盐比色法，观察不同浓度H₂S供体——NaSH对HSC-T6细胞增殖的影响。 结果 低浓度H₂S（100μmol/L）明显降低HSC-T6细胞内Ca²⁺浓度（P<0.05)，而细胞增殖增加（增殖率为116%）；K_ATP通道阻断剂——格列本脲可阻断H2S的作用。高浓度H₂S（1mmol/L）刺激HSC-T6细胞内Ca₂₊浓度增加，但细胞增殖无明显变化(P＞0.05)。 结论 低浓度H₂S通过激活HSC-T6细胞K_ATP通道降低细胞内Ca²⁺浓度，可能通过调节细胞氧化应激促进细胞增殖；高浓度H2S刺激HSC-T6细胞内Ca₂₊浓度增加。提示H₂S在肝硬化门脉高压症的发生机制中具有双重作用。     

一氧化氮对成纤维细胞内游离Ca2+浓度的影响

目的: 研究一氧化氮(NO)对成纤维细胞内游离Ca²⁺浓度的影响。方法: 体外培养人胚肺成纤维细胞(HLF), 给予NO前体-L-精氨酸(L-Arg)及一氧化氮合酶(NOS)抑制剂-硝基-L-精氨酸(L-NNA), 采用比色法测定细胞培养液NO水平, 采用Fura-2/AM荧光法测定细胞内游离Ca²⁺浓度, 观察NO对成纤维细胞内游离Ca²⁺浓度的影响。结果: 随着细胞培养液NO水平逐渐升高, 成纤维细胞内游离Ca²⁺浓度逐渐升高[实验组NO水平、Ca²⁺ 浓度比正常对照组NO水平、Ca²⁺浓度分别为(3.82±0.53) mol/L比(2.62±0.55) mol/L和(894.48±93.01) nmol/L比(824.56±33.22) nmol/L, P<0.05]; 但进一步升高NO水平, Ca²⁺浓度却逐渐降低[实验组NO水平、Ca²⁺浓度比正常对照组NO水平、Ca²⁺浓度分别为(5.82±0.45) mol/L比(2.62±0.55) mol/L和(162.11±68.50) nmol/L比(824.56±33.22) nmol/L, P<0.01]。结论: NO对成纤维细胞内游离Ca²⁺浓度具有双向调节作用。即低水平NO升高细胞内游离Ca²⁺浓度, 高水平NO降低细胞内游离Ca²⁺浓度。     

卡托普利对缺氧/复氧乳鼠心室肌细胞游离钙的影响及其离子通道机制

目的：观察卡托普利晚期预处理对缺氧/复氧乳鼠心室肌细胞游离钙的影响及其离子通道机制。方法:建立培养乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧/复氧损伤模型。设正常对照组、缺氧/复氧组、缺氧预适应组和卡托普利组。经Flou-3/AM负载染色后，采用流式细胞分析技术，测定细胞内钙离子浓度(［Ca²⁺］i)；利用膜片钳技术，观察L-型钙通道和钠钙交换电流的变化。结果:（1）缺氧/复氧时，［Ca²⁺］i和Na⁺/Ca²⁺交换电流高于正常对照组（P<0.01），L-型钙电流（I_Ca-L）峰值下降，I-V曲线上移，半数失活电压(V_0.5)减小，ICa-L失活曲线左移。（2）晚期预处理和卡托普利使缺氧/复氧时［Ca²⁺］i低于缺氧/复氧组（P<0.01）；I_Ca-L增加，I-V曲线下移，V_0.5增大及稳态失活曲线右移；Na⁺/Ca²⁺ 交换电流减少；但［Ca²⁺］i和Na⁺/Ca²⁺交换电流高于对照组（P<0.05）。（3）卡托普利组与缺氧预适应组比较上述指标均无显著差异 。结论：心肌细胞缺氧/复氧，通过Na⁺/Ca²⁺交换电流的异常增加可引起［Ca²⁺］i的异常升高及其钙超载；卡托普利通过轻度增加Na⁺/Ca²⁺交换电流及其［Ca²⁺］i而触发晚期预处理，抑制后续缺氧/复氧引起的Na⁺/Ca²⁺交换电流及其［Ca²⁺］i的异常增加。     

钙调神经磷酸酶信号通路参与PGF2α诱导的心肌细胞肥大

目的： 研究前列腺素F₂α（PGF₂α）诱导心肌细胞肥大的作用及其细胞内信号转导通路。方法：利用乳鼠心肌细胞培养，以细胞直径、蛋白质含量和心房利钠因子（ANF）mRNA表达为心肌肥大反应指标，观察PGF₂α致心肌肥大效应。采用Fura-2/AM为荧光指示剂测定心肌细胞内钙浓度（［Ca²⁺］_i）；RT-PCR法半定量测定mRNA表达；Western blotting方法检测蛋白表达。结果：随着PGF₂α 浓度升高（10^-10-10^-5 mol/L），心肌细胞直径、蛋白含量和［Ca²⁺］_i均明显高于溶剂对照组（P﹤0.01）；PGF₂α 10^-7 mol/L使ANF mRNA表达明显高于对照组（P﹤0.01）；钙调神经磷酸酶（CaN）mRNA及CaN信号通路（含CaN及其下游因子NFAT₃和GATA₄）蛋白的表达亦明显高于对照组（P﹤0.05）。加入CsA（CaN阻断剂）后，PGF₂α诱导的心肌细胞肥大和［Ca²⁺］_i升高的作用明显降低（P﹤0.01），CaN mRNA和CaN信号通路蛋白的表达亦明显减少（P﹤0.05）。结论： PGF₂α诱导的心肌细胞肥大至少部分与其升高［Ca²⁺］_i从而激活CaN信号转导通路有关。     

高脂饮食兔肺泡巨噬细胞［Ca2+］i及ACE活性变化

目的： 了解高脂饮食对兔肺泡巨噬细胞胞浆游离钙浓度(［Ca²⁺］_i)及血管紧张素Ⅰ转换酶 (ACE) 活性的影响，探索哮喘与高脂饮食相关的可能机制。方法: 高胆固醇饮食法建立高脂兔模型(ｎ=6)，8周后离体支气管肺泡灌洗；Fura2/am测定肺泡巨噬细胞［Ca²⁺］_i,紫外法检测ACE活性。结果: 高脂组肺泡巨噬细胞［Ca²⁺］_i显著高于正常组 (P＜0.01)；其支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)及肺泡巨噬细胞上清液中ACE活性显著高于正常组 (均P＜0.01)；高脂组BALF中肺泡巨噬细胞数、肺泡巨噬细胞［Ca²⁺］_i 及肺泡巨噬细胞培养上清液ACE活性均与血清总胆固醇含量呈正相关，r分别为0.851、0.840、0.847(均P＜0.05)。结论: 高脂饮食导致兔肺泡巨噬细胞活化，活性增高的肺泡巨噬细胞处于易激状态。     

［Ca2+］i对大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞膜钙激活氯离子通道的调节作用

目的： 探讨细胞浆内游离钙离子浓度（［Ca²⁺］_i）在常氧、急性和慢性低氧条件下对大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞(PASMCs)膜钙激活氯离子通道（Cl_Ca）的调节作用。 方法: 常规离体血管灌流法检测急性低氧时肺动脉环张力变化；钙荧光探针(Fura-2/AM)负载培养PASMCs，观察常氧和慢性低氧条件下［Ca²⁺］_i的变化并由此对Cl_Ca的影响；同时用四唑盐(MTT)比色法观察当［Ca²⁺］_i变化时Cl_Ca对PASMCs增殖的影响。 结果: (1) Cl_Ca阻断剂尼氟灭酸（NFA）和indaryloxyacetic acid (IAA-94)可以舒张急性低氧引起的肺动脉环收缩。(2) 慢性低氧时［Ca²⁺］_i升高：常氧状态下, PASMCs ［Ca²⁺］_i为(123.63±18.98)nmol/L，低氧时为(281.75±16.48)nmol/L (P<0.01)。(3) 常氧时，NFA和IAA-94对［Ca²⁺］_i 无明显影响(P>0.05)。(4) 慢性低氧时, NFA和IAA-94使PASMCs ［Ca²⁺］_i由(281.75±16.48)nmol/L降低到(117.66±15.36)nmol/L (P<0.01)。(5)MTT比色法中，慢性低氧状态下NFA和IAA-94引起升高的吸光度(A)值降低，由0.459±0.058到0.224±0.025 (P<0.01)。 结论: 低氧引起［Ca²⁺］_i升高，这可能激活Cl_Ca，对［Ca²⁺］_i起正反馈作用，Cl_Ca可能在低氧肺动脉高压中起作用；慢性低氧条件下Cl_Ca可能参与促进大鼠PASMCs的增殖。     

人参皂甙对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞活性的影响及其作用机制初步探讨

目的:观察人参皂甙(GS)对巨噬细胞的免疫激活作用,探讨GS活化巨噬细胞及免疫调节机制。方法:在体外培养的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞中加入不同浓度的GS后,观察巨噬细胞一氧化氮(NO)合成及MTT比色法检测活化后的巨噬细胞对肿瘤细胞杀伤活性的影响;扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察巨噬细胞的超微结构改变;激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(LSCM)观察巨噬细胞表面组织相容性复合体Ⅱ(MHCⅡ)的变化;以特异性荧光探针Fluo-3/AM负载细胞,应用LSCM检测巨噬细胞内Ca2+浓度。结果:小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞经GS作用后,细胞形态发生活化性改变,杀瘤活性增强,细胞表面MHCⅡ表达增加并增强对H22细胞杀伤活性;GS作用细胞4小时后,25~200 mg/L GS细胞内Ca2+浓度升高,并与药物浓度呈正相关。结论:GS在体外能激活小鼠巨噬细胞,促进其发挥免疫防御功能,其免疫调节机制可能与细胞内Ca2+浓度升高有关。     

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶通路介导创面渗出液对大鼠表皮干细胞内游离钙浓度的影响

目的： 探讨创面收集液对大鼠表皮干细胞(ESC)内钙离子的作用以及丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)通路对胞内游离钙的影响。方法： 以聚氨酯海绵收集成年Wistar大鼠背部全层创面渗出液；以快速黏附分离法体外分离、培养新生Wistar大鼠的表皮干细胞。将培养的表皮干细胞分为5组:①单纯对照组;② 单纯创面收集液处理组;③ PD98059阻断剂＋创面收集液处理组; ④ SB203580阻断剂＋创面收集液处理组;⑤ PD98059与SB203580阻断剂＋创面收集液处理组。应用特异性Ca²⁺荧光指示剂Fluo-3/AM负载细胞,激光共聚焦显微镜检测细胞内Ca²⁺荧光强度，以判断游离钙的浓度。结果： 单纯创面收集液处理组ESC的Ca²⁺荧光强度明显较单纯对照组增加；③、④两组均出现了不同的钙振荡现象；而⑤组则表现为Ca²⁺荧光强度的迅速降低。结论： 创面收集液引起ESC内游离Ca²⁺浓度增加,MAPK信号通路对ESC胞内钙离子有反馈调节作用。     

Exposure of cultured murine peritoneal macrophages to low concentrations of beryllium induces increases in intracellular calcium concentrations and stimulates DNA synthesis.

Exposure of humans to beryllium dusts can induce a specific form of chronic pneumonitis that consists mainly of noncaseating granulomas in the lungs. Multiple studies have documented both genetic and immune components of chronic berylliosis. Much work has focused on T cells and their reactivity in berylliosis, but less work has focused on the end effector cells in granulomatous inflammation, macrophages. Because macrophages must become activated to form granulomas, and they become activated by responding to numerous immunomodulatory signals, we investigated the effects of beryllium (BeCl2) on a central signal transduction pathway in macrophages, increases in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i). Exposure of cultured murine peritoneal macrophages to low, nontoxic concentrations induced successive spikes or oscillations in [Ca2+]i. Concentrations as low as 5 nM induced significant increases in [Ca2+]i. The source of the increased [Ca2+]i was exclusively extracellular in that increases in [Ca2+]i could be completely blocked by chelating extracellular Ca2+, were inhibited by the Ca2+ channel blocker verapamil, and exposure of macrophages to BeCl2 had no effect on IP3 concentrations. DNA synthesis, a Ca2+-sensitive function, was enhanced in dividing 1LN cells and induced de novo in quiescent macrophages. Furthermore, BeCl2 enhanced DNA synthesis in the absence of coexposure to the protein kinase C activator phorbol myristate acetate. These data support the hypothesis that beryllium toxicity is in part the result of altered Ca2+ metabolism in mononuclear phagocytes consequent to reversible opening of plasma membrane channels.     

猪苓多糖对巨噬细胞一氧化氮生成和细胞内还原型谷胱甘肽的影响

本文观察了猪苓多糖 (PPS )对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞一氧化氮 (NO )生成和细胞内还原型谷胱甘肽 (GSH )的影响。结果显示 :(1)PPS对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞NO生成具有明显的促进作用 ;(2 )细胞内GSH浓度随NO生成增加而减少 ;(3)这些作用能被NO生成抑制剂L NMMA所抑制。结果表明PPS能促进小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞NO生成 ,并同时消耗细胞内GSH。提示细胞内GSH可能起到调节巨噬细胞NO生成和保护宿主细胞免受NO介导的细胞毒作用。     

Production of nitric oxide by murine peritoneal macrophages in vitro on treatment with prolactin and growth hormone: involvement of protein tyrosine kinases, Ca(++), and MAP kinase signal transduction pathways

Prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) (somatotropin) have been known to possess immunomodulatory properties. In the present studies we have investigated the production of nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-alpha by murine peritoneal macrophages in vitro on treatment with PRL and GH and the signal transduction mechanism involved. It is observed that significantly enhanced production of NO is induced in macrophages on treatment with PRL and GH. It is further observed that protein tyrosine kinases, MAP kinases and Ca(++) channeling are involved in NO production by macrophages on in vitro treatment with PRL and GH. GH and PRL induced nitric oxide did not have any effect on the expression and production of TNF-alpha. PRL or GH induced TNF-alpha production by murine macrophages was insensitive in the presence of competitive inhibitor of NOS, L-NMMA. Similarly, there is no autocrine or paracrine effect of TNF-alpha on GH or PRL induced NO production and iNOS expression.     

Interaction between cisplatin treated murine peritoneal macrophages and L929 cells: involvement of adhesion molecules, cytoskeletons, upregulation of Ca2+ and nitric oxide dependent cytotoxicity

Murine peritoneal macrophages on treatment with cisplatin (10 microg/ml) showed increased binding to L929 cells. Cisplatin treated macrophage on co-incubation with L929 cells form a distinct cytoplasmic contact between the two cells. The plasmalemmae of the two cells fuse over a large surface area. The formation of contact between the cisplatin treated macrophage and L929 cell results in the induction of apoptosis in L929 cell. Untreated macrophages did not form a contact with L929 cells and no apoptosis is observed in L929 cells. Immunofluorescence microscopical studies clearly show the participation of cytoskeleton and the adhesion molecules in the formation of contact between the two cells. Further, a significant enhancement of the expression of iNOS and cytosolic Ca2+ was observed in cisplatin treated macrophages co-incubated with L929 cells. Cisplatin treated macrophages produced significant amount of NO when co-incubated with L929 cells, while there was minimal production of NO by untreated macrophages co-incubated with L929 cells. Cisplatin treated macrophage-induced L929 cell death was NO dependent, since L-NMMA (500 microM) significantly inhibited the cytotoxicity of L929 cells. The addition of excess L-arginine (2mM) reversed the L-NMMA induced inhibition of NO production and L929 cell cytotoxicity.     

Differential effects of osteopontin on the cytotoxic activity of macrophages from young and old mice.

Osteopontin (OPN) is a secreted phosphoprotein found in body fluids (e.g. plasma, urine, milk) and in mineralized tissues. Its expression is increased in many transformed cells and in normal cells exposed to various cytokines. When stimulated with the inflammatory mediators lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma, mouse macrophages secrete nitric oxide (NO) as a cytotoxic agent effective against microbial invaders and tumour cells. This report documents (1) that thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages, activated with the inflammatory mediators, produced less NO and exhibited reduced cytotoxicity towards target cells when they were obtained from old animals than when they were obtained from young animals; and (2) that OPN was able to inhibit both the induced NO synthesis and cytotoxicity, but more effectively in macrophages from the young animals than those from the old animals. This may be due to the observed higher level of OPN expression in macrophages from old animals.     

细胞内钙离子螯合剂抑制HSV-1诱导Hela细胞的凋亡作用

目的：探讨HSV-1在诱导Hela细胞凋亡中，细胞内游离钙浓度的变化及钙离子螯合剂对HSV-1诱导Hela细胞凋亡的抑制作用。方法：HSV-1感染Hela细胞后，用扫描电镜及透射电镜观察凋亡情况。用荧光探针标记细胞内游离Ca^2 ，在不同时间观察细胞内游离Ca^2 浓度的变化。结果：HSV-1感染Hela细胞后，出现了典型的凋亡形态学变化。细胞内游离Ca^2 浓度在HSV-1感染Hela细胞后12h达高峰；典型的凋亡形态学变化出现在HSV-1感染Hela细胞后24h。细胞内Ca^2 螯合剂能显著抑制HSV-1诱导的Hela细胞凋亡。结论：细胞内游离Ca^2 在HSV-1诱导的Hela细胞凋亡过程中，具有重要作用，此实验结果为临床治疗相关疾病提供了有用的线索。     

Involvement of protein kinases in the potentiation of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory mediator formation by thapsigargin in peritoneal macrophages

We have explored the regulatory roles played by Ca2+-dependent signaling on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) release in mouse peritoneal macrophages. To elevate intracellular Ca2+, we used thapsigargin (TG) and UTP. Although LPS alone cannot stimulate NO synthesis, co-addition with TG, which sustainably increased [Ca2+]i, resulted in NO release. UTP, via acting on P2Y6 receptors, can stimulate phosphoinositide (PI) turnover and transient [Ca2+]i increase, however, it did not possess the NO priming effect. LPS alone triggered the release of PGE2, TNF-alpha, and IL-6; all of which were potentiated by the presence of TG, but not of UTP. The stimulatory effect of LPS plus TG on NO release was inhibited by the presence of Ro 31-8220, Go6976, KN-93, PD 098059, or SB 203580, and abolished by BAPTA/AM and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) inhibitor, PDTC. PGE2, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 release by LPS alone were attenuated by Ro 31-8220, Go6976, PD 098059, SB 203580, and PDTC. Using L-NAME, soluble TNF-alpha receptor, IL-6 antibody, NS-398, and indomethacin, we performed experiments to understand the cross-regulation by the four mediators. The results revealed that TNF-alpha up-regulated NO, PGE2, and IL-6 synthesis; PGE2 up-regulated NO, but down-regulated TNF-alpha synthesis; and PGE2 and IL-6 mutually up-regulated reciprocally. Taken together, murine peritoneal macrophages required a sustained [Ca2+]i increase, which proceeds after TG, but not UTP, stimulation, to enhance LPS-mediated release of inflammatory mediators, particularly for NO induction. Activation of PKC-, ERK-, and p38 MAPK-dependent signaling also are essential for LPS action. The positive regulatory interactions among these mediators might amplify the inflammatory response caused by endotoxin.     

α-MSH对脂多糖诱导小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞SOCS-3mRNA表达的影响

目的:观察α-黑色素细胞刺激素(α-MSH)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞SOCS-3mRNA表达及NO释放的影响,以探讨α-MSH拮抗LPS的作用机制。方法:用半定量逆转录多聚酶链反应(RT-PCR)的方法检测LPS诱导体外培养的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞SOCS-3mRNA表达水平和给予α-MSH后对SOCS-3mRNA表达的影响;用Griess试剂检测单独给予LPS与同时给予α-MSH和LPS作用巨噬细胞后对NO生成量的影响。结果:未受LPS刺激的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞表达低水平的SOCS-3。LPS组SOCS-3的表达和NO的生成显著高于对照组,而同时给予α-MSH和LPS培养,巨噬细胞的SOCS-3的表达明显低于LPS组,NO的生成则几乎完全阻断。结论:LPS在启动炎症的过程中可能也激活了SOCS介导的负调节机制;但SOCS可能不参与α-MSH的抗LPS作用。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">In Vitro</Emphasis> Effect of Combined Hybrid Molecules from Vitamin E Analogues and Betulinic Acid on Macrophage Activity

Macrophage activity was studied after treatment with hybrid molecules obtained by condensation of terpenic acid residues (betulinic and betulonic acids) and α-tocopherol analogues (α-tocopherol hemisuccinate and Trolox acid). As distinct from betulinic acid and α-tocopherol hemisuccinate, hybrid molecules did not exhibit cytotoxicity in relation to mouse peritoneal macrophages in the MTT test. Test substances inhibited the production of NO by mouse peritoneal macrophages. However, hybrid molecules had no effect on activity of macrophage arginase. Our results indicate that new molecules have anti-infl ammatory activity. It can be hypothesized that these substances have immunomodulatory properties.