人造矿物纤维对肺泡巨噬细胞的毒作用研究

目的比较１０种人造矿物纤维对肺泡巨噬细胞毒作用的差异。方法选用日本纤维状物质研究协会提供的１０种标准人造矿物纤维（ＪＦＭ纤维），在体外用豚鼠肺泡巨噬细胞（ＡＭ）作为靶细胞，分别对ＪＦＭ纤维作用于ＡＭ后超氧阴离子自由基（Ｏ－２）、过氧化氢（Ｈ２Ｏ２）的产生，谷胱甘肽（ＧＳＨ）及细胞内游离Ｃａ２＋浓度的变化进行了测定。结果１０种ＪＦＭ纤维中，大多数都可引起Ｏ－２和Ｈ２Ｏ２的产生增多、ＧＳＨ含量下降及细胞内游离Ｃａ２＋浓度升高，但其作用均低于温石棉。结论ＪＦＭ纤维的一般细胞毒性均低于温石棉。这些人造矿物纤维虽然作为石棉的代用品使用，但对机体仍会产生一定的有害作用。     

人造矿物纤维的体外细胞毒性研究

目的;比较１０种人造矿物纤维对细胞毒性作用。方法：选用日本纤维状物质研究协会提供的１０种标准人造矿物纤维（ＪＦＭ纤维）,在体外以大鼠肺巨噬细胞（ＡＭ）和兔红细胞为靶细胞。测定ＪＦＭ纤维作用后ＡＭ乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）活性,ＡＭ吞噬能力和红细胞溶血率。结果：１０种ＪＦＭ纤维都可引起ＡＭ中ＬＤＨ逸出和活性增高,ＲＦ１明显高于温石棉,其它接近或低于温石棉。ＪＦＭ纤维对ＡＭ吞噬能力实验中,ＷＯ１作用下的ＡＭ吞噬能力明显高于温石棉,ＲＦ１、ＲＦ２、 ＲＦ３低于温石棉。 ＲＦ１、 ＲＦ２对红细胞溶血率与温石棉接近,其它明显低于温石棉。结论：ＪＦＭ纤维具一般细胞毒性, ＲＦ１、 ＲＦ２接近于温石棉,其它均低于温石棉,其中以 ＷＯ１为最低。     

人造矿物纤维职业卫生问题研究近况

近年来,关于人造矿物纤维(man-mademineral fibre,MMMF)对人体健康影响的研究,正在不断深入、扩展。自1982年仅几年的时间,已经有几次国际性专业会议召开,深入探讨和评价了MMMF对人体的危害。其原因在于,石棉纤维的主产和应用在一些国家受到限制和禁止,人造矿物纤维已部分成为石棉的替代品被广泛利用。MMMF具有与石棉纤维相类似的理化特性(均为纤维状的硅酸盐),它是否能产生与石棉相同的生物学作用,无疑将为人们所关注。本文仅就近年来国外MMMF职业卫生问题的研究概况做一综述。     

人造矿物纤维对细胞DNA损伤作用的体外研究

目的比较研究１０种人造矿物纤维（ＭＭＭＦ）对人肺泡上皮细胞（Ａ５４９细胞）ＤＮＡ的损伤及修复作用。方法选用日本纤维状物质研究协会提供的１０种标准人造矿物纤维（ＪＦＭ）,用单细胞凝胶电泳法,以Ａ５４９细胞作为靶细胞,测定了细胞ＤＮＡ链断裂、损伤后修复及ＤＮＡＤＮＡ链间交联。结果１０种ＪＦＭ纤维都可引起不同程度的ＤＮＡ链断裂、ＤＮＡＤＮＡ链间交联及抑制ＤＮＡ损伤后的修复功能。综合分析发现：微细玻璃纤维的遗传毒性最强,硅灰石的遗传毒性最低。它们的作用程度均低于温石棉。结论ＪＦＭ纤维均具有一定程度的体外遗传毒性,但均低于ＵＩＣＣ温石棉Ｂ。     

用单细胞凝胶电泳法检测人造矿物纤维对DNA的损伤

目的 比较研究１０种人造矿物纤维（ＭＭＭＦ）对人淋巴细胞的损伤作用。方法 采用日本纤维物质研究协会提供的１０种标准人造矿物纤维（ＪＦＭ）,用单细胞凝胶电泳法,以人淋巴细胞为靶细胞,用迁移率和迁移度评价对细胞ＤＮＡ链断裂程序。     

两种标准铀矿样粉对肺巨噬细胞毒性的体外研究

免疫兔肺泡巨噬细胞测试系统，选用细胞半数致死浓度（ＬＣ５０）、乳酸脱氢酶活性和细胞培养液中的＾５１Ｃｒ释放量等指标，研究了ＧＢＷ０４１０４（Ｎｏ．４和ＧＢＷ０４１０５（Ｎｏ．５）两种标准铀矿样粉的细胞毒性，并与国产标准石英（Ｑ．ｓ）进行了比较Ｑ．ｓ、Ｎｏ．５、Ｎｏ．４的ＬＧ５０依次为００７２、０．２０１、０．３４ｍｇ／ｍｌ；综合毒性指数（ＣＴＩ）依次为１．００００、０．６０９３、０．３５６６，为定     

石棉对大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞毒作用的体外研究

本文研究了新康温石棉,加拿大(UICC)温石棉和石英粉尘,经5,10,15小时体外染尘对大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞的毒作用,结果表明各组细胞的存活率均随培养时间而下降,以石英组下降最快,加拿大组次之,各染尘组与对照组间有明显差异,染尘细胞的形态与功能有明显改变经光镜和电镜检查可见细胞迅速增大,内含多量不同大小的空泡,两石棉组不少细胞成锥形或梭形,肾形核双核和三核细胞明显增加,并有两巨噬细胞共吞长石棉纤维,三种粉尘均无例外地被吞噬,毒性有所差异以石英最大,认为此种差异由粉尘性质和形状不同所致.     

木尘对肺泡巨噬细胞的毒性作用

目的 :探讨木尘对肺泡巨噬细胞 (AM)的毒性作用。方法 :采用某木综厂胶合板车间除尘室的尘木进行家兔 AM的毒性实验。结果 :显示该木尘使 AM存活率降低 ,有明显的剂量反应关系。结论 :该木尘对 AM有明显毒性。     

铁矿尘对肺泡巨噬细胞影响的实验研究

采用大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞（ＡＭ）体外培养的方法,对铁矿积尘进行毒性研究。染尘浓度为０、０．２、０．６和１．２ｍｇ／ｍｌ,染尘１、５、２０小时后,通过对大鼠ＡＭ功能、形态、细胞膜通透性变化以及脂质过氧化、抗氧化等的观察,初步探讨了铁矿尘对ＡＭ的毒作用及其机理。结果表明,染尘后ＡＭ吞噬酵母菌能力降低;随铁矿尘浓度增高和染尘时间延长,细胞培养液中ＬＤＨ活性升高,细胞内ＡＣＰ活性降低,Ｋ＾＋水平降低,说明铁矿     

不同地区大气PM2.5对大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞毒性作用的实验研究

目的比较不同地区大气PM2.5对肺泡巨噬细胞的毒性作用。方法采集广州市、东莞市、深圳市和肇庆市4个地区的大气PM2.5,将PM2.5分别以1、10、50、100、200、300μg/ml剂量对肺泡巨噬细胞染毒24 h。检测一氧化氮(NO)释放量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力、丙二醛(MDA)生成量、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)水平、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)漏出率及细胞存活率。以肇庆作为对照,观察PM2.5对各指标的影响。经剂量与效应指标回归分析,以斜率评价各地区PM2.5的效应大小。结果不同地区大气PM2.5致肺泡巨噬细胞释放TNF-α、NO、MDA的水平和LDH的漏出率均随着染毒剂量增加而升高,SOD的活力和细胞的存活率随染毒剂量升高而降低。深圳和东莞大气PM2.5对肺泡巨噬细胞胞内的SOD活力的抑制程度高于广州和肇庆(P<0.05)。深圳和东莞大气PM2.5致肺泡巨噬细胞内MDA的生成量明显高于肇庆(P<0.05)。广州大气PM2.5致肺泡巨噬细胞生成TNF-α量最高,其次为东莞,均明显高于肇庆(P<0.05)。广州大气PM2.5致肺泡巨噬细胞内LDH的漏出率最高,其次为东莞和深圳,均高于肇庆(P<0.05)。剂量高于100μg/ml时,广州、深圳和东莞大气PM2.5致肺泡巨噬细胞存活率低于肇庆(P<0.05)。回归分析显示,广州大气PM2.5对肺泡巨噬细胞的TNF-α、LDH漏出率、NO释放量的效应最强,肇庆大气PM2.5对肺泡巨噬细胞的LDH漏出率、NO释放量和细胞存活率的效应最低。结论不同地区大气PM2.5对大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞的毒性作用随染毒剂量增加而增强,广州、东莞、深圳地区大气PM2.5的毒性效应总体上强于肇庆地区。     

Exposure of employees to man-made mineral fibers: ceramic fiber production.

Employee exposure to ceramic fibers in the ceramic fiber production industry was measured. Data were collected in three plants operated by three different corporations. The average exposure of employees was in the range 0.05 to 2 fibers/ml. Although there were major operational diversities among the plants investigated, the size and length distributions of airborne fibers in the facilities were consistent. Thus, 95% of the airborne fibers were less than 4 μm in diameter and 50 μm in length, with geometric mean diameter of 0.7 μm and geometric mean length of 13 μm. An excellent correlation was demonstrated between average exposure to total suspended particulate matter and fiber concentrations for the work activities in the plants.     

Dust in buildings with man-made mineral fiber ceiling boards

Man-made mineral fibers (MMMF) and other airborne dusts were measured in 105 rooms in a representative sample of public buildings, excluding rooms with physically damaged boards or buildings with notable indoor climate problems. There were no differences in the MMMF concentrations with respect to the type of binder. The average concentrations ranged from 17 to 210 respirable MMMF/m3. The average concentrations of the reference group was intermediate and therefore indicated that sources other than ceiling boards contributed to the obtained values. No grouping by concentration of MMMF on cupboards was possible. Airborne concentrations of respirable MMMF were 2.7 times lower in rooms with mechanical ventilation than in rooms with natural ventilation. For nonrespirable MMMF, the most important factor was the quality of the cleaning. The concentration in poorly cleaned rooms was 5.5 times that of well-cleaned rooms. Ventilation, quality of cleaning, and number of persons affected the non-MMMF and total dust concentrations.     

Oral cavity and laryngeal cancers among man-made mineral fiber production workers

From 1975 to 1984, the incidence of cancer was determined among workers employed in a French man-made mineral fiber (MMMF) production plant. The cohort, including 1 374 fully active or retired men, represented 12 793 person-years. Forty-one patients had cancer, 19 of which were in the upper respiratory and alimentary tract and five of which were lung cancers. The number of lung cancers observed did not significantly differ from that expected [standardized incidence ration (SIR) 0.7]. However the incidence of upper respiratory and alimentary tract cancers was significantly higher (SIR 2.2), especially for those in the larynx (SIR = 2.3), pharynx (SIR 1.4), and buccal cavity (SIR 3.0). The relative risk of cancers in the upper respiratory and alimentary tracts seemed to increase with the length of exposure to glass fibers and exceeded the value of 3.0 for more than 10 years of exposure. This result does not seem to be attributable to an excess of tobacco and/or alcohol consumption. No previous survey of the MMMF industry has shown such a risk, except in Italy. Thus this finding has to be confirmed.     

石棉和人造矿物纤维诱导细胞凋亡机制的研究进展

石棉是一种天然无机结晶状矿物纤维,耐热、耐火、耐酸碱,接触石棉可导致石棉肺、支气管肺癌和恶性间皮瘤.     

Chemical and physical characteristics and toxicology of man-made mineral fibers]

The evidence for the adverse health effects following exposure to asbestos (i.e. fibrogenic and carcinogenic effect) has prompted widespread removal of asbestos-containing materials and led to banning of asbestos internationally (in Italy, DPR 257/1992), resulting in the increased use of substitutes composed of both naturally occurring and synthetic materials, including man made mineral fibres (MMMFs) and man made organic fibres (MMOF). MMMFs represent a family of synthetic, inorganic vitreous substances derived primarily from glass, rock, slag, or clay. MMMFs are further divided into two categories: 1) man made vitreous fibres (MMVFs), further divided as follows: a) fibrous glass, including mainly continuous filament, special purpose fibres; and microfibres. The materials are typically composed of oxides of silicon, calcium, sodium, potassium, aluminum, and boron. b) Mineral wool, including glass wool, rock wool (derived from magma rock) and slag wool (made from molten slag produced in metallurgical processes such as the production of iron, steel, or copper). The main components of rock wool and slag wool are oxides of silicon, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, and iron. 2) Refractory/ceramic fibres, amorphous or partially crystalline materials made from kaolin clay or oxides of aluminum, silicon or other metal oxides (i.e. oxides of zirconium and yttrium). Less commonly, refractory fibres are also made from non-oxide refractory materials such as silicon carbide, silicon nitride, or boron nitride. Industrial production of MMVFs began in the second half of the 19th century, while ceramic fibres production began more recently, in the early 1970s. Major uses of MMMFs include thermal, acoustic and aerospace insulation, fire proofing, reinforcing material in plastics, cement and textile, optic fibres, air and liquid filtration, friction products, refractory coatings. Serious questions have been raised about health implications of MMMFs. Suspicion about the possible occurrence of adverse effects following exposure to MMMFs arises mainly from some similarities of MMMFs with asbestos (fibrous aspects, inhalability, chemical composition, free radical formation). The fibre characteristics that have been identified as crucial in influencing the pathogenesis of fibre-related adverse respiratory effects can be mainly divided into two groups: fibre dimension, and chemical composition and structure. Fibre dimension plays a determining role in conditioning penetration in the lung. In a broad sense, the term "respirable" means "capable of being carried by breath into the respiratory system". For regulatory purposes, "respirable fibres" (i.e. RFP) are defined in most countries following WHO criteria: length > 5 microns, diameter < 3 microns, length/diameter > 3. MMMFs are generally produced as fibres of diameter higher than asbestos, and too large in diameter to be respirable. Moreover, due to the production process, they are structurally amorphous. Since MMMFs have no crystalline domains, they also have no clearly defined structural faults and they fracture transversely, and randomly. Fragments that are too large to be taken up by macrophages can be resolved in the lung by a leaching--or dissolution--process which leads to a progressive reduction of particle length. In contrast, when abraded, asbestos tends to split longitudinally into new, fine, straight fibres: these fibrils are of much smaller diameter, more respirable, and consequently more hazardous than parent fibres. Fibre chemical composition plays a determining role in conditioning the higher or lower biological activity, durability, biopersistence, and biodegradability. The term "biological activity" means reactivity or ability to interact (possibly due to formation of active oxygen species, identified as a crucial step in the mechanism of action) with biological structures and tissues. Fibre "durability" is strictly related to its solubility. It can be defined as the ability to resist     

Exposure of employees to man-made mineral fibers: mineral wool production.

This paper reports the results of a study in which employee exposure to mineral wool fibers in the mineral wool production industry was measured. Data for this study were collected in five plants operated by three different corporations.The results of the study indicate that the average exposure is about 0.1 to 0.5 fibers/ml. The results also indicate that despite operational diversities among the plants the size and length distributions of airborne fibers were consistent. It was also found that there is an excellent correlation between average total suspended particulate matter and average fiber exposure for types of work activity found in the plants.     

Respiratory health assessment by questionnaire of 2024 workers involved in man-made mineral fiber production

Summary A respiratory health questionnaire was administred to the workers producing man-made mineral fibers in three glasswool and two rockwool plants in France, in order to detect adverse effects resulting from fiber exposure. The mean ages of the 2024 male participants ranged from 32 to 41 years. The standardized questionnaire was filled in by the industrial physicians: occupational history, smoking habits, respiratory symptoms (cough, phlegm, dyspnea, asthma), irritative complaints of the upper airways (nasal fossae and sinuses, pharynx and larynx) were all recorded. Multiple unconditional logistic regression was used to test for a relationship between possible explanatory variables and these symptoms. The prevalence of respiratory symptoms (cough, phlegm, dyspnea) was strongly correlated with age and increased markedly among current smokers. Having adjusted for these confounding factors, significantly elevated Odds Ratios (ORs) for cough and phlegm were observed among the workers of one plant (51% of the whole study population) who had been exposed to fibers for a long time. In the same plant, the ORs for complaints of nasal fossae and sinuses increased significantly with the duration of fiber exposure, and one elevated OR was observed for pharyngeal and laryngeal symptoms. These findings were not consistent with the results observed in the four other plants (49% of the study population), since ORs for all these symptoms were either low or not significantly increased according to the duration of fiber exposure. This lack of similarity among plants could be explained either by differences in interviewers, age, seniority and tobacco consumption, or by secular changes in the industrial processes involved. The positive results observed contrast with a negative lung function study previously carried out in the same plant. Furthermore, the literature provides only one study reporting similar positive findings concerning pharyngeal and laryngeal complaints.Occupational physicians     

人造矿物纤维与呼吸系统肿瘤病例对照研究的Meta分析

目的 定量分析人造矿物纤维(man-made mineral fiber,MMMF)与呼吸系统肿瘤的关系.方法 应用Meta分析方法对MMMF与呼吸系统肿瘤的病例对照研究进行分析.统计学处理采用固定效应模型,用Q统计量进行异质性检验,用Begg's法检验发表性偏倚,并进行敏感性分析.结果 共纳入11个病例对照研究12篇文献,发表时间为1986至2008年,研究地区包括丹麦、挪威、瑞典、德国、英国、捷克、匈牙利、波兰、罗马尼亚、俄罗斯、斯洛文尼亚、加拿大和美国.未校正混杂因素的合并OR粗＝1.146(0.598～2.195),校正混杂因素后的OR_(校正)=1.30(0.75-2.24),单纯接触玻璃纤维的合并OR=1.23(0.16-9.35),单纯接触矿物棉的合并OR=1.43(0.57～3.58).结论 尚不能认为MMMF可致呼吸系统肿瘤发病风险升高,在今后的研究中需控制无差异性错误分类、混杂偏倚等的影响.     

Comparison of cytotoxicity of man-made vitreous fibres

The purpose of the study was to compare the cytotoxicity of man-made vitreous fibres (MMVFs): four refractory ceramic fibres (RCFs 1–4), two glasswool fibres (MMVF 10 and 11), a rockwool fibre (MMVF 21) and a slagwool fibre (MMVF 22). The ability of the fibres to induce haemolysis in sheep erythrocytes, to release lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from rat alveolar macrophages (AM) and to increase the production of reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs) in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PML) was studied. To assess the relative cytotoxicity of MMVFs, their toxicity was compared with that induced by quartz, chrysotile or titanium dioxide. MMVFs induced a modest, but dose-dependent, increase of haemolysis at doses of 0.5, 2.5 and 5.0 mg ml⁻¹. The amount of haemolysis and LDH release induced by MMVFs was generally similar to that induced by titanium dioxide. Glasswool fibre MMVF 10 induced less LDH release from rat AM than rockwool MMVF 21 or slagwool MMVF 22 fibres, whereas glasswool fibre MMVF 11 induced less LDH release than slagwool fibre MMVF 22 (P<0.05). All fibres also dosedependently increased the production of ROMs at doses between 25 and 500 μg ml⁻¹. The shapes of the time-courses of MMVF-induced production of ROMs suggest that the mechanisms whereby the different fibres induce ROM production may exhibit similar features. There are clear-cut differences in the potency of various MMVFs to induce cytotoxicity and oxidative burst. The present results also emphasize the importance of using several measures of toxicity when assessing the biological activity of various fibres in vitro.