Real-time evaluation of the hemodynamic effects of atrial septal defect closure in adults with left ventricular dysfunction.

Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects with left-to-right shunt induces an abrupt overload of the left ventricle that may cause acute heart failure in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. We report two cases of ostium secundum atrial septal defects associated with left ventricular dysfunction of different etiology. The hemodynamic evaluation of left ventricular function during transient abolition of the shunt with the sizing balloon of the Amplatzer system helped to establish the most correct therapeutic strategy.     

单纯经胸超声心动图诊断、监测房间隔缺损及其封堵术

目的为房间隔缺损(ASD)诊断及其实施封堵术探讨一种简单、实用、可靠的方法,使患者免受创伤损害及重复检查之苦。方法对所选37例继发孔型房间隔缺损(OSD)患者术前诊断、病例筛选、术中监测、术后评价均仅采用经胸超声心动图(TTE)方法。结果术后即刻 TTE 检查显示完全封堵,无残余分流。随访1～36月,封堵器位置固定,房间隔无残余分流,右心负荷减轻,无严重并发症出现。结论 TTE 图诊断 ASD 准确,监测、引导封堵术成功率高,操作简便,没有创伤,在绝大部分病例中可省略经食管超声、球囊测径、心导管测压等有创检查而单独使用。     

经颈内静脉可调弯鞘微创房间隔缺损封堵术的分析

目的:探究对可调弯鞘在颈内静脉微创房间隔缺损(ASD)封堵术中的应用。方法:本次研究以2016年3月至2017年3月,在我院进行在超声下引导下实施可调弯镜房间隔封堵术的20例心脏病患者作为研究对象。通过超声引导,实时调整鞘管的头端,选择合适封堵器材利用鞘管释放封堵伞。观察手术治疗效果,手术时间、心内操作时间以及术后并发症情况。结果:在术后并发症方面没有出现,血栓,心内分流,心内感染,心律失常,在整个住院时间内也没有出现死亡情况,手术过程中没有转开胸手术病例,同时也没有出现颈内静脉的损伤,颈部开口愈合良好,无不良情况发生。其中手术时间(27.1±5.8)min,心内操作中位数时间6.2min,也未出现封堵器移位和脱落的情况。右侧的颈内静脉要显著的大于右股静脉的直径,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:作为一种新型的房间隔缺损的微创手术方法,经颈内静脉可调弯鞘封堵术相比于传统的方法在治疗上无论是在手术时间,手术结果和术后并发症上都有显著的优势,值得在房间隔治疗过程中应用。     

Bioabsorbable atrial septal occluder for percutaneous closure of atrial septal defect in children

The BioSTAR bioabsorbable septal repair implant is a new transcatheter secundum atrial septal defect occlusion device that is absorbed and replaced by healthy native tissue. This retrospective analysis was designed to determine the most significant factors for its successful use in children. From October 2009 through December 2010, 33 children underwent catheterization to close secundum atrial septal defects by means of the BioSTAR. The mean age of the patients was 6.8 ± 3.4 years (range, 2.5-13 yr), and the mean body weight was 22.6 ± 11 kg (range, 11-55 kg). The device was successfully implanted in 91% of patients (30/33). In 2 patients, the attempt had to be abandoned because of deficient aortic rim. A 3rd patient had to be converted to surgery because the device embolized to the pulmonary artery. In 1 patient, 2 BioSTAR devices were used to occlude 2 separate holes. The mean maximum stretched diameter of the single-hole defects was 13.5 ± 2.5 mm (range, 8.5-18 mm). Twenty-five patients (76%) had a single-hole defect. The mean follow-up time was 7.7 ± 4.1 months (range, 0.8-15.6 mo). The occlusion rates were 77% after 24 hours and 97% at the end of follow-up. The BioSTAR septal occluder is best suited for small-to-moderate defects. Percutaneous closure of secundum atrial septal defects with the BioSTAR is safe and effective, yielding a high success rate at midterm outcome.     

Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect using self-expandable septal occluder

Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect is an accepted alternative to surgical closure. It was attempted in 63 patients (age range 1.5-55 years) using self-expandable Amplatzer septal occluder (AGA Med. Co., USA). The atrial septal anatomy was evaluated by transthoracic and multiplane transoesophageal echocardiography with special reference to septal margins and adjacent structures. The size of atrial septal defect on echocardiographic evaluation varied from 9-28 (17.5 +/- 4.7) mm. Fifty (79.4%) patients had adequate septal margins of 5 mm or larger, while remaining 13 (20.6%) had insufficient anterosuperior margin. Cardiac catheterisation revealed Qp/Qs ranging from 1.5 to 5.3 and balloon-stretched atrial septal defect diameter of 10-32 (20.3 +/- 5.3) mm. The procedure was overall successful in 62 (98.4%) patients and in all patients with insufficient anterosuperior margin. Embolisation of the device occurred in one (1.6%) patient within five minutes of the device release, which could not be retrieved non-surgically. Size of the device used was either same or preferably 1-3 mm more than the balloon-stretched atrial septal defect diameter. Total procedure time was 40-90 (59 +/- 12.4) minutes and the fluoroscopy time was 12-30 (17.3 +/- 4.2) minutes. Immediate post-procedure and pre-discharge echocardiography in patients with successful deployment of the device revealed complete abolition of shunt in 61 (98.4%) and trivial residual shunt in one (1.6%) patient. No patient developed atrioventricular valve regurgitation or cardiac arrhythmias. Thus, atrial septal defect closure using self-expandable septal occluder is a safe and efficacious procedure requiring a short procedural time. There is full control in the system for proper positioning or repositioning of the device with excellent technical success rate even in cases with insufficient anterosuperior septal margin.     

Autologous right atrial patch for closure of atrial septal defect

BACKGROUND: Prosthetic or pericardial patches used for the closure of atrial septal defects are associated with infrequent but definite problems. As an alternative, we used a right atrial free-wall patch in 12 patients, 7-54 years of age. METHODS AND RESULTS: The presence of a large secundum atrial septal defect (n=2). associated mitral valve regurgitation (n=7), primum atrial septal defect (n=2) and sinus venosus defect (n=1) necessitated the use of a patch. The mitral valve was repaired in 9 patients (including 2 with a primum defect). One patient with a primum defect who was in congestive heart failure preoperatively died after 3 weeks due to refractory ventricular fibrillation. The remaining patients were discharged 5 to 7 days post procedure. No flow was detected across the septal patch on predischarge echocardiography. One patient underwent reoperation for failed mitral valve repair one month postprocedure. At reoperation, the patch was found to be intact with normal texture and without any suture dehiscence. Histopathological examination of the explanted patch revealed viable endothellum and subendothelial muscle on both surfaces of the patch. Follow-up ranged from 6 to 36 months. Echocardiography performed after 6 to 32 months post procedure showed an intact patch with no residual defect. All the patients are in sinus rhythm. Holter monitoring performed in 6 patients was normal in all of them. Electrophysiological study was performed in 2 patients using a mapping catheter 4 and 6 months post-procedure, respectively, and recorded normal atrial potentials from the site of the patch. CONCLUSIONS: The use of an autologous free right atrial wall as a patch for atrial septal defect closure is a viable option.     

Percutaneous closure of an iatrogenic atrial septal defect

The use of the Tandem Heart? percutaneous ventricular assist device (Tandem Heart pVAD, Cardiac Assist technologies, Pittsburgh, PA) as a bridge to recovery or to other cardiopulmonary support systems has been rising. One requirement for placement of this device is an intraatrial septostomy which is usually closed during the surgical insertion of more permanent ventricular assist devices. We present a case of a 62‐year‐old man with a residual acquired atrial septal defect (ASD) from Tandem Heart? placement, which could not be closed surgically during insertion of left and right ventricular assist devices. The patient remained intubated and hypoxemic after removal of his right ventricular assist device due to the presence of persistent right to left shunting. With closure of the ASD using an 8‐mm Amplatzer® septal occluder (ASO; AGA Medical Corp., Golden Valley, MN) the patient stabilized and was successfully extubated. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

国产封堵器治疗房间隔缺损的应用

目的:评价应用国产封堵器治疗继发孔型房间隔缺损（ASD）的初步疗效。方法:31例ASD患者,ASD直径为1034（19±8）mm。所有患者在X线及经胸超声心动图（TTE）监视下经导管置入国产房间隔封堵器。治疗术后及术后3个月随访超声心动图、胸片、心电图,观察对血流动力学及心功能的影响。结果:全组手术成功率为100%,术后即刻及随访未见残余分流。与术前比较,三尖瓣口、肺动脉瓣口血流峰值明显降低,二尖瓣口血流峰值增加（P<0.05）,术后及随访期右心房、右心室内径缩小,右室射血分数早期下降,后期无明显变化。左室功能无明显变化,无出现新的心律失常和脑栓塞等并发症。结论:国产房间隔封堵器可有效治疗ASD,操作方便,手术成功率高,疗效可靠。有效改善右心高容量负荷状态。     

Clinical and hemodynamic observations after surgical closure of large atrial septal defect complicated by heart failure

Hemodynamic and clinical re-evaluation was carried out in 13 adults with a large atrial septal defect and preoperative evidence of left ventricular failure who underwent successful surgical closure of their lesion. The interval separating surgical correction and the postoperative study ranged from 5 months to 10 years (average 4.25 years). Subjective improvement, variable in extent, occurred in all patients, but a return to completely normal hemodynamics both at rest and during exercise occurred in only 1 patient. Eight patients had residual pulmonary hypertension at rest, and in 4 others this developed during exercise. Three patients had elevated pulmonary arterial wedge pressure at rest, and in 5 others it developed during exercise. Right atrial pressure was elevated in 2 at rest, and in 1 during exercise. Six of the 12 patients with postoperative flow data had an abnormally low resting cardiac index at rest, and 4 others had an inappropriately low flow response during exercise. There was no apparent correlation between the age at which the operation was performed and the degree of hemodynamic improvement. These data suggest that heart failure occurring in the patient with a large atrial septal defect does not preclude clinical improvement after surgical repair. There is, however, a high incidence of residual hemodynamic abnormalities.     

房间隔瘤并发继发孔房间隔缺损的介入治疗评价

目的:评价房间隔瘤（ASA）并发继发孔型房间隔缺损（ASD）介入治疗的临床效果。方法:全组21（男8,女13）例,年龄9～56（24士14）岁。经临床、心电图、X线及经胸超声心动图（TTE）检查诊断为ASA并发继发孔型ASD。TTE检查ASA均膨入右心房,测量ASD最大直径12～28（19±7）mm。其中单孔ASD13例,多孔ASD8例,孔间距离1～7mm者7例,12mm者1例。结果:21例均一次封堵成功,技术成功率100%。所用封堵器的直径为16～40（25±8）mm。8例多孔ASD,有7例置入1个封堵器直接封堵多个缺损孔,1例（两个缺损孔之间距离为12mm）分别用18mm和12mm两个封堵器封堵。术后即刻TTE检查显示16例获完全闭合,5例有少或微量残余分流,完全堵闭率76%（16/21）。术后3d复查TTE2例（10%）有微量残余分流。1～6个月复查19例（90%）心脏大小恢复正常,2例（10%）并发心房纤颤患者心脏不同程度的缩小,1例有微量残余分流。1年后随访12例,无封堵器移位及其他并发症。结论:介入治疗房间隔瘤（ASA）并发继发孔型ASD具有操作简便、安全、技术成功率高及封堵效果好等优点。     

婴幼儿继发孔型房间隔缺损介入治疗的可行性及长期疗效

目的总结经导管介入治疗婴幼儿先天性继发孔型房间隔缺损的可行性及长期疗效。方法研究海南省人民医院心内科2000年5月至2013年12月间经导管介入治疗的159例婴幼儿继发孔型房间隔缺损的临床资料。所有患儿术前均经临床体检、X线胸片、心电图、经胸超声心动图确诊为继发孔型房间隔缺损。经胸超声心动图测量房间隔缺损最大径、右心室舒张末期内径(RVDD)、右心房横径(RALD)及估测肺动脉收缩压,根据经胸超声心动图观察和测量房间隔缺损最大径结果选择适当的封堵器。结果入选159例患儿,其中中央型房间隔缺损143例,近上腔型房间隔缺损5例,近下腔型房间隔缺损11例。入选患儿中房间隔缺损合并其他畸形17例,房间隔缺损合并肺动脉高压15例。159例患儿中156例成功封堵(成功率98.1%),未成功的3例均为缺损下腔静脉缘残端不足(小于5 mm)。患儿房间隔缺损最大径(10.2±2.5)mm,封堵器直径(11.7±3.6)mm,输送鞘8.5(7~10)F。导管操作时间(15.6±2.2)min。随访时间为(7.4±2.1)年,时间范围为1个月~13年,随访期间患者无封堵器脱落或移位,也无栓塞及心内膜炎等并发症的发生。随访过程中,4例患儿术后即刻出现一过性窦性心动过缓,1例患儿在术后第2天出现二度1型房室传导阻滞,予地塞米松治疗7 d后恢复窦性心律;2例患儿分别在术后的第1年和第5年发现一度房室传导阻滞,在分别随访2年和4年中未发现进行性加重。术后第1天复查超声心动图发现3例新发的三尖瓣轻度反流和7例少量残余分流(宽约1~2 mm),发现三尖瓣轻度反流患儿在分别随访的1年,3.5年及10年中未发现反流加重及右心扩大,发现残余分流患儿有2例在1个月后恢复,4例在3个月后恢复,1例在1.5年后恢复。15例合并肺动脉高压患儿术后1个月肺动脉收缩压下降[(53±11.2)mm Hg vs.(32±4.8)mm Hg,P<0.01;1 mm Hg=0.133 k Pa],右心负荷降低(右心室舒张末期内径:(13.7±4.3)mm vs.(11.5±3.2)mm,P<0.01;右心房横径:(31.5±5.3)mm vs.(28.6±5.6)mm,P<0.01)。结论经导管介入治疗婴幼儿继发孔型房间隔缺损是一项安全、可行的技术,长期疗效良好。     

Recent review of transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect

Atrial septal defect (ASD) is one of the two most common congenital heart diseases in children and adult. After the application of catheter intervention for ASD, this became an alternative treatment other than surgery from late 1990. In 2001, the procedure was further approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and become the first choice for most cases of secundum type of ASD worldwide. The success rate is more than 98% in literature reviews, with low complication rates in percutaneous ASD closure. Major complications are around 1%, including device embolization, cardiac erosions, new-onset atrial arrhythmia, and other comorbidities. We reviewed indications for percutaneous secundum type ASD closure, technique, successful rate and major complications in this article. To complete the catheter intervention with difficult ASD conditions, various procedural techniques have been developed recently. We also report a challenging case by a current balloon-assisted technique for huge ASD closure.