骨盆环重建内固定治疗不稳定骨盆骨折

[目的]探讨切开复位骨盆环重建内固定治疗不稳定性骨盆骨折的效果。[方法]17例骨盆骨折按Tile分类确定为不稳定性，对前、后环严重损伤者行前路、后路或联合入路复位固定重建骨盆环，合并脏器损伤Ⅰ期修补处理。[结果]随访13例，平均随访15个月。骨折愈合骨盆环无畸形，下地行走，无腰腿痛及步态异常。[结论]不稳定性骨盆骨折手术内固定，重建骨盆环方法恢复解剖关系，合并内脏损伤，Ⅰ期处理，疗效满意。     

腰髂联合外支架固定对骨盆前环伴经骶骨Denis-II骨折的治疗

【摘要】〓目的〓探讨腰髂固定联合外固定支架对经骶骨骨折骨盆前后环损伤的手术治疗方法和疗效。方法〓采用后路切开复位腰髂固定联合前路外固定支架治疗经骶骨骨折骨盆前后环损伤病人11例,骨盆骨折tile分型均为Tile-C型,C1型8例,C2型2例,C3型1例。经骶骨骨折Denis分型Ⅱ型。结果〓随访时间11~64月,平均36.4月。均获骨性愈合,Majeed评分平均84分。优6例,良4例,优良率90.9%。术后切口感染1例,外固定架钉道感染1例,清创拆除支架换药后愈合。结论〓腰髂固定联合外固定支架可有效稳定骨盆环,手术创伤小,效果可靠。是治疗经骶骨骨折骨盆前后环损伤的可靠方法。     

不稳定性骨盆骨折的手术治疗

目的 探讨不稳定性骨盆骨折损伤特点和评价应用内固定治疗的临床效果.方法 对25例不稳定性骨盆骨折采用骨盆前方和（或）后方复位钢板内固定治疗.结果 本组随访6～15个月,骨折均愈合,骨折和内固定位置满意.所有患者术后无神经损伤,切口均一期愈合,腰骶及双下肢运动和感觉均满意,无会阴部感觉障碍.结论 对不稳定性骨盆骨折应早期手术治疗,应用骨盆前方和（或）后方复位钢板内固定治疗骨折复位满意,固定牢靠,并发症少,可有效提高患者的生活质量.     

腰-骶-髂固定术治疗严重骨盆骨折脱位1例

骨盆环的连续性是骨盆力学稳定的基础,骨盆前环和后环同时损伤,可造成骨盆垂直及旋转不稳和腰、骶神经损伤,处理十分棘手。笔者采用腰-骶-髂固定术固定骨盆后环,同时固定骨盆前环,治疗严重骨盆骨折脱位并腰骶神经损伤1例,疗效满意。1病例资料患者,男,18岁。2005年3月26日因车祸     

骨盆骨折合并腰骶丛损伤的诊治

腰骶丛损伤临床较为少见,但骨盆后环骨折移位、骶髂关节脱位、骶骨骨折时可牵拉、压迫致伤腰骶丛神经,TileC型骨盆骨折时腰骶丛神经损伤的发病率高达50%。腰骶丛损伤多数为神经失用、轴突断裂,严重者神经断裂,个别神经根撕脱。多发伤及不稳定性骨盆骨折时,腰骶丛损伤的早期临床诊断较为困难,要求在早期复苏时及病情稳定后进行仔细的神经学检查谨防漏诊,电生理学、影像学检查有助于确诊及损伤机制分析。骨盆骨折早期手术切开复位、牢固内固定,恢复骨盆后环的解剖学结构与稳定性特别重要,多数患者能自行恢复神经功能;少数患者可酌情行神经探查、减压手术或神经修复术。但对腰骶丛神经根撕脱目前尚无有效的治疗方法,灼性神经痛也是一个棘手的问题。     

脊柱骨盆固定术治疗不稳定骨盆骨折合并骶骨骨折

目的探讨脊柱骨盆固定术对骨盆骨折合并骶骨骨折的治疗效果。方法回顾性分析2007年1月～2010年12月,经治疗有完整资料及获得随访的骨盆骨折合并骶骨骨折患者16例。均采用骨盆前环开放复位内固定,骶骨后路脊柱骨盆固定术。结果 2例出现前侧切口脂肪液化,1例出现后侧切口部分浅表坏死,经换药后愈合。术后随访6～72个月,按Mjeed疗效评价标准:优9例,良4例,可2例,差1例。结论脊柱骨盆固定术能有效复位、固定骶骨骨折;骨盆前后环联合固定能提高骨折复位、固定的质量;若发现腰骶神经根损伤,宜早期手术减压治疗。     

腰骶-髂骨脊柱椎弓根钉棒内固定系统在C1、2型骨盆骨折中的应用

目的探讨腰骶-髂骨脊柱椎弓根钉棒内固定系统治疗C1、2型骨盆骨折的临床应用效果。方法收治8例C1、2型骨盆骨折,均采用一期前后路手术切开内固定,骨折累及骶椎管予相应减压,前环不稳予重建钢板固定,后环不稳予腰骶-髂骨椎弓根钉内固定。结果无一例发生感染及螺钉松动、断裂等现象,骨盆稳定性得到良好的恢复;7例患者术后能自行下床行走,3例L5神经根受损症状术后均得到明显缓解,1例马尾神经损伤患者术后骨盆稳定性得到良好的恢复,但马尾神经症状恢复不多,大便不能自控。结论一期前后路手术治疗能较好地恢复骨盆的稳定性,腰骶-髂骨脊柱椎弓根钉棒内固定系统治疗合并骶髂关节复合体损伤/骶骨骨折的C1、2型骨盆骨折,能取得足够的复位及内固定稳定性。     

前环固定结合后环TSRH固定治疗不稳定性骨盆骨折

目的总结骨盆骨折的治疗经验。方法回顾性总结了2001~2004年收治的资料完整的B型及C型骨盆骨折68例,治疗采用前环重建钢板、或耻骨空心螺钉固定,后环采用TSRH固定。结果68例获平均18个月随访,均骨性愈合,骨盆畸形均得以纠正,无下肢不等长,治愈率为94·5%。结论不稳定性骨盆骨折在固定前环的同时,还应进行后环的固定,TSRH在骨盆后环的固定中有较好的疗效,适用于B型骨盆骨折及C型、C型和C型骨盆骨折的内固定治疗。     

旋转和垂直不稳定型骨盆骨折的手术治疗

目的 探讨旋转和垂直不稳定型骨盆骨折的临床特点及其治疗方法选择。方法 17例存在旋转和垂直不稳定的骨盆骨折患者,全部行手术治疗:骨盆前环均行切开复位内固定,骨盆后环11例采用行切开复位双钢板固定,6例在CT引导下经皮置入松质骨螺钉固定骶髂关节。结果 17例全部恢复行走功能,11例行前路切开骶髂关节双钢板固定患者中骨盆外形恢复好,但1例沿髂嵴切口有不适,6例CT引导下经皮置入骶髂关节螺钉患者骨盆外形接近完全恢复,功能恢复快而满意。结论 骶髂关节骨折脱位患者非手术治疗效果差,宜首选内固定手术治疗;而CT引导下经皮置入骶髂关节螺钉手术操作简单、时间短、出血少、损伤少、固定牢靠,是固定骶髂关节的好方法。     

切开复位固定治疗不稳定性骨盆骨折疗效观察

目的观察切开复位固定治疗不稳定性骨盆骨折的疗效。方法对38例AO分型为B、C的不稳定骨盆骨折患者采用切开复位内固定治疗,观察治疗效果。结果本组38例患者均顺利完成手术,手术时间(2.23±0.38)h。术中输血(600±120.38)m L。术后除1例切口发生感染延迟愈合外。其余切口均I期愈合,未出现其他感染及血管神经损伤等并发症。患者均获(15.64±3.06)个月随访。骨折均愈合良好,无骨盆环明显畸形,无内固定物松动或断裂。根据Matta评定标准,本组总优良率89.47%(34/38)。结论早期内固定手术治疗骨盆骨折能有效恢复骨盆稳定度,早期行功能锻练,并发症发生率低。     

Pelvic Ring Injuries

Abstract Pelvic ring injuries are increasingly common in motor vehicle trauma. The minority of pelvic ring injuries require operative fixation. This paper outlines the basic techniques for posterior pelvic ring reduction and fixation including relevant biomechanics of posterior pelvic ring fixation.     

Outcome in Pelvic Ring Fractures

Pelvic ring fractures represent a negative prognostic factor for what concerns morbidity and mortality of a polytraumatized patient. The subjective and functional prognosis of a pelvic ring fracture is dependent upon its degree of instability. Associated severe peripelvic soft tissue injuries and neurovascular lesions (complex pelvic trauma) affect outcome negatively. Although high rates of anatomic reduction and stable fixation have been achieved in recent years, only 60% of patients have an excellent or good clinical result. Sequelae of neurologic lesions and genitorurinary injuries are typically associated with considerable rates of persistent functional impairment. Chronic pain and disability are often very difficult to treat. Health-related quality of life and life satisfaction after pelvic ring fractures caused by high-energy trauma is substantially lower when compared to a reference population.     

外固定技术在不稳定性骨盆骨折治疗中的应用

目的探讨外固定技术在不稳定性骨盆骨折治疗中应用的可行性和优越性。方法 2006年10月～2012年6月,采用外固定架技术对28例不稳定性骨盆骨折进行固定,同期或分期处理合并损伤、抗休克治疗,并对其疗效进行观察。结果 28例随访4～30个月,平均14.5月,无死亡,骨盆骨折愈合良好。根据Matta评定标准,优21例,良5例,可2例,差0例,优良率93%（26/28）。结论早期采取外固定技术治疗Tile B、C型骨盆骨折简单易行,安全可靠,能有效增强骨盆的稳定性,控制骨盆容积,减少出血,缓解疼痛,利于抗休克治疗。     

Supraacetabular External Fixation for Pelvic Ring Fractures

Abstract Objective: Closed reduction and maintenance of pelvic ring injuries by external stabilization. Indications: Emergency management of unstable type B and type C pelvic ring fractures. Definitive treatment of type B injuries. Definitive treatment of the anterior pelvic ring in type C injuries with transpubic instability after posterior internal stabilization. Adjunct stabilization of internal fixation. Stabilization of pelvic ring fractures in children. Contraindications: Poor general condition. Local soft-tissue damage. Local infection. Surgical Technique: Bilateral percutaneous insertion of Schanz screws into the supraacetabular area of iliac bone. Closed reduction and stabilization of the pelvic ring by compression and application of a connecting rod under image intensification. Postoperative Management: Depending on the patient’s condition and the degree of pelvic instability, a change to an open procedure may become necessary. Mobilization of the patient with partial weight bearing (one fifth of body weight) on the side of the injured posterior pelvic ring using forearm crutches, irrespective of the degree of stability of the pelvis. Results: Retrospective analysis of 64 supraacetabular external fixator applications to stabilize the anterior pelvic ring in 20 type B and 44 type C injuries. Iatrogenic lesions of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve: 4.5%; all sensory disturbances completely reversed within 1 year. No pin site infection. In two patients (3%) primary perforation of the Schanz screw into the small pelvis not necessitating any treatment. No secondary displacements of the anterior or posterior pelvic ring in type B injuries nor for type C injuries, sacral fractures associated with fractures of the pubic ramus. One pseudarthrosis of the pubic and ischial rami requiring surgical treatment. The following is a reprint from Operat Orthop Traumatol 2005;17:296–312 and continues the new series of articles at providing continuing education on operative techniques to the European trauma community. Reprint from: Operat Orthop Traumatol 2005;17:296–312 DOI 10.1007/s00064-005-1134-2     

外固定支架与皮下前环内置外架治疗骨盆前环骨折疗效比较

目的探讨骨盆前环外固定架固定(anterior pelvic external fixation,APEF)与皮下前环内置外架(internal anterior fixation,INFIX)治疗骨盆前环骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2019年1月由河南省人民医院骨科收治的61例骨盆不稳定骨折的患者资料,根据治疗方式分为两组:APEF固定组30例,其中男17例,女13例;年龄36~58岁,平均为(46.2±2.2)岁。骨盆骨折根据Tile分型,B型14例,C型16例;均采用外固定架固定前环。INFIX组31例,其中男14例,女17例;年龄37~60岁,平均为(47.1±2.4)岁。骨盆骨折根据Tile分型:B型13例,C型18例;均采用皮下前环内置外架固定前环。比较两组患者的术后骨折复位质量、手术或术后并发症(包括医源性神经损伤、感染、螺钉松动、骨不愈合等)及疗效等。结果61例患者均获得随访,随访时间12~18个月,平均(14.2±2.3)个月。术后骨折复位质量根据Matta评分标准评定,APEF组优10例,良16例,可3例,差1例,优良率为86.7%;INFIX组优9例,良18例,可2例,差2例,优良率为87.1%;两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。末次随访时根据Majeed骨盆功能评分系统评定疗效,APEF组优15例,良10例,可5例,优良率为83.3%;INFIX组优16例,良12例,可3例,优良率为90.3%;两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者在术后3个月随访时骨折均全部愈合。APEF组3例(10%)患者股外侧皮神经损伤,5例(16.7%)出现螺钉松动,4例(13.3%)发生钉道感染;INFIX组4例(12.9%)出现股外侧皮神经损伤,1例(3.2%)出现皮肤感染,无螺钉松动发生。APEF组股外侧皮神经损伤发生率较INFIX组相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);APEF组患者螺钉松动、钉道感染率高于INFIX组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论APEF和INFIX均能提高骨盆的稳定性,但INFIX可获得较好的临床疗效,且并发症发生率较低,患者接受度高。     

旋转和垂直不稳定型骨盆骨折患者的诊断和治疗

目的探讨旋转和垂直不稳定型骨盆骨折的临床特点及其急诊处理、诊断和治疗方法选择。方法回顾性分析18例存在旋转和垂直不稳定的骨盆骨折患者，10例保守治疗，8例手术治疗。8例手术患者骨盆前环骨折均行切开复位内固定，2例耻骨上支骨折采用重建钢板固定，2例采用拉力螺钉固定，4例耻骨联合分离患者均采用双钢板固定；6例骨盆后环骨折患者采用切开复位双钢板固定，2例在CT引导下经皮置入骶髂关节松质骨拉力螺钉固定。结果18例患者全部恢复行走功能，所有保守治疗患者骨盆骨折均畸形愈合，遗留骶髂关节部位酸痛6例，遗留双小腿、双足麻木3例，行走跛行2例。8例手术治疗患者骨盆外形均恢复好，仅1例患者诉沿髂嵴切口有不适，2例CT引导下经皮置入骶髂关节螺钉患者骨盆外形接近完全恢复，功能恢复快而满意。结论旋转和垂直不稳定型骨盆骨折患者保守治疗效果差，宜首选内固定手术治疗，宜同时固定骨盆前、后环或先行前环切开复位内固定，2～3d后再次在CT引导下经皮置入骶髂关节螺钉内固定。CT引导下经皮置入骶髂关节螺钉手术操作简单、时间短、出血少、固定牢靠，是固定骶髂关节骨折脱位的首选方法。     

Pelvic Fracture and Associated Urologic Injuries

Successful management of patients with major pelvic injuries requires a team approach including orthopedic, urologic, and trauma surgeons. Each unstable pelvic disruption must be treated aggressively to minimize complications and maximize long-term functional outcome. Commonly associated urologic injuries include injuries of the urethra, corpora cavernosa (penis), bladder, and bladder neck. Bladder injuries are usually extraperitoneal and result from shearing forces or direct laceration by a bone spicule. Posterior urethral injuries occur more commonly with vertically applied forces, which typically create Malgaigne-type fractures. Common complications of urethral disruption are urethral stricture, incontinence, and impotence. Acute urethral injury management is controversial, although it appears that early primary realignment has promise for minimizing the complications. Impotence after pelvic fracture is predominantly vascular in origin, not neurologic as once thought.     

Treatment Outcomes of Open Pelvic Fractures Associated with Extensive Perineal Injuries

Background

The main causes of death in patients with open pelviperineal injuries are uncontrollable bleeding and pelvic sepsis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the management outcomes of open pelvic fractures associated with extensive perineal injuries.

Methods

We retrospectively studied 15 cases with open pelvic fractures associated with extensive perineal injuries (urethral and anal canal laceration) admitted between August 2006 and September 2010. Mechanism of injury, Injury Severity Score, associated injuries, hemodynamic status on arrival, resuscitation and transfusion requirements, operative techniques, intra- and postoperative complications, length of intensive care unit and hospital stay, and mortality were recorded in a computerised database for further evaluation and analysis.

Results

The male to female ratio was 12:3 with an average age of 38.6 years (ranged, 11 to 65 years). The average packed red blood cell units used were 8 units (ranged, 4 to 21 units). All patients were initially transferred to the operating room for colostomy, radical debridement and fixation of the pelvic fracture by an external fixator. One patient had acute renal failure, which improved with medical treatment and 2 patients (13.3%) died, one with type III anteroposterior compression fracture due to hemorrhagic shock and the other due to septicemia.

Conclusions

Open pelvic fractures with extensive perineal injuries are associated with high mortality rates. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, including reanimation, colostomy, cystostomy, vigorous and repeated irrigation and debridement, and fixation by an external fixator can improve the outcomes and reduce the mortality rate.     

Fracture of the pelvic ring: a retrospective review of 224 patients treated at a single institution

Pelvic ring fracture presents with a wide spectrum of clinical status and fracture type that requires multimodal treatment strategy. We report our experience in the treatment of 224 pelvic ring fractures in terms of clinical and radiological findings, mode of treatment, surgical data, and functional outcome at final follow-up. The study subjects were 140 men and 84 women (mean age 58 years, range 8–94). Surgery was conducted in 63 patients, while 161 were treated conservatively. The average follow-up period was 7.1 years (range 1–15). AO-Orthopaedic Trauma Association classification of fracture type, Injury Severity score rating, Rommens and Hessmann’s ambulatory and pain assessment, and radiographic studies were conducted. Conservative treatment was provided in 161 (73%) patients, including simple bed rest with definitive external fixation, skeletal traction, and/or pelvic sling. Of these, 148 patients achieved excellent/good results, but the remaining 13 cases complained of severe pain at the sacroiliac joints caused by malunion or fibrous union of the joint. All 63 (27%) patients who were treated surgically, using most frequently a combination of anterior extraperitoneal and Pfannenstiel approaches, showed excellent/good clinical and radiographic results. Treatment of unstable pelvic ring fracture should be urgent and based on biomechanical and anatomic reconstructive strategy, paying utmost care to associated injuries. A combination of open stabilization of posterior sacroiliac area and anterior fixation of pubic rami and symphysis pubis is recommended for unstable anteroposterior compression, lateral compression, vertical instability, and unilateral or bilateral posterior injuries to the pelvic ring.