同时测定比格犬体内的阿洛西林钠/舒巴坦钠及其药动学

目的注射用阿洛西林钠/舒巴坦钠(质量比为4∶1)中阿洛西林钠及舒巴坦钠在比格犬体内的药动学。方法比格犬给予受试制剂和参比制剂后,采用液相色谱-质谱联用法同时测定血浆中阿洛西林和舒巴坦的浓度。结果阿洛西林的主要药动学参数如下:ρmax分别为(119.34±25.27)mg·L-1和(140.64±28.48)mg·L-1;t1/2分别为(1.61±1.29)h和(1.85±1.91)h;AUC0-t分别为(61.62±15.30)mg·h·L-1和(64.97±13.70)mg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(65.22±15.72)mg·h·L-1和(68.93±15.37)mg·h·L-1;以AUC0-t计算,阿洛西林的相对生物利用度平均为(97.1±23.3)%;舒巴坦的主要药动学参数如下:ρmax分别为(47.30±15.57)mg·L-1和(41.97±14.19)mg·L-1;t1/2分别为(0.46±0.23)h和(0.53±0.35)h;AUC0-t分别为(26.82±7.49)mg·h·L-1和(23.67±6.05)mg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(28.05±8.59)mg·h·L-1和(25.50±8.61)mg·h·L-1;以AUC0-t计算,舒巴坦的相对生物利用度平均为(104.8±24.5)%。结论该方法适用于药动学研究。所得主要药动学参数表明,制剂间阿洛西林及舒巴坦的药动学参数AUC及ρmax均无显著性差异,两药组成复方后不影响各自在比格犬体内的药动学行为。     

HPLC法测定人血浆中顺铂的浓度及其药动学研究

目的:建立测定非小细胞肺癌患者静脉滴注小剂量顺铂后血浆中药物浓度的方法,并分析其药动学特点。方法:15名非小细胞肺癌化疗患者静脉滴注小剂量顺铂,动态采集患者给药前及末次给药后96h内的血浆样本,以高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定顺铂的血药浓度,DAS软件计算药动学参数。结果:顺铂血药浓度在0.16～4mg.L-1范围内线性关系良好,相对回收率为96.60%～113.95%,日内、日间RSD均在10%以内。顺铂的药动学模型为开放二室模型,药动学参数分别为:消除半衰期(t1/2β)(62.89±10.84)h,表观分布容积(V)(13.39±4.86)L,清除率(CL)(1.42±0.57)L.h-1,药-时曲线下面积(AUC)(74.24±43.83)mg.h.L-1。结论:HPLC法测定顺铂血药浓度,操作简单易行,重现性好,符合血药浓度监测及人体内药动学研究要求。     

重酒石酸长春瑞滨注射用乳剂及其市售注射液在肿瘤患者中的药动学比较

目的比较重酒石酸长春瑞滨注射用乳剂与市售注射液在肿瘤患者的药动学。方法在符合入选标准的肿瘤患者中,采用随机平行对照单次给药的方法进行药动学试验,给药剂量30 mg·m-2,采用LC-MS/MS法测定血浆样品中长春瑞滨的浓度,计算主要药动学参数并进行统计分析。结果重酒石酸长春瑞滨注射用乳剂和市售注射液在肿瘤患者中的主要药动学参数分别为:t1/2(16.78±5.24)和(20.03±24.72)h,CL(22.75±5.81)和(17.71±2.88)L·h-1·m-2,Vc(541.04±223.36)和(486.03±567.17)L·m-2,AUC0-t(1 297.09±308.73)和(1 629.31±309.41)μg·L-1·h,AUC0-∞(1 388.37±318.54)和(1 736.23±299.83)μg·L-1·h,ρmax(1 426.25±397.56)和(2 187.50±828.04)μg·L-1,tmax(0.22±0.04)和(0.29±0.18)h,MRT0-t(6.95±1.08)和(4.94±1.31)h;两制剂AUC0-t、t1/2、tmax、ρmax和Vc均无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论重酒石酸长春瑞滨注射用乳剂和市售注射液相比,在肿瘤患者中具有相似的药动学特征。     

LC-MS/MS法测定手术患者中罗哌卡因注射液的血浓度及药动学

目的评价国产甲磺酸罗哌卡因注射液在手术患者中的药动学特点。方法采用LC-MS/MS法测定血浆中罗哌卡因的浓度,并用非房室模型计算药动学参数。结果16例下腹部或下肢手术患者单剂量给予135mg甲磺酸罗哌卡因(含罗哌卡因100mg)或112.5mg盐酸罗哌卡因注射液(含罗哌卡因100mg)的主要药动学参数分别是:甲磺酸罗哌卡因组AUC0→t为(7904.14±3699.28)μg·h·L-1;AUC0→∞为(8300.40±3891.91)μg·h·L-1;ρmax为(1701.25±198.60)μg·L-1;tmax为(0.41±0.29)h;t1/2为(6.50±1.39)h;MRT0→t为(5.23±1.07)h;MRT0→∞为(6.59±1.29)h;Ke为(0.11±0.02)h-1;V/F为(135.23±65.45)L;CL/F为(13.78±4.45)L·h-1。盐酸罗哌卡因组AUC0→t为(9559.03±3890.03)μg·h·L-1;AUC0→∞为(9936.23±3974.98)μg·h·L-1;ρmax为(1483.75±318.21)μg·L-1;tmax为(2.12±2.57)h;t1/2为(5.12±1.12)h;MRT0→t为(5.97±0.65)h;MRT0→∞为(7.00±1.09)h;Ke为(0.14±0.03)h-1;V/F为(90.50±48.24)L;CL/F为(12.06±6.00)L·h-1。结论在下腹部或下肢手术患者受试者中,单剂量注射甲磺酸罗哌卡因注射液或盐酸罗哌卡因注射液15mL后的主要药动学参数均无差异,而且耐受性和安全性良好,无不良事件发生。     

氯法拉滨注射液在白血病患者中的单剂量及多剂量临床药代动力学研究

目的:研究氯法拉滨注射液单剂量及多剂量静脉滴注的人体药动学过程.方法:4例白血病患者单剂量恒速静脉滴注氯法拉滨注射液52 mg·m-2·d-1,单剂量试验结束后进入多剂量给药试验,52 mg·m-2·d-1,连续给药5d.采用高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定血浆及尿液中氯法拉滨的浓度,并采用DAS药动学软件对试验数据进行处理,求算有关药动学参数.结果:4例受试者单剂量静脉滴注氯法拉滨注射液后,主要药动学参数分别为Cmax(414±205) μg/L,tmax(3.0±1.4)h,t1/2z(4.4±2.0) h,AUC0-t(2475±659) μg· h· L-1,AUC0-∞(2566±606)μg·h·L-1,CLz(21.2±5.1) L· h-1·m-2,Vz(142±97) L/m2,MRT(0-t)(6.3±2.2) h,Zeta(0.18±0.07) h-1,24 h平均尿液累积排泄率为(39.53±20.98)％.52 mg·m-2·d-1静脉滴注氯法拉滨注射液,连续给药5d,第5日达稳态,主要药动学参数为Cmax(581±126) μg/L,tmax(2.0±0.8) h,t1/2z(6.4±3.1)h,AUC0-t(2451±349) μg· h· L-1,AUC0-∞ (2603 ±409)μg·h·L-1,CLz(20·4±3.7)L·h-1·m-2,Vz(187±80) L/m,Zeta(0.13±0.05) h-1,MRT(0-t)(5.1±1.8) h,Css(102.14±14.53) μg/L,蓄积因子R(1.04±0.28),血药浓度波动度DF(576.26±226.89)％.结论:氯法拉滨注射液静脉滴注给药52 mg· m-2·d-1,连续给药5d,药物在体内无蓄积,安全性好.     

艾拉莫德片在中国健康志愿者体内的药动学

目的研究健康志愿者单剂量和多剂量口服艾拉莫德后体内的药动学。方法健康志愿者分成2组,分别进行口服艾拉莫德片单剂量(255、0 mg)、多剂量(25 mg)、进食(50 mg)研究。采用HPLC法测定艾拉莫德血药浓度,DAS软件程序进行数据处理。结果255、0 mg单剂量主要药动学参数tmax分别为(4.72±1.49)、(4.58±1.01)h;ρmax分别为(1.08±0.27)(、1.78±0.52)mg.L-1;t12分别为(6.85±2.14)、(7.75±1.32)h;AUC0→t分别为(14.28±3.67)(、23.88±5.21)mg.h.L-1。25 mg多剂量主要药动学参数tmax为(3.82±0.75)h;ρmax为(1.77±0.52)mg.L-1;t12为(10.52±2.54)h;AUC0→t为(26.72±9.29)mg.h.L-1;ρav为(0.76±0.19)mg.L-1,血药浓度波动度DF为(205.64±36.04)%。进食(50 mg)主要药动学参数tmax为(4.33±1.07)h;ρmax为(2.10±0.35)mg.L-1;t12为(6.79±1.34)h;AUC0→t为(24.79±4.44)mg.h.L-1。结论艾拉莫德单剂量组和多剂量组药动学均符合开放型一室模型,连续服用会在人体内蓄积,进食对本药的吸收无影响。     

地西泮亚微乳注射液大鼠体内药动学

目的:研究地西泮亚微乳注射液在大鼠体内药动学特征.方法:大鼠股静脉注射地西泮亚微乳注射液(4 mg·kg-1),采用HPLC法测定不同时间点大鼠血浆中的药物浓度,并用3P87药动学程序对血药浓度进行处理.结果:地西泮可与血浆中的其他成分较好地分离,在0.05～5 mg·L-1的血药浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系.地西泮亚微乳注射液和地西泮注射液2种制剂大鼠静脉给药后体内药动学符合三室模型,主要药动学参数t1/2β,AUC0～∞,MRT和Vc分别为:(10.97±1.89)和(5.72±1.24)h,(6.10±1.25)和(6.24±1.80)mg·L-1·h,(15.67±1.48)和(9.98±1.31)h,(0.34±0.03)和(0.10±0.01)L·kg-1;2种制剂的t1/2β,MRT和Vc均存在统计学差异(P＜0.01).结论:地西泮亚微乳注射液可在一定程度上延长药物体内循环时间.     

HPLC法研究SQ0801023在大鼠体内的药动学

目的建立测定大鼠血浆中SQ0801023的高效液相色谱法,并研究其在大鼠体内的药动学特征。方法 Sprague-Dawley大鼠尾静脉注射SQ0801023(30 mg·kg-1)后,于不同时间点采血,HPLC法测定血浆中SQ0801023的浓度,并计算药动学参数。结果大鼠血浆中的SQ0801023在0.2⁵0.0 mg·L-1内线性关系良好(r>0.9991),定量下限为0.2 mg·L-1,提取回收率为75.2%50.0 mg·L-1内线性关系良好(r>0.9991),定量下限为0.2 mg·L-1,提取回收率为75.2%⁸7.2%,日内和日间精密度均小于13.7%。SQ0801023在大鼠体内的主要药动学参数:AUC0-t为(3.66±0.70)mg·h·L-1,AUC0-∞为(3.78±0.70)mg·h·L-1,t1/2为(0.22±0.10)h,ρmax为(17.3±3.90)mg·L-1。结论静注SQ0801023后,SQ0801023在大鼠体内快速代谢和消除。     

冰片对卡马西平药动学及脑组织分布的影响

目的:考察冰片对卡马西平在大鼠体内药动学及脑组织分布的影响。方法:大鼠随机分为2组,分别给予溶媒、冰片灌胃7天,并于第7天灌胃20min后,给予卡马西平(120mg.kg-1,ig),在不同时间点采集血样及脑组织样品,测定血浆与脑组织中卡马西平的浓度,并用药动学统计软件DAS2.0计算药动学参数。结果:冰片组与溶媒对照组卡马西平的药动学参数为:t1/2β(h)(3.5±0.6)vs(10.1±0.4),AUC(0-8)(mg.L-1.h)(12.1±1.6)vs(5.4±0.6),AUC(0-∞)(mg.L-1.h)(17.5±3.0)vs(8.5±0.8),tmax(h)(0.38±0.035vs(0.25±0.012)、Cmax(mg.L-1)(4.07±0.19)vs(2.24±0.21),2组t1/2β、AUC(0-t)、AUC(0-∞)、Cmax间差异显著(P<0.05);冰片组与溶媒对照组相比15,120min时脑组织中卡马西平浓度显著升高(P<0.05)。结论:冰片提高了卡马西平的生物利用度,并增加了其脑组织分布。     

赖诺普利对盐酸马尼地平大鼠体内药动学影响

目的考察赖诺普利对盐酸马尼地平在大鼠体内药动学行为的影响。方法将大鼠随机分为单用盐酸马尼地平0.9 mg·kg-1组和联用盐酸马尼地平0.9 mg·kg-1+赖诺普利0.9 mg·kg-1组,于灌胃给药后0~12.0 h内取静脉血,采用LC-MS/MS法测定血浆中盐酸马尼地平的质量浓度,以DAS 2.0计算药动学参数,SPSS 17.0进行统计分析。结果单用组与联用组盐酸马尼地平的药动学参数结果为:ρmax分别为(144.6±24.39)μg·L-1和(150.2±24.63)μg·L-1,AUC0-t分别为(489.4±190.5)μg·h·L-1和(573.3±196.4)μg·h·L-1,AUC0-∞分别为(566.7±233.4)μg·h·L-1和(666.4±283.0)μg·h·L-1,tmax分别为(0.8±0.21)h和(1.05±0.57)h,Vz/F分别为(1.84±0.82)L·kg-1和(1.56±0.65)L·kg-1,Cl/F分别为(7.90±3.67)L·h-1·kg-1和(6.28±1.69)L·h-1·kg-1。两组tmax、AUC0-t、Cl/F、ρmax、AUC0-∞、Vz/F和Cl/F均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论赖诺普利对盐酸马尼地平在大鼠体内药动学行为无影响,提示临床联合给药无需调整马尼地平给药剂量及时间间隔。     

顺铂缓释多囊脂质体的制备和体外释放性能研究

目的 制备包封率高和缓释作用好的顺铂缓释多囊脂质体,并与反相蒸发法制备的顺铂普通脂质体比较其体外释药性能。方法 用复乳法制备顺铂多囊脂质体,非火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定顺铂含量,磷脂酶试剂法测定脂质体中磷脂的浓度。测定包封率和体外释药性。结果顺铂多囊脂质体平均粒径为16.6 μm,跨距为1.0。顺铂包封率可高达80%以上。顺铂缓释多囊脂质体的体外释药符合一级释药规律, 释药t_1/2为37.7 h,比反相蒸发法制备的顺铂普通脂质体延长8.4倍。经差示热分析发现辅助膜稳定剂有明显的膜稳定作用。结论顺铂多囊脂质体包封率高,并具有良好的缓释作用。     

Cytotoxicity of cisplatin in rat intestine

Therapeutic treatment with cisplatin (cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum-II), an antitumor agent, produces toxic side effects involving kidney, GI tract, and bone marrow. Intestinal cytotoxicity of cisplatin was characterized in rats following a single ip dose (5 mg/kg). Cellular necrosis and inhibition of mitosis in the intestinal epithelium were maximal on Days 1–2 and were most severe in the ileum, but mucosal lesions were recovered by 5–7 days. Crypt and villus cell populations were reduced most in the ileum (60–70%), followed by the jejunum (45–60%) and the duodenum (35–40%). Stomach and colon had few mucosal lesions. GI tissues assayed for platinum concentrations indicated no preferential localization of cisplatin in any segment of small intestine. Histologic evidence suggested that proliferating epithelial cells in the crypt are the major targets for cisplatin cytotoxicity.     

Pharmacokinetics of cisplatin in analbuminemic rats

The effect of protein binding on the pharmacokinetics of cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II); CDDP) has been studied in analbuminemic rats, which genetically lack albumins, in comparison with normal rats. CDDP was reported to highly bind to serum components, and the major binder was thought to be an albumin. However, there were no significant differences in the serum disappearance profiles of platinum after intravenous (iv) bolus injection of CDDP to analbuminemic rats as compared with normal rats. The total body clearance, Cl(tot), of platinum in normal rats was 48.7+/-22.0 mL h(-1) (5 mg kg(-1)), 55.9+/-4.04 mL h(-1) (10 mg kg(-1)) and 49.0+/-3.57 mL h(-1) (20 mg kg(-1)), whereas Cl(tot) in analbuminemic rats was 52.0+/-8.48 mL h(-1) (5 mg kg(-1)), 62.9+/-10. 8 mL h(-1) (10 mg kg(-1)) and 62.8+/-6.81 mL h(-1) (20 mg kg(-1)). The serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels at 6 h after iv injection were higher in both groups of rats who received CDDP than those of pre-dose level. However, there were no significant differences in the renal function tests between analbuminemic rats and normal rats. The binding of CDDP to the serum samples obtained from analbuminemic rats and normal rats was measured by a centrifuging filtration method. The binding percentages were 68.0+/-5.9% (2.0 microg mL(-1)), 56.8+/-4.1% (5.0 microg mL(-1)) and 64.6+/-4.4% (10.0 microg mL(-1)) in analbuminemic rats and 52.9+/-3.5% (2.0 microg mL(-1)), 52.2+/-3.4% (5.0 microg mL(-1)), 56.9+/-1.9% (10.0 microg mL(-1)) in normal rats. Higher binding percentages were obtained in analbuminemic rats than in normal rats. In vitro binding studies under the two incubation conditions (5 min and 2 h) showed that the binding percentages of CDDP to serum proteins were 59.2+/-3.2% (5 min) and 72.3+/-6.5% (2 h) for albumin, 42.3+/-1.9% (5 min) and 39.5+/-2.5% (2 h) for alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein (AAG) and 51.7+/-5.3% (5 min) and 49. 2+/-1.9% (2 h) for gamma-globulin. From these studies, it was elucidated that albumin is not the major ligand in the rat serum and that other proteins also have important roles in the pharmacokinetics of CDDP.     

顺铂在家兔体内的时间药动学

目的　研究顺铂在家兔体内药代动力学的时间节律特征。方法　实验动物饲养在标准环境中,分别于昼夜不同时辰一次给药,以原子吸收光谱法测定给药后不同时刻血中铂浓度,并将通过３ Ｐ８７ 程序计算所得的主要药动学参数按平均余弦法进行处理。结果和结论　顺铂的主要药动学参数呈一定昼夜变化,其中消除相半衰期（ Ｔ１２ β） 、表观分布容积（ Ｖｄ） 、曲线下面积（ Ａ Ｕ Ｃ） 、清除率（ Ｃ Ｌ） 等波动较大,峰、谷值之间具显著或非常显著差异。上述各参数昼夜节律峰值期分别在０２ ：１３ 、０４ ：４５ 、００ ：３７ 和１３ ：１０     

Evolution of high-dose cisplatin

Summary High-dose cisplatin therapy, defined as 200 mg/m²/course, is currently undergoing extensive clinical trials in a variety of solid tumors. The reduction of the incidence and severity of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity has led to clinical trials of higher doses of cisplatin. By maintaining nephrotoxicity to acceptable levels, dose response relationships have shown increased efficacy of cisplatin therapy. However, new dose-limiting toxicities, primarily severe neurotoxicity and myelosuppression, have prevented further dosing increases. The following review will trace the evolution and the current status of high-dose cisplatin therapy. In addition, a summary of the dose-limiting non-renal toxicities and their relationship to pharmacokinetics and dosing schedules will be discussed.     

改良原子吸收光谱法测定组织中载顺铂磁性纳米药物中的顺铂含量

目的建立改良组织消化和原子吸收光谱测定组织中铂浓度的方法。方法应用岛津原子吸收光谱系统,条件:AA-6300型原子吸收分光光度计、GFA-Ex7i石墨炉、ASC-6100自动进样器、铂元素空心阴极灯,含载顺铂磁性纳米药物的组织烘干后经硝酸和双氧水水浴消化后直接采用原子吸收光谱仪在265.9nm处测定。结果各不同组织顺铂线性范围均是54～283.5μg.L-1,相关系数r均大于0.999,日内变异系数均小于5%,日间变异系数均小于10%。结论采用改良原子吸收光谱法可高效、准确的检测湿化消化法处理的组织样本中铂元素的含量,该改良方法适用于顺铂药物动力学的研究。     

Fatal overdosage with cisplatin

This paper presents a case of fatal overdosage due to an accidental massive administration (750 mg instead of 170 mg) of cisplatin, an anticancer agent, to a 63-year-old patient suffering from lymphoma. Platinum was measured in various postmortem samples by means of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Heart and peripheral blood concentrations of platinum were 1515 and 1253 micro g/L, respectively. Concentrations in urine and bile were 1038 and 501 micro g/L, respectively. Renal dialysis was started immediately after the end of cisplatin perfusion, when the mistake was noticed, but the patient deceased at day 16, presenting renal and hepatic insufficiency, ototoxicity, and pancytopenia.     

Hyperglucagonemia following cisplatin treatment

These studies were initiated to determine (1) if cisplatin (cis-DDP)-induced hyperglucagonemia is related to decreased hormone degradation, (2) the relationship between impaired kidney function associated with cis-DDP nephrotoxicity and hyperglucagonemia, and (3) the contribution of cis-DDP-induced hyperglucagonemia to disturbances in glucose metabolism in male F-344 rats. Administration of 5 or 7.5, but not 2.5, mg/kg cis-DDP iv increased fasting plasma immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) concentrations. Hyperglucagonemia following cis-DDP treatment was characterized by an increase in the biologically active or true pancreatic form of IRG as well as an increase in an extrapancreatic component. cis-DDP treatment (5 mg/kg) resulted in a prolonged half-life and a reduced rate of plasma disappearance of exogenous glucagon. Reducing cis-DDP nephrotoxicity, via mannitol pretreatment, resulted in a significant reduction in total, true pancreatic, and extrapancreatic plasma IRG. Other nephrotoxicants, such as glycerol or gentamicin, also resulted in hyperglucagonemia, indicating that the effects of cis-DDP on glucagon metabolism are also characteristic of other nephrotoxicants and, therefore, may be secondary to kidney toxicity. Despite marked hyperglucagonemia following cis-DDP treatment, neither severe fasting hyperglycemia nor increased hepatic and renal gluconeogenic enzyme activity was apparent in treated animals. This apparent discrepancy cannot be attributed to glucagon resistance at the target tissue level since cis-DDP-treated animals responded appropriately to exogenous glucagon. These results indicate that hyperglucagonemia following cis-DDP treatment (1) may be related to decreased glucagon degradation associated with impaired renal function and (2) does not markedly disrupt glucose homeostasis.