2010-2016年乌鲁木齐市某三甲医院职业外照射个人剂量监测结果分析

目的 调查2010-2016年乌鲁木齐市某三甲医院放射工作人员职业性外照射个人剂量监测水平,分析不同职业类别工作人员的剂量分布情况。方法 按照《职业性外照射个人监测规范》（GBZ 128-2016）的方法,采用热释光个人剂量测量方法对该院放射工作人员进行职业性外照射个人监测,并对2010-2016年监测结果进行统计分析。结果 2010-2016年乌鲁木齐市某三甲医院的放射工作人员人均年有效剂量分别为：1.02、1.02、1.01、0.56、0.32、0.39、0.41 mSv,7年平均剂量为0.56 mSv;7年间监测人数不断增加,人均年有效剂量呈下降趋势,并在一个水平相对稳定。结论 该院放射工作人员职业性外照射人均年有效剂量均在国家标准规定的个人剂量限值之内,放射工作人员的工作环境是安全的。但核医学和介入放射学剂量应是控制的重点。     

上海市2007年X射线诊断的医疗照射剂量水平

[目的]掌握当前上海市各主要类型x射线诊断检查的剂量水平。[方法]根据x射线诊断设备种类、应用发展趋势及医院级别的差异,分别抽查约3％的普通x射线机和约25％的计算机X射线摄影、数字化X射线摄影以及x射线计算机断层扫描（x—cT）机,通过布放热释光剂量计测量成年人在不同检查方式和体位的入射体表剂量;利用标准的X—CT剂量模体和电离室测量不同扫描条件下的CT剂量指数,进而估算受检者的有效剂量。[结果]X射线摄影所致受检者的入射体表剂量平均值的变化范围为0．13～4．35mGy,其中手部摄影最低、腰椎侧位摄影最高。胸部透视时胸部表面的平均剂量为3．79mGy。胆囊和尿路造影以及上消化道钡餐和钡灌肠检查的受检者上腹部体表的平均剂量最大,分别为30．24、30．97、25．28、23．02mGy;消化道钡餐检查时胸部体表的平均剂量为24．27mGy,钡灌肠检查时下腹部体表的平均剂量为21．62mGy。头部X-CT扫描时受检者的平均有效剂量为（0．58±0．22）mSv,体部x—CT扫描时受检者的平均有效剂量为（5．18±1．92）mSv。[结论]较全面地得到了当前上海市主要类型x射线诊断所致受检者的剂量水平,可为推动进一步完善x射线诊断的医疗照射指导（参考）水平和加强受检者防护提供重要资料。     

Doses to patients from diagnostic radiology in France

Reported here are results of a 1982 national survey in France to establish the collective effective dose equivalent associated with the main types of radiological examinations practiced annually in this country (except nuclear medicine, C.T. scans, dental radiology and mass chest screening). This report describes the methodology followed in achieving dose measurements either on an anthropomorphic phantom or directly on the patient, and it highlights the importance of the radiological procedures (number of x-ray films, fluoroscopy screening time, etc.) on the patient organ doses. The estimated collective effective dose equivalent associated with these radiological practices is 86,000 person-Sv, i.e., an individual effective dose equivalent of 1.58 mSv y-1; the genetically significant dose figure is 0.29 mSv and the collective red bone marrow dose due to 45 million x-ray exams practiced in France (1982) is 40,300 person-Sv, i.e. 0.74 mSv per inhabitant.     

2015—2019年某医院放射人员个人剂量监测结果分析

目的 了解河北省某医院2015—2019年放射工作人员职业外照射剂量水平及动态变化情况,从而评价放射性工作防护情况及放射管理措施的效果,为加强放射人员的管理提供依据。方法 依据现行GBZ 128标准,采集2015—2019年所有放射工作人员连续五年外照射个人剂量监测数据,比较不同年份及不同职业类别（放射岗位）间人均年有效剂量的动态变化和差异水平。结果 2015—2019年人均年有效剂量分别为0.16 mSv/a、0.08 mSv/a、1.25 mSv/a、0.72 mSv/a和0.37 mSv/a,均小于5 mSv/a,低于医院的管理目标值和国家标准的要求;不同年份间比较2017年人均年有效剂量最高,且差异有统计学意义;不同岗位间比较介入放射（2E）和核医学（2C）人均年有效剂量较高,且差异有统计学意义。结论 该院放射工作人员人均年有效剂量处于较低水平,应继续保持现有的放射防护管理和措施;介入放射与核医学放射人员个人剂量较高,是放射防护管理的重点监护对象。     

福建省部分PET/CT放射工作人员职业受照剂量分析

目的 分析评估福建省PET/CT放射工作人员的职业受照剂量。方法 根据福建省2014-2016年5家PET/CT工作场所周围剂量当量率和放射工作人员个人剂量的监测结果,分析PET/CT放射工作人员职业受照剂量,并与国家标准剂量限值进行比较。结果 放射工作人员人均年有效剂量为0.50 mSv,所有放射工作人员年有效剂量均低于5 mSv。从事放射性药物分装、注射和PET/CT同室摆位作业的放射工作人员,在未采取个人防护措施的情况下,手部、头颈部和胸部位置最大年受照剂量估算值分别为549.0、137.4、134.0 mSv。结论 在正常工作条件下,放射工作人员职业受照剂量处于较低水平,符合相关标准要求。未采用有效的个人防护措施时,放射工作人员的职业受照剂量可超过国家标准职业照射限值。     

Exposure of the Swiss population by medical x-rays: 2008 review

Nationwide surveys on radiation dose to the population from medical radiology are recommended in order to follow the trends in population exposure and ensure radiation protection.The last survey in Switzerland was conducted in 1998,and the annual effective dose from medical radiology was estimated to be 1 mSv y j(-1) per capita. The purpose of this work was to follow the trends in diagnostic radiology between 1998 and 2008 in Switzerland and determine the contribution of different modalities and types of examinations to the collective effective dose from medical x-rays. For this reason, an online database(www.raddose.ch) was developed. All healthcare providers who hold a license to run an x-ray unit in the country were invited to participate in the survey. More than 225 examinations, covering eight radiological modalities, were included in the survey. The average effective dose for each examination was reassessed. Data from about 3,500 users were collected (42% response rate). The survey showed that the annual effective dose was 1.2 mSv/capita in 2008. The most frequent examinations are conventional and dental radiographies (88%). The contribution of computed tomography was only 6% in terms of examination frequency but 68% in terms of effective dose. The comparison with other countries showed that the effective dose per capita in Switzerland was in the same range as in other countries with similar healthcare systems, although the annual number of examinations performed in Switzerland was higher.     

Use of the VIP-Man model to calculate energy imparted and effective dose for x-ray examinations

A male human tomographic model was used to calculate values of energy imparted (epsilon) and effective dose (E) for monoenergetic photons (30-150 keV) in radiographic examinations. Energy deposition in the organs and tissues of the human phantom were obtained using Monte Carlo simulations. Values of E/epsilon were obtained for three common projections [anterior-posterior (AP), posterior-anterior (PA), and lateral (LAT)] of the head, cervical spine, chest, and abdomen, respectively. For head radiographs, all three projections yielded similar E/epsilon values. At 30 keV, the value of E/epsilon was approximately 1.6 mSv J(-1), which is increased to approximately 7 mSv J(-1) for 150 keV photons. The AP cervical spine was the only projection investigated where the value of E/epsilon decreased with increasing photon energy. Above 70 keV, cervical spine E/epsilon values showed little energy dependence and ranged between approximately 8.5 mSv J(-1) for PA projections and approximately 17 mSv J(-1) for AP projections. The values of E/epsilon for AP chest examinations showed very little variation with photon energy, and had values of approximately 23 mSv J(-1). Values of E/epsilon for PA and LAT chest projections were substantially lower than the AP projections and increased with increasing photon energy. For abdominal radiographs, differences between the PA and LAT projections were very small. All abdomen projections showed an increase in the E/epsilon ratio with increasing photon energy, and reached a maximum value of approximately 13.5 mSv J(-1) for AP projections, and approximately 9.5 mSv J(-1) for PA/lateral projections. These monoenergetic E/epsilon values can generate values of E/epsilon for any x-ray spectrum, and can be used to convert values of energy imparted into effective dose for patients undergoing common head and body radiological examinations.     

介入放射工作人员个人剂量检测结果分析

目的:了解医疗机构从事介入放射工作人员职业性外照射的个人剂量情况。方法:选取浙江省3家综合性医院的介入放射工作人员50名,普通放射工作人员49名,采用个人剂量监测方法进行检测分析。结果:介入放射工作人员人均年有效剂量2.22 mSv,普通放射工作人员为0.36 mSv,介入放射工作人员的年剂量明显高于普通放射工作人员(P<0.01)。介入放射工作人员中高于5 mSv而低于10 mSv,占总数的12.0%,高于10 mSv而低于20 mSv,占总数的8.0%。结论:应加强对介入放射工作人员的放射防护监督与管理,以降低个人剂量水平。     

Comparison of dose from radiological examination for scoliosis in children among two pediatric hospitals by Monte Carlo simulation

The radiation exposures of children undergoing full spine radiography were investigated in two pediatric hospitals in Greece. Entrance surface kerma (Ka,e) was assessed by thermoluminescence dosimetry and patient's effective dose (E) was estimated by Monte Carlo simulation. All required information regarding patient age and sex, the irradiation geometry, the x-ray spectra, and other exposure parameters (tube voltage and current) were registered as well. Values of Ka,e were measured to range from 0.22 mGy to 2.12 mGy, while E was estimated to range from 0.03 mSv to 0.47 mSv. In general, all values were greater in one of the two hospitals, as higher tube currents and exposure times were used in the examinations because of the difference in radiographers' training and practice. Moreover, dose to red bone marrow was found to be between 0.01 to 0.23 mSv and dose to breast ranged between 0.02 and 1.05 mSv depending on the age, projection, and hospital. These values are comparable with literature sources.     

A survey of radiation doses to adults from diagnostic radiology in Victoria.

This study examines doses to adult patients from diagnostic radiology. Measurements were made at 37 hospitals and private radiology centres in the state of Victoria. Skin entrance doses in air were measured for the exposure factors used by the radiographer for an average size patient for the following procedures: abdomen AP; pelvis AP; lumbar spine AP, lat, LSJ; and skull AP, lat. There was a large range of doses observed for each particular procedure. Factors contributing to the range of doses were identified. Guidance levels for adult radiography based on the third quartile values of the skin entrance dose have been adopted for use in Victoria.     

Quality control--patient doses--guidance dose levels from diagnostic radiology in Tunisia

BACKGROUND: Radiation doses from diagnostic radiology are the most important exposure collective doses of the man. Entrance Surface Dose is one of the basic dosimetric quantities for measuring the patient dose and hence, an excellent tool for optimization purposes and for comparison with the international reference values. AIM: The aim of the study was to assess the delivred quantitis of rayon x to patients who undervent radiography; METHODS: For the first time in Tunisia the doses delivered to the patient undergoing the most common type of X ray examinations (chest, abdomen, lumbar spin) were performed in two university hospitals of Tunis. Entrance Surface Dose measurements were conducted using thermoluminescent dosimeters calibrated at the National Centre of Radiation Protection. Before measurements, quality control tests were carried out on each radiological equipment used for examinations. RESULTS: From this study of 112 patients, it was deduced that the obtained values were comparable to the internationally recommended guidance levels. The diagnostic guidance dose levels established for Tunis area are preliminary results. The study should therefore be implemented on a national scale as an approach to establish the national guidance levels.     

Occupational doses in radiation oncology in Manitoba--1980 to 1986

The province of Manitoba (population of 1.0 million) has two radiotherapy centers employing a number of people, of whom about 60 are exposed to radiation during the course of their work. The individual and collective radiation doses to these workers, as recorded by thermoluminescent dosimeter plaques, were reviewed for the period 1980 to 1986. Whole-body doses to radiotherapy technologists responsible for operating the treatment machines and brachytherapy afterloading procedures ranged from 0.5 to 2.5 mSv y-1, whereas the corresponding doses to nursing staff working on a hospital brachytherapy ward were about 1.0 mSv y-1. The collective occupational dose from radiotherapy in Manitoba was approximately 70 person-mSv. Trends show individual operator and collective doses to be increasing at a higher rate than the number of patients undergoing radiotherapy. Occupational exposure in radiotherapy in this province was found to be comparable to that encountered in nuclear medicine in Manitoba and greater than that in diagnostic radiology.     

Dose audit and evaluation of work practices during barium procedures using digital radiography techniques

Effective dose and organ doses during barium procedures performed using digital radiography machines were estimated and the related work practices were evaluated. Measured values of dose area product (DAP) were used for the calculation of effective doses. One hundred and thirty eight patients undergoing barium procedures were included in the study. The use of additional 0.2 mm copper filter during barium procedures effectively reduced patient doses. The effective dose during barium swallow procedure varied from 0.03 mSv to 3.5 mSv; during barium meal it varied from 0.18 mSv to 2.62 mSv; and during barium enema it varied from 0.56 mSv to 4.24 mSv. Dose auditing was done on the basis of patient doses, imaging techniques and image quality. Selection of optimized exposure factors imparted lower dose to patients during barium procedures.     

云浮市2013—2018年放射工作人员个人剂量监测结果分析

目的 对云浮市放射工作人员个人剂量监测结果进行分析与评价,为监管部门和放射工作单位制定相关管理措施提供参考。方法 采用热释光个人剂量测量方法对放射工作人员进行个人剂量监测,收集和分析2013—2018年云浮市个人剂量监测结果。结果 2013—2018年云浮市共有2043人次放射工作人员进行了职业外照射个人剂量监测,总体监测率为95.7%,人均年有效剂量为0.28 mSv/a。介入放射学和核医学工种人均年有效剂量较高,分别为0.33 mSv/a和0.32 mSv/a,不同工种间比较,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。不同等级单位放射工作人员人均年有效剂量值不同,其中乡镇级单位最高,为0.35 mSv/a,厂矿企业最低,为0.22 mSv/a,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。结论 2013—2018年云浮市放射工作人员个人剂量监测结果符合国家卫生标准,但应加强介入放射学和核医学工作岗位、乡镇级放射工作单位放射工作人员的监管和培训。     

Medical exposure of the population from diagnostic use of ionizing radiation in luxembourg between 1994 and 2002

A national evaluation on radiation doses from diagnostic procedures (x rays and nuclear medicine) was conducted in Luxembourg for the period 1994-2002 aiming at the estimation of the annual collective dose. The calculations were based on a survey of frequencies of more than 250 types of radiological examinations and included more than 425,000 patients. This evaluation ensured the practical implementation of Article 12 of the European Directive 97/43/EURATOM, which obliges the Member States to determinate the population dose from medical exposure. The results show an increase of the annual effective dose per capita from 1.59 mSv in 1994 to 1.98 mSv in 2002. The impact of computed tomography to dose received from medical use of radiation has dramatically increased in this time period. Luxembourg has one of the highest computed tomography examination rates compared to other health care level I countries. The following measures to minimize medical exposures were proposed in the study: medical physicists should have a more central role to play in patient dosimetry in interventional and diagnostic radiology, especially concerning computed tomography. Also, the implementation of an electronic "X-ray patient card" for all irradiated patients--except dental--and the use of the European referral criteria that give guidance and recommend investigations in various clinical settings can both help to decrease medical radiation exposures.     

Nation-wide survey on radiation doses in diagnostic and interventional radiology in Switzerland in 1998

A nation-wide survey on radiation doses in diagnostic and interventional radiology was conducted in Switzerland in 1998 aiming at establishing their collective radiological impact on the Swiss population. The study consisted on the one hand of surveying the frequency of more than 250 types of examinations, covering conventional radiology, mammography, fluoroscopy, angiography, interventional radiology, CT, bone densitometry, conventional tomography and dental radiology. On the other hand, for each type of examination the associated patient dose was established by modeling. The results of this study show that about 9.5 million diagnostic and interventional examinations are performed annually in Switzerland (1.34 per caput) and that the associated annual collective dose is of the order of 7100 person.Sv (1.0 mSv per caput). Switzerland is similar to other European countries in terms of the frequency of examinations and the collective dose.     

Measurements of occupational exposure for a technologist performing 18F FDG PET scans

Radiation doses to one PET technologist performing 100 18F FDG (18F fluorodeoxyglucose) imaging procedures were measured in a clinical setting using two types of thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) badges, one finger-ring TLD and one electronic pocket dosimeter (EPD). 18F FDG was handled either with unshielded or with viewing window tungsten shielded syringes. The resulting doses using unshielded syringes were 13.8 +/- 0.8 microSv/370 MBq and 14.3 +/- 0.4 microSv/370 MBq, measured with TLD 100 and with TLD 700H/600H, respectively. For the same series of measurements, the doses obtained using shielded syringes were 10.7 +/- 0.4 microSv/370 MBq and 7.2 +/- 2.1 microSv/370 MBq with TLD700H/600H and with EPD, respectively. The dose to the right hand from shielded syringes was 69.3 +/- 5.5 microSv/370 MBq. All these values are within the ICRP recommended dose limits. Extrapolated to 725 examinations per year, the resulting effective dose measured with TLD would be 10 mSv with unshielded and 7.5 mSv with shielded syringes, respectively (25% dose reduction). The doses measured by TLD were consistently higher than those measured by EPD, suggesting that EPD measurements might underestimate occupational doses.     

上海市9个区放射诊疗机构放射工作人员健康状况调查

[目的]了解上海市9个区(即原市区范围)放射诊疗机构中放射工作人员健康状况,研究剂量与健康效应指标之间的相关性.[方法]利用调查表法对上海市9个区的放射诊疗机构中的2086名放射工作人员进行调查.[结果]上海市9个区放射诊疗机构放射工作人员2001～2005年平均累积剂量为0.72mSv.接工种划分,以介入放射工作人员最高,达到1.56 mSv,牙科放射工作人员最低,为0.43mSv(P<0.05).各工龄组间年平均累积剂量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).介入放射工作人员血红蛋白、中性粒细胞数、淋巴细胞数的异常率分别为33.33%(P<0.05)、40.91%(P>0.05)和45.45%(P>0.05),较其他工种略高.年平均累积剂量与白细胞数(r=0.061,P=0.017)和血小板教(r=0.098,P=0.000)之间存在正相关.[结论]上海市区放射诊疗工作人员在2001～2005年期间所受职业照射剂量较低,但工种间存在差异(P<0.05);介入放射工作人员部分血液学指标异常率较其他工种高;年平均累积剂量与部分血液学指标之间存在一定的相关性.     

Population exposure to diagnostic use of ionizing radiation in The Netherlands

The use of ionizing radiation for diagnostic medical procedures and the exposure of the Dutch population to this radiation were assessed for 1998. The annual average effective dose from diagnostic medical exposures has increased by 26% to 0.59 mSv per capita since the last inventory of medical radiation exposure in the Netherlands a decade ago. The population-averaged effective dose comprises x-ray procedures in hospitals (87%), nuclear medicine examinations (11%), mammography screening (1.5%), and extramural dentistry (0.2%). The rise has resulted mainly from an increase in frequency and patient dose for CT examinations and from vascular radiology. The increase in the number of CT examinations leveled off in the mid-1990's. Medically exposed people were found to be significantly older than the general population. Based on age distribution alone, an "age reduction factor" for the risk coefficient of 0.64 was found to apply to the medically exposed group. More information on patient dose for the complete set of procedures should, according to this study, become available.     

Effective dose equivalent and associated risks from mass chest radiography in Kuwait

The number of x-ray examinations performed on persons undergoing mass chest radiography in Kuwait reached a maximum of 1.858 X 10(5) in 1982 with miniature radiography (70 mm) claiming more than 90% of the total number and the rest done with the large film technique. The annual prevalence of asymptomatic tuberculosis patients diagnosed by x rays, as reported by the project statistics, does not, in our opinion, justify exposing such a large population. In this paper, the effective dose equivalent is calculated from both miniature and large film mass chest radiography as applied in Kuwait. The values obtained are 283 mu Sv and 35.5 mu Sv, respectively. These figures yield calculated risks of fatal malignancies per examination of 3.37 X 10(-6) and 0.422 X 10(-6), respectively. The annual collective effective dose equivalent to the population undergoing mass chest radiography in Kuwait during the 7 y 1977-1983 is found to vary between 38-48 man-Sv. These figures are used to calculate an average of 0.5 additional cases of fatal malignancies per year, or about 12 excess fatalities in the forthcoming 25-y period if the number of mass chest x-ray examinations stays at its existing level. A total of 98% of these calculated excess fatalities result from the predominant technique, miniature radiography.