骨折内固定并发症的防治

为探讨常见骨折内固定并发症及对策，对螺丝钉，加压滑动鹅头钉，加压钢板，加压髓内钉，交锁髓内钉等治疗各种骨折３９１例进行分析。结果：螺丝钉断裂３例，加压钢板折断４例，折弯１例；呼吸窘迫综合征２例；脑脂肪栓塞１例，感染５例；金属反应２例；骨不连３例，畸形愈合５例；螺丝钉松动２例；     

髓内钉与钢板治疗肱骨干骨折79例疗效比较

目的　比较交锁髓内钉与加压钢板治疗肱骨干骨折的疗效以提高肱骨干骨折的治疗水平。方法　手术治疗 79例 ,肱骨干骨折 ,其中肱骨加压钢板内固定 5 6例 ,交锁髓内钉固定 2 3例 ,骨折均为闭合性 ,比较两种技术的手术时间、住院时间、骨折愈合时间等疗效指标和桡神经损伤、骨不连、肩关节功能障碍等并发症发生情况。结果　与钢板内固定相比 ,髓内钉内固定操作的手术时间短 (P <0 0 1) ,骨折愈合时间提前 (P <0 0 1) ,而住院时间两者之间没有统计学差异 (P >0 0 5 )。髓内钉内固定未发生骨不连 ,钢板有 9例出现骨不连接。暂时性的桡神经麻痹钢板与髓内钉分别为 6例、 1例 ,肩功能功能障碍分别为3例、 5例 ,所有病例未发生骨感染。结论　与钢板相比交锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折的治愈率高 ,并发症少。     

三种内固定方式治疗股骨远端骨折的疗效比较

目的 比较顺行髓内钉、逆行髓内钉及锁定加压钢板内固定治疗股骨远端骨折的疗效.方法 对2005年1月至2009年12月期间采用内固定治疗且获得随访的85例股骨远端骨折患者资料进行回顾性分析,男46例,女39例;年龄15 ～58岁,平均38.8岁.根据内固定方式不同分为3组:顺行髓内钉组(n=17)、逆行髓内钉组(n=42)及锁定加压钢板组(n=26).比较3组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、膝关节功能优良率及并发症发生率. 结果 85例患者术后获12 ～ 24个月(平均18个月)随访.除1例患者出现骨折不愈合外,其余患者骨折均在6个月内获愈合.在手术时间和术中出血量方面,顺行髓内钉组、逆行髓内钉组均优于锁定加压钢板组,顺行髓内钉组优于逆行髓内钉组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).顺行髓内钉组、逆行髓内钉组及锁定加压钢板组患者膝关节Kolment 标准评定结果优良率分别为58.8％ (10/17)、88.1％ (37/42)、69.2％ (18/26),逆行髓内钉组与顺行髓内钉组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).顺行髓内钉组、逆行髓内钉组及锁定加压钢板组患者术后并发症发生率分别为11.8％ (2/17)、9.5％ (4/42)、7.7％(2/26),差异无统计学意义(P=1.000).所有患者均未出现关节感染. 结论 逆行髓内钉治疗股骨远端骨折具有定位准确、固定牢靠、手术时间短及术中出血量少等优点,术后疗效较顺行髓内钉和锁定加压钢板更满意.     

加压钢板与带锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折疗效比较

目的比较加压钢板与带锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折的疗效。方法61例肱骨干骨折患者，骨折复位后38例采用加压钢板、23例采用带锁髓内钉内固定。结果术后平均随访17个月，带锁髓内钉组6个月内骨折愈合率为87．0％（20／23），并发症发生率为0，优于加压钢板组的63．2％（24／38）和23.7（9／38），P〈0．05。结论加压钢板与带锁髓内钉均能可靠固定，但带锁髓内钉能缩短骨折愈合时间，减少并发症，是治疗肱骨干骨折的较好方法。     

MIPPO技术与交锁髓内钉内固定治疗胫骨多段骨折的疗效比较

目的比较微创经皮钢板内固定技术(MIPPO)与交锁髓内钉内固定治疗胫骨多段骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2007-01—2016-06诊疗的57例胫骨多段骨折,31例采用MIPPO技术外侧锁定加压钢板内固定(MIPPO组),26例采用闭合复位交锁髓内钉内固定(髓内钉组)。结果 57例均获得随访,随访时间平均15.6(13~18)个月。髓内钉组在术前等待时间、出血量、住院时间、骨折临床愈合时间、并发症发生率方面优于MIPPO组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);但2组手术时间、术后1年Johner-Wruhs评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论交锁髓内钉与MIPPO技术外侧锁定加压钢板内固定治疗胫骨多段骨折均能取得良好的治疗效果,闭合性骨折或GustiloⅠ、Ⅱ型骨折优先选用闭合复位交锁髓内钉内固定,但骨折线距离膝、踝关节较近尤其是累及关节面者应选用锁定加压钢板内固定。     

交锁髓内钉与加压钢板固定治疗胫骨骨折的疗效对比分析

目的评价交锁髓内钉与加压钢板固定两种疗法治疗胫骨骨折的疗效。方法将108例胫骨骨折患者随机采用交锁髓内钉或加压钢板固定治疗;观察两种方法的疗效、并发症。结果临床疗效:交锁髓内钉组优48例,加压钢板组优39例,x2=4.79,P<0.05;并发症:交锁髓内钉组7例,加压钢板组18例,x2=6.30,P<0.05。结论与加压钢板内固定治疗胫骨骨折相比,交锁髓内钉固定治疗胫骨骨折具有创伤小,功能恢复快,固定稳定性好,愈合率高、感染率低等优点,疗效满意,可以作为临床上优选方案之一。     

股骨干骨折内固定失败再手术疗效比较

在临床实践中股骨干骨折内固定失败屡有发生。我院自 1991年～ 2 0 0 1年共收治该类病人 3 6例。分别给予再手术 ,包括切开复位加压钢板、梅花针及带锁髓内钉固定 ,获不同的效果。临床资料一、一般资料　本组 3 6例中男 2 4例 ,女 12例 ,年龄 2 1～5 1岁 ,平均 3 8岁。骨折部位 :中段 10例 ,中下段 17例 ,中上段 9例。院内手术 11例 ,院外手术 2 5例。钢板内固定失败情况 :钢板中部断裂 12例 ,螺丝钉松动、钢板滑脱 6例 ,螺丝钉断裂、钢板滑脱 8例 ;梅花针断裂 4例 ,弯曲变形 6例。钢板内固定失败的原因 :内固定物选择不当 (普通钢板 ) 4例 …     

交锁髓内钉固定与锁定加压钢板内固定治疗股骨干骨折的效果比较

目的比较交锁髓内钉固定与加压钢板内固定治疗股骨干骨折的效果。方法将80例股骨干骨折患者随机分为2组,每组40例。对照组实施加压钢板内固定,观察组实施交锁髓内钉固定。比较2组患者手术时间、术中出血量、骨折愈合时间、并发症发生率及末次随访Merchan膝关节功能优良率。结果 2组手术时间差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。观察组术中出血量、骨折愈合时间、并发症、术后膝关节功能优良率均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论与加压钢板内固定比较,交锁髓内钉固定治疗股骨干骨折创伤小、骨折愈合时间短、膝关节功能恢复良好,且并发症少。     

带锁髓内钉与加压钢板治疗开放性胫腓骨骨折的比较

目的 :对比分析带锁髓内钉与加压钢板治疗开放性胫腓骨骨折的疗效。方法 :把具有可比性 2组各 50例开放性胫腓骨骨折分别采用两种内固定 ,比较 2组的治疗效果。结果 :50例带锁髓内钉组骨折平均愈合时间 4 .8个月 ,深部感染 3例 ,内固定失败 1例。50例加压钢板组深部感染 6例 ,骨折平均愈合时间 5 .9个月 ,内固定失败 4例。把深部感染和内固定失败的病例作为治疗失败病例比较 (x2 =5 .3 ,P <0 .0 5)差异有统计学意义。结论 :不扩髓带锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫腓骨骨折不会进一步损伤皮肤、肌肉、骨膜和骨折端的血供 ,内固定坚强可靠 ,应力遮挡效应小 ,感染率低 ,骨折愈合时间短 ,内固定失败率低 ,优于加压钢板组。     

髋锁定加压钢板与弹性髓内钉内固定治疗儿童股骨粗隆下骨折的疗效比较

目的比较儿童髋锁定加压钢板与弹性髓内钉内固定治疗儿童股骨粗隆下骨折的临床疗效。方法纳入自2010-05—2013-12诊治的31例儿童股骨粗隆下骨折,15例采用儿童髋锁定加压钢板内固定(钢板组),16例采用弹性髓内钉内固定(髓内钉组)。比较2组手术时间、术中出血量、X线透视次数、切口长度、住院时间、骨折愈合时间,术后1个月Beaty放射学结果,术后2年Theologis放射学结果,以及术后2年髋关节功能Sanders评分。结果钢板组获得平均27.3(24~32)个月随访,髓内钉组术后获得平均27.8(24~34)个月随访。与髓内钉组比较,钢板组手术时间与骨折愈合时间更短、X线透视次数更少、术后1个月Beaty结果满意率更高、并发症发生率更低,但手术切口更长、术中出血量更多、住院时间更长,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);2组术后2年Theologis结果、髋关节功能Sanders评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论儿童股骨粗隆下骨折采用切开复位儿童髋锁定加压钢板内固定可取得满意疗效,骨折端获得解剖复位后更有利于骨折愈合,钢板固定后能维持骨折对位并保证固定强度,患儿可早期进行功能锻炼,并发症发生率低。     

冲洗引流对预防跟骨骨折术后切口并发症的作用

目的 通过比较冲洗引流与单纯引流在跟骨骨折内固定术后预防切口并发症方面的价值,探讨切口冲洗引流在跟骨骨折钢板内固定围手术期的意义.方法 对2003年6月至2006年12月间采用外侧入路切开复位钢板内固定治疗的92例107侧跟骨骨折患者进行回顾性分析,其中术后冲洗引流(A组)63侧,术后单纯引流(B组)44侧,A、B两组经两独立样本t检验排除年龄、坠落高度、开放伤、术前时间、止血带及抗生素使用时间等干扰冈素.从切口感染、皮下血肿形成、表皮水疱、切口裂开、皮缘坏死、钢板外露等方面比较两组的结果,并对两组切口并发症发生率进行χ2检验.结果 A组63侧跟骨手术后4侧(4次)发生切口相关并发症,发牛率为6.3%;其中1侧为可疑伤口感染,3侧发生表皮水疱.B组44侧跟骨手术后11侧(15次)发牛切口相关并发症,发生率为25.0%;其中1侧出现皮下血肿、切口裂开,最终导致钢板外露,表皮水疱与皮下血肿单独发生各1侧,同时发生2侧,可疑切口感染3侧.确诊切口感染1侧,皮缘坏死2侧.两组切口并发症发生率比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=7.476,P＜0.05).结论 冲洗引流可以有效地减少跟骨骨折术后切口并发症的发生.     

肱骨干骨折内固定的选择及应注意的问题

目的正确选择肱骨干骨折手术内固定.方法对107例肱骨干骨折分别进行交锁髓内钉(34例)、加压钢板(29例)、Y型钢板(38例)、螺钉(6例)等内固定,并随访比较分析. 结果所有病例均得到随访,平均随访6.3个月.交锁髓内钉、螺钉内固定组全部愈合;加压钢板内固定组愈合26例,伴桡神经损伤2例;Y型钢板内固定组全部愈合,伴肘关节僵硬2例. 结论根据肱骨干骨折的部位和类型选用适当的内固定方法,骨折愈合良好,可有效的减少并发症的发生.     

Evidence-based treatment of open ankle fractures

Fractures of the ankle are fairly common injuries. Open ankle fractures are much less common and associated with severe injuries to surrounding tissues. We have performed a systematic review of the literature concerning the clinical results and complication rates in the treatment of open ankle fractures. We conducted a search limited to the following databases: Pubmed/Medline, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Clinical Trial Register and Embase. These were searched from 1968 to April 2010 to identify studies relating to the treatment of open ankle fractures. Fifteen articles concerning 498 patients with treatment of an open ankle fracture were identified. The number of included patients varied from 11 to 64. There were 2 prospective and 13 retrospective studies. All articles were case series and classified as Level IV evidence. In 373 cases, open ankle fractures were treated by immediate internal fixation. In 125 cases, a conservative treatment or delayed/other fixation treatment was followed. Of those patients treated by immediate internal fixation, 81% had satisfactory result. Poor results (15%) were most commonly due to non-anatomic reductions, articular surface damage or deep infection. When conservative treatment was followed, 76% had satisfactory results. The most reported complications after immediate internal fixation were deep infection (8%) and skin necrosis (14%). There is a lack of high quality literature concerning the (operative) treatment of patients with open ankle fractures. Remarkable is that most authors reported satisfactory results after performance of their treatment protocol. Based on the available literature, we formulated guidelines regarding: timing of operative treatment, wound irrigation, the role of internal fixation, wound coverage and closure, the use of antibiotics and additional therapies.     

骨盆骨折合并尿道断裂的早期手术治疗

目的探讨骨盆骨折合并尿道断裂的早期手术方法及其治疗效果。方法自1995年1月至2005年1月,共收治骨盆骨折合并尿道断裂患者25例。根据Tile的分型方法,骨盆稳定型损伤1例,旋转不稳定型损伤17例,旋转及垂直均不稳定型损伤7例。尿道完全断裂23例、部分断裂2例。手术方法包括：（1）急诊尿道吻合、尿道会师部分吻合、尿道会师、尿道阴道贯通伤修补,同期行骨盆骨折开放复位内固定术9例。（2）急诊尿道会师,延期（7—21d）行骨盆骨折切开复位内固定术10例。（3）急诊膀胱造瘘,限期（3～21d）行尿道会师及骨盆骨折切开复位内固定术6例。结果术后随访6～120个月,平均34个月。骨盆损伤根据Majeed的疗效标准,优17例,良5例,可3例。尿管拔除后,19例（76％）患者排尿通畅,最大尿流率平均为18．6mL／s,排泄性尿路造影示尿道断端对位良好,瘢痕平均长度为0．51cm;5例（20％）出现不同程度的排尿困难,须定期扩张尿道或改行其他手术;1例（4％）女性患者不能控制排尿,须进一步治疗。术后耻骨上原发软组织撕脱伤感染伴耻骨后脓肿形成1例,后尿道狭窄5例,阳痿3例,尿失禁1例。结论骨盆骨折的早期复位和有效固定是实现“无张力尿道修复”的解剖基础。     

Open Gustilo 1 and 2 midshaft fractures of the radius and ulna in children: is there a role for cast immobilization after wound debridement?

INTRODUCTION: Open fractures of the forearm in children are one of the indications for open reduction and internal fixation. Fixation allows for soft tissue management and maintenance of reduction. This study compares the outcome of open Gustilo 1 and 2 midshaft forearm fractures treated with cast immobilization versus the outcome of those treated with internal fixation after wound debridement. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of the cases of 31 children treated in Kandang Kerbau Women's and Children's Hospital from 1998 to 2005. All had wound debridement, followed by cast immobilization in 15 patients and implant stabilization in 16 others, using plates and screws or intramedullary K-wires. The patients were assessed at final follow-up using the classification by Price. RESULTS: Both treatment groups had 100% excellent or good results. There was no significant difference in time to union. However, there was a higher incidence rate of delayed union and infection when treated with implant stabilization. The main complication associated with cast immobilization was loss of reduction (4 cases), of which 1 case required a second manipulation. DISCUSSION: Despite the trend toward implant stabilization of all open forearm fractures, this study shows that there is still a role for cast immobilization in its treatment of Gustilo 1 and 2 open forearm fractures as long as proper casting technique and close follow-up is achieved. However, internal fixation should be considered in cases where the fracture is noted intraoperatively to be unstable or if attempted reduction fails, bearing in mind the possible complications associated with internal fixation.     

Complications of Low-Profile Plate Fixation of Phalanx Fractures

Background: Phalanx fractures are common, and plate fixation can be used to treat difficult fractures. Major complications have been reported in up to 64% of phalanx fractures treated with plate fixation, with stiffness being the most common. Low-profile anatomic plates (LPAP) have been designed to decrease soft tissue irritation and postoperative stiffness. The objective of this study was to determine whether the use of LPAP has decreased complications in plate fixation of phalanx fractures. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed of patients with phalanx fractures treated with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) using LPAP at a single institution from January 1, 2010, to January 25, 2018. Twenty-three patients with 23 phalanx fractures treated with LPAP were included. The primary outcome was the presence of a complication. Results: Of the 23 patients, 12 patients (52.2%) had a postoperative complication. Nine patients (39.1%) required return to the operating room, with 7 (30.4%) returning for removal of hardware and tenolysis/capsulotomy. Two patients (8.7%) had superficial infections, one requiring irrigation and debridement. The other infection resolved clinically after 2 courses of oral antibiotics, with the fracture going on to nonunion. One patient had delayed wound healing treated prophylactically with cephalexin; although the wound healed, the patient developed a boutonniere deformity requiring surgery. There were 2 malunions (8.7%), one requiring revision surgery and the other electing for nonoperative management. All but one fracture progressed to union. Conclusions: ORIF with LPAP consistently achieves fracture union for phalanx fractures, but it does not appear that LPAP reduce the high complication rate.     

关节镜辅助下内外联合双钢板内固定治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折

目的探讨关节镜辅助下内外侧联合入路双钢板内固定治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折的临床效果。方法复杂胫骨平台骨折42例,其中SchatzkerⅣ型3例,Ⅴ型27例,Ⅵ型12例,均采用内外联合入路,关节镜协助操作及检查关节面的复位情况,同时治疗半月板损伤14例及交叉韧带损伤13例。充分植骨以支持关节面的复位。内固定方法：内侧采用小T型或重建锁定钢板,外侧采用加压或锁定高尔夫型钢板。结果 41例伤口一期愈合,1例切口皮肤软组织坏死行皮瓣修复后愈合。本组42例经平均2.6（0.5～4）年随访,骨折愈合时间平均5（3～19）个月。按Lysholm膝关节功能评分标准,优35例,良4例,中3例,优良率92.9%。所有病例无膝关节内外翻畸形,仅有3例（7.1%）术后有轻度的关节面再次塌陷。结论关节镜辅助下内外双侧钢板内固定治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折是简单有效的办法,内固定稳定,术后可进行早期功能锻炼,疗效确切,并发症少。     

外侧小切口复位钢板固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的探讨外侧小切口复位钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折的治疗方法和疗效。方法自2004年5月至2007年5月,对22侧跟骨关节内骨折行跟骨外侧小切口复位钢板内固定治疗。结果所有患者术后获6-18个月（平均10个月）随访。按Creighton-Nebraska跟骨骨折疗效评定标准：优15侧,良5侧,可2侧,优良率90.9%。无一例发生切口缘浅表坏死及螺钉断裂。结论外侧小切口复位钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折能避免切口缘浅表坏死等并发症的发生,并可获得满意的临床疗效。     

Treatment of open intra-articular calcaneal fractures: evaluation of a treatment protocol based on wound location and size

BACKGROUND: Effective treatment algorithms for open, displaced, intra-articular calcaneal fractures and their potential early complications have not yet been established. This is a retrospective review of the management of open displaced calcaneal fractures at a Level 1 trauma center and their resulting soft-tissue complications in an effort to establish guidelines for management. METHOD: Between November, 1994, and April, 2002, 31 open intra-articular calcaneal fractures in 29 patients were treated at our institution. All fractures were treated with a standard protocol based on the appearance of the traumatic wound after initial debridement and stabilization. Fracture stabilization was determined by the wound characteristics and was either standard internal fixation or percutaneous fixation. Data on associated injuries, comorbidities, smoking, and subsequent soft-tissue complications were collected and reviewed. RESULTS: Overall there was a 29% soft-tissue complication rate with this protocol. Two of the four laterally based traumatic wounds had complications. Twenty-seven wounds were medial. Nine were considered unstable and were treated with aggressive wound management and percutaneous fixation of the tuberosity reduction; two developed deep infections and required amputation and seven were salvaged with patients returning to full weightbearing. Eighteen fractures with medial wounds were treated with standard internal fixation; soft-tissue complications occurred in five. Initial size greater than 4 cm was associated with an increased complication rate in this group. CONCLUSION: Management of open calcaneal fractures and the risk of complications depend on the size and position of the traumatic wound. Lateral wounds are rare and in this review, two of the four had complications using this protocol. Medial wounds of less than 4 cm can be treated with open reduction and standard internal fixation if the wound can be closed and remain stable off antibiotics. Larger wounds (more than 4 cm) or unstable wounds should not be treated with open reduction and internal fixation but can be reduced and held in alignment with percutaneous wire fixation.     

围手术期处理对HIV阳性骨折患者术后并发症的影响

目的探讨应用围手术期处理对HIV阳性骨折患者术后并发症的影响。方法2010年1月到2014年2月,本研究收集49例骨科HIV阳性合并闭合性骨折患者（治疗组）及68例HIV阴性闭合性骨折患者（对照组）的临床资料,两组患者均给予钢板螺钉、髓内钉或椎弓根钉内固定;治疗组通过围手术期应用营养支持、免疫调节药物、高效抗逆转录病毒治疗、合理应用抗菌药物以及术中精细操作规范手术程序等处理;观察组仅给予一般围手术期处理。观察两组患者术后骨科并发症、HIV／AIDS并发症、骨折愈合情况及其治疗前后白细胞、血红蛋白和CD4^＋T淋巴细胞等变化进行比较分析,并分析总结围手术期处理方法。结果49例HIV阳性患者中四肢骨折36例（占73．46％）,脊柱椎体压缩性骨折10例（20．41％）,多发骨折3例（6．12％）。给予早期切开复位钢板螺钉内固定手术治疗的患者39例（占79．59％）;带锁髓内钉固定术治疗7例（14．29％）;脊柱骨折行切开复位减压植骨融合椎弓根钉内固定术10例（占20．41％）。经过特殊围手术期治疗方法,除1例患者伤口延迟愈合不良,其余全部患者伤口均一期愈合,无伤口感染。发生机会性感染1例,无骨感染,无术后死亡、无其他严重骨科并发症（如肺栓塞、骨不愈合或慢性骨髓炎等）。对照组患者术后仅3例切口延迟愈合,无切口感染、骨感染,无术后死亡及严重骨科并发症。治疗组（15例营养不良患者）予营养支持、免疫调节治疗前、后CD4^＋T淋巴细胞、血红蛋白等相比较差异具有统计学意义（P均〈0．05）。结论对HIV阳性闭合性骨折患者,通过合理术前评估、优化围手术期处理措及适当的手术方式可以显著减少并发症的发生,本组患者均取得良好的临床疗效。