2022版美国麻醉医师协会指南：困难气道管理实践解读

<正>为了更好地帮助临床医生应对困难气道,麻醉学权威杂志《Anesthesiology》发表2022年美国麻醉医师协会(American Society of Anesthesiologists, ASA)更新版困难气道管理指南,对困难气道如何做出决策给出指导建议。指南建议的困难气道管理流程见图1、图2。与8年前旧的指南相比,新的指南更符合临床实践的实际情况。新的指南从困难气道的评估、准备、管理、拔管、随访等5个方面对困难气道管理进行了阐述。     

2018年版日本《甲状腺肿瘤诊疗指南》外科治疗部分更新解读

近年来甲状腺癌的发病率在世界各地均呈上升趋势,成为人们广泛关注的热点问题。外科手术是治疗甲状腺癌的重要手段,规范的手术治疗可有效改善病人预后和生活质量,而不规范的手术治疗则会增加复发风险,降低存活率,给病人带来严重的生理、心理和经济负担。国内外为了规范甲状腺癌的诊疗、改善病人预后,颁布了很多指南,而且随着新的治疗方法的应用和临床证据的出现,各国指南也在不断更新,其中最具代表性的是美国甲状腺学会和美国国家综合癌症网络颁布的指南。既往外科医生对欧美指南的关注度更大,而对邻国日本甲状腺癌的治疗情况了解甚少。日本继2010年发布第一版《甲状腺肿瘤诊疗指南》之后,也于2018年正式发布了旧版指南的修订版。与旧版指南相比,新版指南推荐意见更加全面和确切,包括乳头状癌的危险分层及不同危险分层病人原发灶切除范围和淋巴结清扫的指征、不同组织学分型滤泡状癌初次手术和补充手术的处理原则以及遗传性和散发性髓样癌处理原则等。     

甲状腺手术后出血防治管理湖南省专家共识

近年来甲状腺肿瘤发病率迅速增长，甲状腺手术量逐年升高。术后出血及其所致气道压迫是甲状腺手术后最危险的并发症，严重者可致死亡，是潜在的医疗纠纷。为提高对甲状腺术后出血和气道压迫的早期识别，提供必要的专业培训十分重要。及时正确处理术后出血和气道压迫，可以避免风险进一步扩大，造成不可挽回的严重后果。此外，甲状腺术后出血并发症的管理需要外科、麻醉科和护理等多学科团队（MDT）参与。为提高手术安全性，减少术后出血发生率并及时发现和处理，湖南省内相关专家在大量临床经验的基础上结合文献复习，以循证医学为基础共同制定“甲状腺手术后出血防治管理湖南省专家共识”。     

2022版《中国甲状腺功能亢进症和其他原因所致甲状腺毒症诊治指南》解读

《中国甲状腺功能亢进症和其他原因所致甲状腺毒症诊治指南》（2022版）（以下简称“指南”）于2022年8月在《中华内分泌代谢杂志》正式发表。指南在2007版的基础上进行了全面更新,共分为15个部分,内容更为详尽,涵盖甲状腺功能亢进的病因、临床表现、诊断、评估、治疗以及特殊类型甲状腺毒症的管理。新版指南提出107项推荐意见,其证据水平得到显著提升。新版指南的发布,为临床医师和相关医疗人员在甲状腺毒症诊疗中提供全面、可靠的指导建议。本文旨在提炼其核心观点和推荐策略,以便临床医师深入理解和有效应用这些最新的指导原则。     

甲状腺皮片引流的护理体会

甲状腺手术为外科常见手术,尽管手术创伤不大,但因解剖特殊,要求手术者仔细操作,严密止血.因为出血会引起严重并发症窒息,故术后必须采用预防性引流术.传统引流方法是置颈部橡胶皮管引流,疗效肯定,却存在不少缺点.近年甲状腺手术采用皮片引流术,具有1个切口、痛苦少、恢复快、好活动、好护理、并发症少等优点.本组1996年1月至2003年8月,实施甲状腺手术100例,均采用皮片引流术,现介绍护理如下.     

甲状腺手术后呼吸困难的处理

甲状腺手术后发生呼吸困难是严重而紧急的并发症。甲状腺术后的局部出血导致颈部的血肿和压力增高,压迫气管,引起呼吸困难,甚至窒息;双侧喉返神经损伤后双侧声带内收、声门关闭而通气障碍,导致呼吸困难;长期肿大的甲状腺压迫致气管软化,甲状腺切除后可能发生气管塌陷。甲状腺外科手术医生熟悉重要的局部解剖,精细的手术操作是手术效果好且并发症少的前提。术中预防性气管切开可能有利于已经气管狭窄或气管软化的甲状腺患者。     

2022年美国麻醉医师协会《困难气道管理实践指南》解读

美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)等组织和机构联合发布了2022年ASA《困难气道管理实践指南》。新版ASA指南是对2013年ASA困难气道管理工作组发布的《困难气道管理实践指南》的修订。现对最新发布的ASA《困难气道管理实践指南》作一简单介绍,对该指南的更新部分作一详细解读,并探讨ASA新版指南值得商榷之处。     

美国《甲状腺结节和分化型甲状腺癌诊治指南(2006)》解读

1引言甲状腺结节在人群中的发病率高达19%~67%,甲状腺癌占5%~10%。文献[1-2]报告,近10年来甲状腺癌发病人数急剧增加,其中以分化型甲状腺癌最为突出。长久以来,人们一直关注有关甲状腺结节和分化型甲状腺癌的治疗问题。世界多个国家和地区,先后多次就此问题制定并颁布了相关指南[3-4],如1996年美国甲状腺学会(ATA)首次制定的《甲状腺结节和分化型甲状腺癌诊治指南》,2001年美国内分泌临床医师学会、内分泌学会和内分泌医师学会制定的《甲状腺癌的药物和外科处理指南》[5]和2002年英国甲状腺学会制定的《成人甲状腺癌的诊治指南》[6]。但各…     

甲状腺疾病再次手术治疗的临床分析

随着甲状腺手术的普及开展,各种甲状腺疾病术后复发率逐年增多,商达0．4％～10．0％,甲状腺再次手术率也较高[1]。再次手术时冈甲状腺周围解剖结构紊乱,局部粘连,手术风险与难度增大,并发症增加。为探讨再次手术后的并发症发生原冈及预防方法,回顾性分析2005年7月－2010年7月间48例患者行甲状腺疾病再手术的临床病例资料,总结报道如下。     

甲状腺手术后切口瘢痕的康复治疗

随着人们追求完美的要求不断提高,并十分注重暴露在体表外部位的完美感觉。而甲状腺手术后切口瘢痕往往给患者造成较重的心理负担和压力,因此甲状腺术后瘢痕的早期康复治疗问题,也越来越多地受到医患的共同关注与重视。我科自1994年1月～2010年12月共治疗甲状腺手术切口瘢痕患者225例,术后早期伤口采用精华素离子导入治疗,     

An unexpected complication of occipitocervical stabilization surgery: retropharyngeal hematoma

Background context

To report a unique case of an unexpected complication of occipitocervical stabilization surgery that is retropharyngeal hematoma (RH).

Purpose

Postoperative RH is a very rare complication and has never been reported after posterior occipitocervical surgery.

Study design

Case report.

Methods

A 44-year-old woman being treated for rheumatoid arthritis for 20 years was admitted to our hospital in a wheelchair with the complaints of neck pain and weakness in both upper and lower extremities. She was diagnosed with basilar invagination, and occipitocervical (C0–C5) transpedicular fixation with osteosynthesis using iliac autograft was performed. The airway was seen as obstructed after extubation. The airway was maintained with laryngeal mask, and computed tomography revealed an RH. Emergent tracheotomy was performed. The patient was decannulated because of the resorption of RH after 10 days and was discharged.

Conclusion

This patient is the first patient, to our knowledge, to be reported for unexplained RH after cervical posterior spinal surgery.     

Life-threatening neck hematoma complicating thyroid and parathyroid surgery

BACKGROUND: Observation following thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy has been progressively shortened. The challenge has been to reduce the duration of postoperative observation without jeopardizing patient safety. METHODS: A retrospective review of patients who underwent thyroidectomy and/or parathyroidectomy between July 1990 and March 2007 was completed to determine the frequency of life-threatening hematoma and hospital readmission and their impact on postoperative observation. RESULTS: Of 1,050 patients, life-threatening hematoma developed in 6 (.6%) patients, 5 following bilateral and 1 following unilateral thyroidectomy. Hematoma developed 10 minutes to 7 days postoperatively, four within 4 hours, one at 21 hours, and one at 7 days. Twelve patients were readmitted an average of 5 days postoperatively for hypocalcemia, hematoma, infection, or respiratory distress. CONCLUSION: Without factors contributing to bleeding, unilateral thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy can be performed as an ambulatory procedure. To maximize safety, we recommend 4-hour and 23-hour observation following unilateral and bilateral thyroidectomy, respectively.     

2015年国际麻醉领域指南回顾

背景麻醉学发展日新月异,麻醉指南的更新与发布有助于推动临床麻醉工作。目的介绍2015年国际麻醉领域内多部指南及共识。内容对心肺复苏与心血管急救指南更新、成年人非预计困难气管插管管理指南、产科困难气管插管和插管失败的管理指南、围术期血液管理实践指南、肥胖外科手术患者的围术期管理指南、麻醉和恢复期监测标准建议等国内外近20部指南或共识的概况、要点予以介绍。趋向及时追踪掌握国际麻醉领域内指南,有助规范临床麻醉实践,保证临床麻醉安全实施。     

Please quote: Tian Y, Liu GE, Zhao WJ, Peng YY, Song SM, Li L. Review of Chinese Journal of Traumatology in the year 2018. Chin J Traumatol. 2019;22(1):21–23. doi:10.1016/j.cjtee.2019.01.001

Li Y, Li PY, Sun SJ, et al. Chinese Trauma Surgeon Association for management guidelines of vacuum sealing drainage application in abdominal surgeries-Update and systematic review. Chin J Traumatol. 2019;22(1):1–11. doi:10.1016/j.cjtee.2018.10.005     

Management of haematoma after thyroid surgery: systematic review and multidisciplinary consensus guidelines from the Difficult Airway Society,the British Association of Endocrine and Thyroid Surgeons and the British Association of Otorhinolaryngology,Head and Neck Surgery

Haematoma after thyroid surgery can lead to airway obstruction and death. We therefore developed guidelines to improve the safety of peri-operative care of patients undergoing thyroid surgery. We conducted a systematic review to inform recommendations, with expert consensus used in the absence of high-quality evidence, and a Delphi study was used to ratify recommendations. We highlight the importance of multidisciplinary team management and make recommendations in key areas including: monitoring; recognition; post-thyroid surgery emergency box; management of suspected haematoma following thyroid surgery; cognitive aids; post-haematoma evacuation care; day-case thyroid surgery; training; consent and pre-operative communication; postoperative communication; and institutional policies. The guidelines support a multidisciplinary approach to the management of suspected haematoma following thyroid surgery through oxygenation and evaluation; haematoma evacuation; and tracheal intubation. They have been produced with materials to support implementation. While these guidelines are specific to thyroid surgery, the principles may apply to other forms of neck surgery. These guidelines and recommendations provided are the first in this area and it is hoped they will support multidisciplinary team working, improving care and outcomes for patients having thyroid surgery.     

Medical management of patients after bariatric surgery: Principles and guidelines

Obesity is a major and growing health care concern. Large epidemiologic studies that evaluated the relationship between obesity and mortality, observed that a higher body-mass index(BMI) is associated with increased rate of death from several causes, among them cardiovascular disease; which is particularly true for those with morbid obesity. Being overweight was also associated with decreased survival in several studies. Unfortunately, obese subjects are often exposed to public disapproval because of their fatness which significantly affects their psychosocial behavior. All obese patients(BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) should receive counseling on diet, lifestyle, exercise and goals for weight management. Individuals with BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2 and those with BMI 35 kg/m2 with obesity-related comorbidities; who failed diet, exercise, and drug therapy, should be considered for bariatric surgery. In current review article, we will shed light on important medical principles that each surgeon/gastroenterologist needs to know about bariatric surgical procedure, with special concern to the early post operative period. Additionally, we will explain the common complications that usually follow bariatric surgery and elucidate medical guidelines in their management. For the first 24 h after the bariatric surgery, the postoperative priorities include pain management, leakage, nausea and vomiting, intravenous fluid management, pulmonary hygiene, and ambulation. Patients maintain a low calorie liquid diet for the first few postoperative days that is gradually changed to soft solid food diet within two or three weeks following the bariatric surgery. Later, patients should be monitored for postoperative complications. Hypertension, diabetes, dumping syndrome, gastrointestinal and psychosomatic disorders are among the most important medical conditions discussed in this review.     

甲状腺手术后低钙血症386例临床分析

目的 探讨甲状腺手术后低钙血症的发生规律和相关因素及治疗方法。方法 对2001年1月至2006年1月收治的2357例行甲状腺手术病人，分析监测术后血清钙的变化。结果 甲状腺手术后出现低钙血症386例．其中单侧腺叶次全切除术13例，均无症状；双侧腺叶全切术14例，一侧腺叶全切除并时侧腺叶次全切除术304例，双侧叶甲状腺次全切除术53例，一侧腺叶全切除并对侧部分切除术2例。专科医师手术出现低钙血症222例（11．8％，222／1886），非专科医师手术出现低钙血症164例（34．8％，164／471）。结论 双侧叶甲状腺全切除、一侧腺叶全切除加对侧腺叶次全切除、双侧叶甲状腺次全切除术，包括再次或二次以上手术，术后易出现低钙血症。甲状腺手术引起低钙血症与医师经验有关。     

甲状腺手术不同术式对甲状旁腺功能影响的临床观察

背景与目的：手术是治疗甲状腺疾病的一种极为重要的方式,而甲状旁腺功能减退是甲状腺手术的常见并发症之一。由于各类甲状腺疾病采取的手术方式不同,对甲状旁腺功能的影响也可能不同。本研究探讨甲状腺不同术式对甲状旁腺功能影响的差异并分析原因。 方法：回顾性分析2017年8月—2019年3月收治的319例甲状腺手术患者的临床资料,其中,行甲状腺单侧腺叶切除111例（单侧切除组）、行甲状腺双侧腺叶切除107例（双侧切除组）、行甲状腺双侧腺叶切除+中央区淋巴清扫术71例（双侧切除+VI区清扫组）、行甲状腺双侧腺叶切除+中央区淋巴清扫术+侧颈区淋巴清扫术30例（双侧切除+II~VI区清扫组）。术中在患侧近峡部周围被膜选择1~2点,每点注射0.1~0.2 mL纳米炭混悬注射液,所有患者均采取精细被膜解剖法原位保留甲状旁腺,若术中发现甲状旁腺无法原位保留则立即将该甲状旁腺剪成薄片或匀浆移植包埋于胸锁乳突肌中。观察并比较各组手术前后甲状旁腺激素（PTH）与血钙水平的变化以及术后甲状旁腺功能减退与低钙血症发生率。 结果：各组术前一般资料及PTH与血钙水平均无统计学差异（均P>0.05）。各组术后PTH和血钙浓度均较术前明显降低（均P<0.01）,但两者的下降幅度在术后相同时间点随着手术范围扩大而明显增大,即单侧切除组<双侧切除组<双侧切除+VI区清扫组<双侧切除+II~VI区清扫组,差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。甲状旁腺功能减退与低钙血症的发生率同样随着手术范围扩大而升高,单侧切除组、双侧切除组、双侧切除+VI区清扫组、双侧切除+II~VI区清扫组甲状旁腺功能减退发生率分别为9.9%、32.7%、56.3%、73.3%,低钙血症发生率分别为0、1.9%、19.7%、50.0%,组间差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。所有患者随访至24周,无永久性甲状旁腺功能减退发生。 结论：各种甲状腺手术均对甲状旁腺功能有一定的影响,且手术范围越大,甲状旁腺受损的几率越大,发生甲状旁腺功能减退的风险越高。因此,无论何种术式术中均应对甲状旁腺实施保护,术中精细操作,减少对甲状旁腺血运影响,从而尽可能地降低甲状旁腺功能减退的发生率。     

Depression as a predictor of postoperative delirium after cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVESDepression is common in patients with cardiac disease. The importance of preoperative depression for development of postoperative delirium (POD) following cardiac surgery is not well known. The aim is to provide a summary estimate of depression as a predictor of POD following cardiac surgery.Open in a separate windowMETHODSSystematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science Core Collection and Psycinfo (Ovid) was performed from inception to October 2019, including cohort studies reporting odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for POD following cardiac surgery in patients with preoperative depression compared to patients without depression. ORs and 95% CIs for POD were calculated using random-effects meta-analyses. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed.RESULTSSeven studies were included with a combined study population of 2066 patients. The pooled prevalence of POD in the combined study population was 26% and preoperative depression was present in ∼9% of the total study population. All studies showed a positive association between preoperative depression and POD; and in 5 studies, the association was statistically significant. Patients with depression had a pooled OR of 2.31 (95% CI 1.37–3.90) for POD.CONCLUSIONSThis systematic review and meta-analysis confirm the findings that the previous association between preoperative depression and increased risk for developing POD reported for other patient groups is found also in cardiac surgery. Depression screening prior to cardiac surgery may be effective in identifying patients at higher risk for POD.