重肾双输尿管合并肾盂输尿管交界部梗阻性肾积水的诊治分析

目的 探讨重肾双输尿管合并肾盂输尿管交界部梗阻性肾积水的诊断与处理方法。方法 回顾分析1986～2004年间收治重肾合并肾盂输尿管交界部梗阻肾积水8例的临床资料。男2例，女6例，年龄7个月～10岁，平均4．8岁。病变位于左侧3例，右侧5例；上肾积水2例，下肾积水5例，上下肾积水1例；3例为重肾完全型双输尿管，5例重肾Y型输尿管。结果 3例重肾完全型双输尿管中，上肾积水1例因肾实质薄无功能行上肾切除术，下肾积水伴上肾输尿管膨出症1例行上肾切除下肾离断性肾盂成形术，另1例下肾积水因临床症状轻微，IVP示积水半肾的肾盏变钝不明显，未行手术门诊随诊。5例重肾Y型输尿管中，上肾积水1例行上肾盂与下输尿管吻合，下肾积水3例行上肾输尿管下肾盂吻合 下肾离断性肾盂成形术，1例上下肾均积水行上下肾盂吻合 下肾盂成形术。术后3～6个月复查IVP肾积水明显好转。结论 重肾肾盂输尿管交界部梗阻肾积水发病率很低，术前不容易明确诊断或被误诊。腹部B超、IVP或MRU是有效的辅助检查手段。治疗应根据息肾功能、形态而定，如息肾功能严重受损，行患肾切除，反之，根据积水的部位、输尿管的形态选择手术方式。     

Micturating cystourethrograms are not necessary for all cases of antenatally diagnosed hydronephrosis

ObjectiveSince 1995 we have, at our centre, adopted a selective approach to performing micturating cystourethrograms (MCUGs) on patients with antenatally diagnosed hydronephrosis. This study reviews the outcome of this policy.MethodsWe carry out MCUGs only if any of the following features are present on ultrasound: bilateral hydronephrosis, ureteric dilatation, renal scarring, bladder wall thickness greater than 5 mm, or presence of a duplex system or ureterocele. Patients with simple unilateral hydronephrosis are excluded, and are managed with 6 months’ trimethoprim prophylaxis and ultrasound surveillance with a minimum of 3 years’ follow up.ResultsFifty-five patients were referred with an antenatal diagnosis of hydronephrosis between 1999 and 2002; 26 (47%) did not have an MCUG. Of these, five had increasing hydronephrosis and required surgery for pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction, and three had a multicystic dysplastic kidney on postnatal scanning. In the remaining 18 patients, the hydronephrosis resolved spontaneously, with no renal scars or asymmetry. During follow up, none of these patients had a urinary tract infection.ConclusionWe believe that vesico-ureteric reflux in most antenatally diagnosed hydronephrotic kidneys is physiological rather than pathological, and resolves with time without causing long-term renal damage. This is a separate entity from, rather than a precursor of, the pathological symptomatic refluxing kidney in older, mainly female children. Taking a more conservative approach to the postnatal investigation of antenatally diagnosed hydronephrotic kidneys has not resulted in any missed damaged kidneys, but has reduced the number of invasive investigations performed. A careful protocol and detailed postnatal ultrasonography are important to prevent missed pathological cases.     

超声诊断先天性肾盂积水最终发展趋势的相关性研究

目的观察产前超声诊断先天性肾盂积水肾盂前后径（anteroposterlor renal pelvic diameter,APD）等数值的变化规律,探讨APD等相关数据在判断生理性或病理性肾盂积水中的临床价值。方法随访观察2011年4月至2013年2月69例行产前超声检查诊断为胎儿先天性肾盂积水患儿的临床资料,根据发展趋势分为生理性肾盂积水和病理性肾盂积水,并对两组积水APD值等相关数据进行比较分析。结果69例（73只肾）中,生理性肾盂积水55例（57只肾）,积水多在产后1—6个月消失。病理性肾盂积水14例（16只肾）,其中肾盂输尿管部梗阻12例（14只肾）,膀胱输尿管部梗阻2例,未发现其它泌尿系统畸形。两组积水在胎儿性别、积水侧别、积水发生时间及孕30～33周前APD、肾皮质厚度（renal parenchyma thickness,RPT）、肾盏形态上比较,P〉0．05,差异无统计学意义。在孕30～33周及孕30～33周后APD、RPT、肾盏形态上比较,P〈0．05,差异有统计学意义。结论胎儿先天性肾盂积水最终发展趋势与胎儿性别、积水侧别、积水发生时间及孕30～33周前APD、RPT、肾盏形态无相关性;与孕30～33周及孕30—33周后APD、RPT、肾盏形态有相关性。在定期随访过程中,生理性肾盂积水多于产后1～6个月恢复正常,病理性肾盂积水的各项指标呈渐进性发展,需及时手术治疗。     

Treatment and outcome of prenatally detected newborn hydronephrosis

ObjectiveFor neonates with antenatally diagnosed primary ureteropelvic junction (UPJ)-type hydronephrosis, to attempt to clarify and refine criteria for establishing optimal follow-up and treatment guidelines.Patients and methodsA total of 162 newborns (228 hydronephrotic kidneys) with this condition were prospectively followed and treated by the same surgeon in 2001–2005 for a mean of 53 (13–72) months. Ultrasonography and diuretic renogram were used for diagnosis and follow up, and Onen's grading system to determine degree of hydronephrosis.ResultsOn first postnatal ultrasound, the severity of hydronephrosis was grade 1 in 152 kidneys (surgery, 0%), 2 in 41 (surgery, 19.5%), 3 in 19 (surgery, 42.1%), and 4 in 16 kidneys (surgery, 93.8%). All the grade 1 cases resolved spontaneously without renal deterioration (renal function >40%). Renal function ranged between 7% and 34% in grade 4 patients. Overall, 201 hydronephrotic kidneys (88.2%) resolved spontaneously, while 27 (11.8%) required pyeloplasty because of evidence of obstructive injury, including increased hydronephrosis in 14/27 (6/27 had less than 10% decrease in renal function), greater than 10% decrease of renal function in 9/27, and greater than 10% decrease of renal function as well as increased hydronephrosis in 4/27 patients (15%).ConclusionIn most cases, neonatal hydronephrosis is a relatively benign condition that can be followed safely by an initial non-operative approach unless there is evidence of obstructive injury. A follow-up protocol that permits early identification of a limited number of kidneys that may develop signs of obstruction and require pyeloplasty is crucial for a favorable outcome in patients with primary UPJ-type hydronephrosis. Onen's hydronephrosis grading system promises an easier and more appropriate follow up and timely treatment for children with this condition. A sufficient follow-up interval, especially during the first 3 years of life, is essential to help prevent permanent loss of renal function in kidneys that do develop signs of obstruction.     

新生儿重度肾积水的手术治疗及疗效观察

目的 探讨重度肾积水新生儿期手术干预的可行性和疗效.方法 回顾性分析了新生儿期接受手术治疗的18例重度肾积水患儿的临床资料.结果 16例于新生儿期行离断式肾盂输尿管成形术(Anderso-Hynes术),2例Ⅰ期行肾造瘘术,Ⅱ期行肾盂成形术,所有病例术中麻醉及手术过程顺利,术后恢复满意.术后除1例有轻度切口疝外,无术后出血、感染、吻合口瘘和吻合口狭窄等并发症.术后随访1.3年(3个月～4年),患儿生长发育正常,无尿路感染症状,患肾积水明显减轻、甚至消失,肾实质厚度增加,肾脏形态接近正常.结论 新生儿期手术干预能早期解除肾内压力,不仅能尽快恢复患肾功能,而且患肾形态有望恢复正常.产前诊断重度胎儿肾积水的患儿于生后1～2周应常规行B超检查,同时结合CTU或MRU加SPECT检查以明确诊断.确诊存在器质性梗阻的新生儿,若为重度肾积水,分肾功能<35%或伴发严重泌尿系感染者,建议尽早手术干预.     

小儿肾积水病肾血流动力学改变与临床意义

目的了解小儿肾积水肾血流动力学改变与病肾损害程度的关系。方法采用彩色超声多普勒（CDFI）测量小儿肾积水病肾肾主动脉（MRA）、叶间动脉（IRA）及弓状动脉（ARA）的阻力指数（RI），并与健肾测值进行比较；同时行病肾组织学检查分级，然后与病肾RI作相关分析。结果本组共检测78例小儿肾积水，检测发现：病肾各级肾血管（MRA、IRA、ARA）的RI明显升高，与健肾相应动脉RI比较，差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）；病肾各级血管的RI均随病理分级的增加而递增，且叶间动脉的RI在不同病理分级组间比较，差异均有显著性意义（P〈0．05）；病肾各级血管的RI与病理分级密切正相关，差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05），其中病肾叶间动脉的RI与病理分级相关性最密切，相关系数r=0．715、P〈0．01。结论小儿肾积水病肾各级肾血管的RI明显升高，与病肾损害程度密切正相关，特别是叶间动脉的RI与病肾损害的相关性最密切（P〈0．01）。因此证实利用简单、准确无创的CDFI检测肾血流动力学改变可作为术前判定病肾损害程度的有效方法之一。     

The accuracy of antenatal ultrasonography in identifying renal abnormalities.

OBJECTIVE--To determine the accuracy of measuring antenatal renal pelvic diameter for prediction of renal abnormalities. RESEARCH DESIGN--Prospective evaluation of all pregnant women undergoing ultrasonography. SETTING--A teaching hospital providing primary and referral maternity care. PARTICIPANTS--Fifty-six pregnant women with suspected fetal hydronephrosis or cystic lesions identified from 7500 ultrasonograms over 3 years. METHODS--Antenatal renal pelvic diameter was measured in the anteroposterior dimension. Neonates underwent postnatal ultrasonography after day 3 of life; if the results were abnormal, a cystogram and renal diuretic scan were obtained. RESULTS--None of 50 kidneys 15 mm or smaller in anteroposterior pelvic diameter had obstruction; 11 (79%) of 14 kidneys larger than 15 mm were obstructed or demonstrated vesicoureteral reflux. Of 12 kidneys believed to be multicystic before birth, five (42%) proved to have hydronephrosis. CONCLUSIONS--Since the majority of fetuses with suspected hydronephrosis proved to be normal, parents should not be unduly alarmed by the physician. Renal pelvic diameter of more than 15 mm is strongly predictive of hydronephrosis. Since severe hydronephrosis is treatable and can be mistaken for a multicystic kidney antenatally, full radiologic evaluation is needed soon after birth.     

Nephrosonography in the evaluation of renal failure and masses in infants.

The diagnostic accuracy of nephrosonography is compared with conventional radiologic techniques and surgical findings in 13 infants aged 1 day to 14 months, who were in renal failure or had abdominal masses. Ten of the 13 infants presented with marked renal failure and in half of them neither kidneys nor collecting systems were visualized on the first intravenous pyelogram. Normal renal architecture was demonstrated by nephrosonography in three, hypoplastic kidneys in three, hydronephrosis in three, and a combination of hydronephrosis and contralateral multicystic kidney in one. In the three infants without renal failure, only one kidney was demonstrated by IVP; The cystic contralateral kidney in each of them was demonstrated by nephrosonography. In all cases the diagnosis was confirmed by conventional radiologic techniques when renal function had improved or by surgical exploration. This technique appears to be a useful adjunct to conventional radiography in the differential diagnosis of the infant with abnormalities of the urinary tract. Nephrosonography is of especial value when a kidney is not visualized by IVP, and it may appropriately aid in therapeutic decisions regarding the use of invasive procedures in small critically ill infants.     

小儿输尿管膨出症的治疗--附91例分析

目的 选用创伤小，疗效好的术式治疗输尿管膨出症，减法二次手术。方法 91例输尿管膨出症，男25例，女66例，其中70例（76.9%)并发于重肾双输尿管畸形，其中左上输尿管膨出症40例，右上27例，双上3例，影像学检查；双上肾积水4例，患侧上肾积水52例，患侧上下肾积水10例，患侧上，下及对侧都有肾积水4例。21例单一系统输尿管膨出症中，左侧5例，右侧11例，双侧5例。影像学检查；患侧肾积水10例，双侧肾积水5例，患肾功能严重受损5例。上尿路正常1例。结果 78例（85.7%)术后平均随访2年。重肾组；（1）上肾部切除48例52侧，治愈36例，失访7例，需加做输尿管残留切除3例，需再经尿道戳穿输尿管膨出2例；（2）切除输尿管膨出及输尿管膀胱再吻合6例，治愈5例。术后加做上肾部切除1例；（3）经尿道戳穿输尿管膨出15例，治愈9例，失访4例。需加做上肾部切除2例；（4）输尿管膨出自行缩小，症状消失1例。单一系统21例中15例经尿道戳穿输尿管膨出，治愈12例，失访2例，需加做输尿管膀胱再植1例，1例经输尿管膨出切除，输尿管膀胱再植治愈，发育不良肾切除5例。治愈2例，有尿失禁症状2例，仍时有尿路感染1例。全组1次手术治愈65例。结论 输尿管膨出症的治疗须根据患肾功能决定，如患肾功能严重受损，首选患肾或肾部切除，反之则经尿道做膨出部下缘戳孔术，对单一系统肾发育不良并发异位输尿管膨出的女性，其位置低至尿道远端，因该处尿道肌肉缺损造成失禁，须进一步治疗。     

An alternative grading system to refine the criteria for severity of hydronephrosis and optimal treatment guidelines in neonates with primary UPJ-type hydronephrosis

ObjectiveWe present our alternative hydronephrosis grading system (AGS) in an attempt to establish optimal treatment guidelines, and clarify and refine the criteria for severity of hydronephrosis in neonates.Patients and methodsA total of 162 newborns (228 affected kidneys) with antenatally diagnosed primary ureteropelvic junction-type hydronephrosis were prospectively followed and treated by the same surgeon for a mean of 46 (6–65) months. Ultrasonography and diuretic renogram were used for diagnosis and follow up. Society for Fetal Urology (SFU) grading system, anteroposterior diameter of renal pelvis (APDRP) and our AGS were used to determine the degree of hydronephrosis. AGS: 0, no hydronephrosis; 1, dilatation of renal pelvis alone; 2, plus caliceal dilatation; 3, plus <1/2 (mild-to-moderate) renal parenchymal loss; 4, plus >1/2 (severe) renal parenchymal loss (cyst-like kidney with no visually significant renal parenchyma).ResultsOn the first postnatal ultrasound, the severity of hydronephrosis was SFU ≤ 2 in 152 kidneys (surgery, 0%), SFU-3 in 41 kidneys (surgery, 19.5%) and SFU-4 in 35 kidneys (surgery, 68.6%). The follow up, treatment and outcome of SFU-1 and SFU-2 patients were similar; all resolved spontaneously without renal deterioration (renal function >40%). Renal function ranged between 7% and 39% in SFU-4 patients. Intrarenal pelvis was found in one patient with an APDRP of <15 mm, seven patients of 16–30 mm, and five patients of >30 mm. Overall, 201 hydronephrotic kidneys (88.2%) resolved spontaneously while 27 (11.8%) required pyeloplasty.ConclusionNeither an SFU grading system nor measurement of APDRP is the gold standard in determining the severity of hydronephrosis. Both methods may fail, particularly in children with intrarenal pelvis configuration or SFU-4 hydronephrosis. Our AGS promises easier follow up and more timely treatment.     

Antenatal isolated hydronephrosis associated with urinoma

Two cases of prenatally identified urinoma associated with an isolated hydronephrosis are presented, and the pathophysiology and prognosis of this rare condition are discussed. The presence in utero of a peri-renal collection associated with an isolated hydronephrosis seems to be a sign of significant renal dysplasia. These urinomas disappear spontaneously, thus drainage is not necessary, except in the case of compression of surrounding structures. The functional prognosis of these kidneys seems to be most unfavourable.     

核素利尿肾动态显像在儿童肾重复畸形中的临床应用

为评价99Tc^m-EC利尿肾动态显像在儿童肾重复畸形中的临床价值，对23例肾生复畸形住院患儿99Tc^m-EC利尿肾动态显像（RDI），分析其影像特征和主要功能指标的变化；设计可反映重复上半肾功能的指标（D/N），并以之与临床病理分型比较。结果显示：肾重复畸形在RDI连续叠加影像中有4种表现；上肾稀疏、上肾缺损、肾影增长、肾盂分离；RDI的灵敏度、特异性、准确性分别为73.3%、93.2%、81.4%；RDI对合并输尿管囊肿检出率较好，并可检出部分输尿管扩张积水；利尿肾图显示尿路梗阻类型均为非机械性梗阻。临床病理分型为发育不良型，其上肾D/N值均小于30%，发育型均大于70%，积水型为30%-70%。对术后随访的病例，RDI在双肾形态和功能转归方面有肯定的判断。说明99Tc^m-EC肾动态显像对肾重复畸形有较好的诊断价值可帮助判断重复上半肾功能，为临床床前选择手术方式提供重要依据可作为术后随访复查的主要检查手段。     

Renal ultrasound in the neonatal period

Ultrasound was used for imaging the kidneys in 55 neonates. The normal kidney in a neonate is characterized by prominent medulla and fetal lobulation, the main renal vessels are frequently demonstrated. Of 29 infants with normal kidneys by ultrasound, 4 had renal disease (3 acute tubular necrosis, one partial renal artery thrombosis) and one had a pelvic kidney. In 24 infants congenital abnormalities or acquired renal disease was diagnosed. Multicystic dysplastic kidney and hydronephrosis were the most frequently observed abnormalities. Polycystic kidneys at the early stage (both adult type and infantile) appeared as enlarged hyperechoic kidneys. In 2 neonates the kidneys were normal but they had adrenal mass lesions.Based on the paper presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Pediatrics, Detroit, Michigan, October 1980     

The management of renal conditions in the perinatal period

Most urogenital abnormalities are now diagnosed antenatally on high resolution ultrasound scans. This has enabled recognition of those that are not compatible with survival and these are managed with termination of pregnancy. Renal anomalies that require surgical intervention continue to pose challenges. Conditions such as multicystic dysplastic kidney can be easily recognised and managed based on the experience gained with long-term studies of its natural history. Polycystic kidney on the other hand while not posing a diagnostic problem remains beyond the reach of therapeutic intervention and postnatal supportive measures are the only available means of dealing with this entity at present. The major difficulty is with the management of antenatally diagnosed pelvicalyceal dilatation. The goal of intervention is to preserve renal function when dilatation is the consequence of obstruction. Unfortunately, by the time ultrasound evidence of significant obstruction is apparent renal damage is already established. Fetal intervention should be considered in those cases where severe oligohydramnios is associated with hydronephrosis, especially in the presence of a solitary kidney or in bilateral disease. Postnatally, all neonates with renal tract dilatation should be managed according to a protocol which mandates serial measurements of renal pelvis diameter and correlates this with data from radionuclide scans. This will enable recognition of kidneys that are at risk of losing function while at the same time avoiding unnecessary surgical intervention in those which remain dilated but are functionally stable.     

80例胎儿肾积水的诊断与产后转归

目的探讨胎儿肾积水的产前超声诊断及产后转归。方法对孕18～41周的胎儿进行产前超声检查，根据肾集合系统前后径情况选择分离〉0．5cm的胎儿80例（90只肾），分为3组：Ⅰ组肾集合系统前后径分离0．5～1．0cm（70例）；Ⅱ组：肾集合系统前后径分离1．0～1．5cm（16例）；Ⅲ组：肾集合系统前后径分离〉1．5cm（4例）。3组均出生后随访至2岁。结果80例（90只肾）中，14例引产，63例（73只肾）肾积水无变化或恢复正常，其中I组及Ⅱ组62例，Ⅲ组1例。Ⅲ组4例中，3例行手术治疗。结论胎儿期肾集合系统分离在1．5cm以内，且无进行性增宽者提示预后良好；〉1．5 cm伴。肾实质变薄者提示预后不良，需密切观察或手术治疗。     

Uroradiology in the fetus and newborn: diagnosis and follow-up of congenital obstruction of the urinary tract

Abnormalities of the fetal urinary tract, most commonly hydronephrosis of differing causes, can be detected by ultrasound (US). Prenatal measurements of the kidney can help to predict the postnatal outcome of hydronephrosis. About 20 % of abnormalities evident in utero are not present after birth. After delivery, various imaging procedures, particularly US and voiding cystourethrography may be necessary to evaluate prenatally diagnosed abnormalities. Pyelectasis may be due to obstruction and this may be assessed by sonography during diuresis, urography or diuretic renography. Renography can also evaluate global and split function of the kidneys. ¹²³I-hippurate and ^{99 m}Tc-MAG3 are superior to ^{99 m}Tc-DTPA, but there is no ’gold standard' technique available to assess obstruction. The majority of cases of hydronephrosis, even those which appear to be due to obstruction, can be treated conservatively without deterioration of renal function. Primary megaureter is the second most common cause of obstructive hydronephrosis in the newborn. The diagnostic procedures are similar if the dilated ureter persists unchanged and the infant is asymptomatic. Newborns with antenatally detected renal abnormalities frequently have associated vesicoureteric reflux. Received: 6 February 1996 Accepted: 26 November 1997     

新生鼠输尿管不全梗阻后肾盂压力和肾脏形态变化的观察

目的 了解新生鼠输尿管不全梗阻后肾盂压力和肾脏形态的变化。方法 65只新生鼠用腰大肌包埋不同长度的左侧输尿管，制成轻（n=31)、重（n=34)度输尿管不全梗阻。对照组仅进行剖腹探查。术后8周和24周分别用核磁共振检查肾脏形态变化，术后分别于24周和30周进行肾盂测压和组织学检查。结果 梗阻肾脏均有不同程度积水。严重梗阻组除积水较严重外，发现4例肾脏肾发育不全，其平均肾实质重量仅是对照组的35％。轻度梗阻组和对照组未见发育不良的肾脏。严重梗阻组的肾脏灌注压明显高于轻度梗阻组和正常对照组。结论 新生鼠输尿管不全梗阻后均产生明显肾积水。严重梗阻组可产生肾脏发育不良，可能与严重梗阻组肾盏灌注压明显增加有关。     

先天性肾积水患儿肾脏水通道蛋白表达与肾实质厚度和肾小球滤过率的相关性

目的：探讨先天性肾积水患儿肾脏水通道蛋白AQP1-4 的表达与肾实质厚度和肾小球滤过率（GFR）变化之间的关系。方法：利用Western blot检测AQP1-4蛋白在10例先天性肾积水患儿(年龄62.3±18.3个月)10个肾组织和6例来自肾母细胞瘤手术切除患儿的正常肾脏组织(年龄62.7±17.1个月)中的相对表达量。同时对患侧肾脏肾实质厚度和GFR进行评估。积水肾脏AQP1-4表达与GFR以及肾实质厚度之间进行Pearson相关分析检验。结果：肾积水组AQP1-4蛋白相对表达均明显低于正常组（P＜0.05）。B超测量术前积水侧肾脏肾实质厚度平均为4.59±2.25 mm。99mTc-DTPA 测定积水侧肾脏GFR较对侧肾脏明显下降（40±12 mL/min vs 105±20 mL/min, P＜0.05）。积水组肾脏中AQP1-4蛋白相对表达量与肾实质厚度之间呈正相关,与患侧肾脏GFR之间亦呈正相关。积水侧肾脏肾实质厚度与GFR之间呈正相关。结论：先天性积水患儿肾脏AQP1-4蛋白表达下降,其表达量与肾实质厚度和肾脏GFR的变化呈正相关。     

新生儿肾积水

目的　探讨新生儿肾积水盂管交界处狭窄段的病理变化、手术及保守治疗的指征。方法　总结 10例新生儿肾积水的治疗。 10例均行B超、IVU或CTU、ECT检查。 7例 8个肾因肾盂及肾盏明显扩张、肾功能中至重度损害 ,行切除盂管狭窄段、肾盂成形及肾盂输尿管吻合手术治疗 ,切除的盂管狭窄段行病理及超微结构观察 ;1例由输尿管末端囊肿引起的肾积水 ,经膀胱行输尿管囊肿开窗术 ;另 3例肾积水较轻 ,肾功能正常或轻度受损 ,未手术只行长期观察随访。结果　 7例手术患儿术后恢复顺利 ,术后随访 3个月～ 3年 ,肾积水减轻 ,肾功能明显改善。病理检查 ,见管腔内上皮细胞无明显变化 ,管壁平滑肌细胞排列紊乱、退化、变性 ,细胞间隙增大 ,管壁内有大量胶原纤维增生致管腔狭窄。 3例观察随访的患儿无明显变化。结论　①对肾盂轻度扩张 (肾盂直径 <12mm) ,肾功能正常或接近正常 (相对肾功能大于 4 0 % )的患儿 ,可随访观察 ;②对肾盂扩张 ,积水程度严重 (中～重度 ) ,肾功能受损 ;或在观察治疗过程中 ,肾功能进行性减退的患儿 ,应行手术治疗 ,这类患儿多已存在不可逆的病理组织变化     

Mild fetal hydronephrosis indicating vesicoureteric reflux.

The management of neonates with mild hydronephrosis diagnosed antenatally is still debated. Although some of these infants are normal, it is recognised that others will have mild obstruction of the ureteropelvic junction or vesicoureteric reflux (VUR). A prospective study was performed in all newborn infants with an antenatal diagnosis of mild hydronephrosis (47 babies, 62 kidneys) born over a two year period in order to assess the frequency of VUR. Voiding cystography in 14 patients with 21 renal units showed VUR. Two patients underwent surgery and the VUR resolved; the other 12 received medical treatment. Repeat cystography was scheduled for 12-18 months later, when a high rate of spontaneous cure was observed. The remaining patients were monitored by ultrasonography but only in one case did hydronephrosis deteriorate because of the presence of severe ureteropelvic junction obstruction. It is concluded that mild dilatation of the pelvis might be an expression of a potentially severe malformation such as VUR, and a careful follow up of these cases is mandatory.