Adiponectin and Peak Bone Mass in Men: A Cross-Sectional, Population-Based Study

Adiponectin, a protein classically known to be secreted by adipocytes, is also secreted by bone-forming cells. Results of previous studies have been contradictory as to whether serum adiponectin and bone mineral density (BMD) are associated. The aim of this study was to investigate a possible association between serum adiponectin and BMD in young, healthy men at a time of peak bone mass. BMD in the femoral neck, total hip, and lumbar spine were measured in this population-based cross-sectional study of 700 men aged 20–29 years participating in the Odense Androgen Study. Magnetic resonance imaging of femoral cortical thickness and bone marrow size was performed in a subsample of 363 participants. The associations between serum adiponectin and various bone measures were investigated by means of regression analyses with adjustment for potential confounding variables. An inverse association was found between serum adiponectin and total hip BMD and a direct between adiponectin and femoral bone marrow size (r = −0.092; P = 0.036 and r = 0.164; P = 0.003, respectively). Femoral muscle size may, at least in part, explain the association between adiponectin and total hip BMD. Serum adiponectin was inversely associated with total hip BMD in men at the time of peak bone mass, but this association may be explained by factors related to muscle size and function. The observed association between adiponectin and femoral bone marrow size was retained even after adjustment for potential covariates.     

Bone Mineral Density in Femoral Neck is Positively Correlated to Circulating Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF)-I and IGF-Binding Protein (IGFBP)-3 in Swedish Men

Studies on the hormonal regulation of bone metabolism in men have indicated covariation between insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and sex hormones with bone mineral density (BMD). In this study the relationships between BMD in total body, lumbar spine, femoral neck, distal and ultradistal (UD) radius and circulating levels of IGFs, IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), and sex steroids were investigated in 55 Swedish men between 22 and 85 (52 +/- 18, mean +/- SD) years of age. BMD in total body, distal and UD radius, and femoral neck was positively correlated with serum IGF-I (r = 0.31 to 0.49), IGF-II (r = 0.32 to 0.48), IGFBP-3 (r = 0.37 to 0.53), and free androgen index (FAI) (r = 0.32 to 0.40), and negatively with IGFBP-1 (r = -0.37 to -0.41) and IGFBP-2 (r = -0.29 to -0.41) levels. A positive correlation was observed between BMD in femoral neck and estradiol/SHBG ratio (r = 0.34, P = 0.01). Age correlated negatively with serum IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-3, FAI, estradiol/SHBG ratio, and BMD in total body, distal and UD radius, and femoral neck, and positively with IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2, and SHBG levels. According to stepwise multiple regression analyses, a combination of weight, IGFBP-3, and testosterone accounted for 43% of the variation in BMD in femoral neck, 34% in ultradistal radius and 48% in total body (P < 0.0001). These findings indicate that sex hormones and the different components of the IGF system are associated with BMD in Swedish men, suggesting that age-related changes in these systems could contribute to the development of osteoporosis in elderly men.     

Sex Differences in the Association Between Adiponectin and BMD,Bone Loss,and Fractures: The Rancho Bernardo Study

We evaluated sex differences in the prospective association between adiponectin with BMD, bone loss, and fractures. Adiponectin, an adipose‐derived protein with insulin‐sensitizing properties, is also expressed in bone‐forming cells. Conflicting results and sex differences in the adiponectin‐BMD association have been reported in cross‐sectional studies. Serum adiponectin was measured in fasting blood samples obtained in 1984–1987 in 447 postmenopausal women (mean age: 76 yr) and 484 men (mean age: 75 yr). Four years later, BMD was measured at the midshaft radius by single photon absorptiometry and at the femoral neck, total hip, and lumbar spine by DXA. In 1992–1996, axial BMD was remeasured in 261 women and 264 men. Multivariable analysis adjusted for age, weight, calcium intake, type 2 diabetes, alcohol intake, and exercise. Among women, adiponectin was inversely associated with BMD at the femoral neck (β = ?0.002, p = 0.007), total hip (β = ?0.002, p = 0.009), lumbar spine (β = ?0.003, p = 0.008), and midshaft radius (β = ?0.002, p = 0.01) after 4.4 yr and at the femoral neck and total hip 8.6 yr later. Among men, adiponectin was inversely associated with BMD at the femoral neck, (β = ?0.002, p = 0.03), total hip (β = ?0.004, p < 0.001), and midshaft radius (β = ?0.003, p < 0.001) after 4.4 yr and at the hip 8.6 yr later. Adiponectin was not associated with 4‐yr bone loss in either sex but was associated with vertebral fractures (adjusted OR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.08–1.23; p = 0.009) among men only. Adiponectin was inversely associated with BMD; however, sex differences were observed by anatomical site and with regards to vertebral fractures.     

Ghrelin and bone: is there an association in older adults?: the Rancho Bernardo study.

Laboratory studies suggest that ghrelin is involved in bone metabolism, but studies of ghrelin and bone in humans are limited. We studied sex-specific associations of ghrelin with BMD, NTX, and bone loss. Ghrelin was not associated with BMD or bone loss in either sex. There was a significant inverse association with NTX in men but not in women. INTRODUCTION: Ghrelin is a gastric hormone recently shown to be associated with bone metabolism in animal and in vitro studies. Studies in humans are limited. We investigated the association of ghrelin with BMD, the bone resorption marker N-telopeptide (NTX), and bone loss in older men and women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Participants were 977 community-dwelling men and non-estrogen-using postmenopausal women, 50-91 years of age. Plasma ghrelin was measured by radioimmunoassay from blood obtained between 1984 and 1987. Between 1988 and 1991, BMD was measured at the midshaft radius by single photon absorptiometry and at the femoral neck, total hip, and lumbar spine by DXA. Axial BMD measurements were repeated an average of 4 years later in 544 participants. Bone turnover was assessed by NTX in urine obtained at the same time as the initial BMD. Multiple regression analyses were used to test sex-specific associations of ghrelin with BMD, NTX, and bone loss in both sexes. RESULTS: No significant ghrelin-BMD or ghrelin-bone loss associations were observed in either sex, after adjusting for age and body mass index (BMI). Ghrelin was inversely associated with NTX in men and positively associated with NTX in women, independent of age. After adjusting for both age and BMI, this association reached statistical significance in men and was weakened in women. CONCLUSIONS: Ghrelin may be associated with bone turnover, but there is no evidence for an association with BMD or short-term change in BMD in older adults.     

血清胃饥饿素、脂肪因子与膝骨关节炎患者骨密度的相关性研究

目的探讨血清胃饥饿素、脂肪因子水平与膝骨关节炎(knee osteoarthritis)患者骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)之间的相关性。方法本研究选取了164例有症状的膝骨关节炎患者和100位健康人群(对照组)。使用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)测量受试者血清胃饥饿素、脂联素和抵抗素水平。通过双能X线吸收测定法(DXA)测量受试者全身、腰椎、髋部和股骨的BMD。结果膝骨关节炎受试者的全身、腰椎、髋关节、股骨的BMD水平低于对照组(P均<0.05);但脂联素及胃饥饿素水平明显高于对照组(P均<0.05);在单因素分析中,血清胃饥饿素水平与所测量各个部位的骨密度之间有显著的负相关性(P<0.05);脂联素与股骨干骨密度和总股骨骨密度呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。进一步调整年龄、性别、体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)和骨关节炎(osteoarthritis,OA)后,胃饥饿素水平与各个部位的骨密度之间仍然存在显著负相关(P<0.05);脂联素与股骨干、股骨的骨密度之间有显著的相关性(P<0.05)。而血清抵抗素与各部位骨密度在混杂因素调整前后未发现显著相关性。结论血清胃饥饿素和脂联素水平与BMD呈显著负相关,提示胃饥饿素和脂联素对膝骨关节炎患者BMD有潜在的不利影响。     

Adiponectin as a novel determinant of bone mineral density and visceral fat

Growing evidence suggests that positive associations between fat mass (FM) and bone mineral density (BMD) are mediated by not only biomechanical but also biochemical factors. Adiponectin is a novel adipocyte-derived hormone that regulates energy homeostasis and has anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic effects. Unlike other adipokines such as leptin, adiponectin levels decrease in obesity and type 2 diabetes. The purpose of our study was to investigate associations of serum adiponectin with BMD (DXA and QCT), FM (DXA and QCT), and serum leptin and soluble leptin receptor levels in 38 women and 42 men (age 39-81, BMI 17-55, 86% with type 2 diabetes). After adjusting for age, gender, race, smoking, and diabetes status, serum adiponectin was inversely associated with areal BMD (r = -0.20 to -0.3, all P < 0.01), volumetric BMD (r = -0.35 to -0.44, all P < 0.01), and visceral fat volume (r = -0.30, P < 0.01). These associations remained significant after adjusting for whole body fat mass. The associations of adiponectin with subcutaneous fat volume, whole body FM, and serum leptin level were not significant (all P > 0.1). These data suggest that adiponectin may play a role in the protective effects of visceral fat on BMD.     

成人隐匿性自身免疫性糖尿病患者骨密度变化及影响因素分析

目的探讨成人隐匿性自身免疫性糖尿病(latent autoimmune diabetes in adults,LADA)患者骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)变化及其影响因素。方法选取2013年4月至2016年6月于武警浙江总队杭州医院内分泌科确诊的LADA患者43例,作为LADA组,另选同期健康体检人员40名作为对照组。检测两组受试者代谢指标空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose,FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h postprandial blood glucose,2 h PBG)、糖化血红蛋白(glycosylated hemoglobin,HbA1c)、血钙、血磷、24 h尿钙、24 h尿磷、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)、尿微量蛋白(microalbuminuria,MAU)水平,并检测腰椎2~4BMD及股骨颈BMD进行比较。同时研究L2~4BMD及股骨颈BMD与代谢指标水平之间的关系,并分析L2~4BMD及股骨颈BMD的影响因素。结果两组受检者血磷、24 h尿磷、ALP水平均无明显差异(P0.05),LADA组FPG、2hPBG、HbA1c、24h尿钙及MAU均明显高于对照组(P0.05),LADA组血钙明显低于对照组(P0.05);LADA组L2~4、股骨颈BMD均明显低于对照组(P0.05);L2~4BMD与HbA1c、MAU呈负相关(r=-0.351、-0.242,P0.05),与血钙呈正相关(r=0.396,P0.05);股骨颈BMD与HbA1c、MAU呈负相关(r=-0.462、-0.118,P0.05),与血钙呈正相关(r=0.411,P0.05)。结论LADA患者的骨密度明显低于健康受试者,性别、血钙、MAU为L2~4BMD的影响因素,年龄、性别、血钙、MAU为股骨颈BMD的影响因素。     

The influence of ghrelin, adiponectin, and leptin on bone mineral density in healthy postmenopausal women

The association of body fat mass (FM) with bone mineral mass (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) has been attributed to a mechanical load exerted on the skeleton by FM and by the effect of different hormones. The aim of the present study was to determine whether there is a relationship between ghrelin, adiponectin, and leptin with BMC and BMD in healthy postmenopausal women (n = 88; age, 68.9 ± 6.8 years; body mass index, 27.4 ± 3.6 kg/m²). Body composition, BMC, and BMD were derived by dualenergy X-ray absorptiometry. Waist-to-hip (WHR) and waist-to-thigh (WTR) ratios were also obtained. Ghrelin was associated with total BMC (β = −0.945; P = 0.0001), total BMD (β = −0.959; P = 0.0001), lumbar spine BMD (β = −0.945; P = 0.0001), and femoral neck BMD (β = −0.957; P = 0.0001), and remained associated (P < 0.041) in different analyses that controlled for measured body composition and hormonal and insulin resistance values. However, the associations between ghrelin and measured bone mineral values were no longer significant (P > 0.149) when adjusted for body fat distribution values (WHR, WTR). Adiponectin was significantly related to total BMC (β = −0.931; P = 0.0001), total BMD (β = −0.940; P = 0.0001), lumbar spine BMD (β = −0.937; P = 0.0001), and femoral neck BMD (β = −0.940; P = 0.0001) values, and these relationships remained significant (P < 0.019) after adjusting for measured body fat, hormonal, and insulin resistance values but not when adjusted for fat-free mass (FFM; P > 0.106). In addition, significant associations of leptin with total BMC (β = 0.912; P = 0.0001), total BMD (β = 0.907; P = 0.0001), lumbar spine BMD (β = 0.899; P = 0.0001), and femoral neck BMD (β = 0.906; P = 0.0001) were found. These associations remained significant (P < 0.010) in different analyses that controlled for hormonal and insulin resistance values, but the associations between leptin and bone mineral values were no longer significant (P > 0.145) when adjusted for specific body composition values (WHR, WTR, FM, and FFM). In conclusion, it appears that the influence of plasma ghrelin, adiponectin, and leptin levels on BMC and BMD values is mediated or confounded by the specific body composition parameters in healthy postmenopausal women.     

股骨颈骨折合并抑郁老年男性骨密度和骨代谢变化

目的分析老年男性股骨颈骨折合并抑郁患者骨密度和骨代谢生化指标变化，探讨抑郁对骨质疏松骨代谢的影响。 方法选取于北京医院骨科2017年1月至2019年1月住院的老年男性股骨颈骨折患者102例。排除病理性骨折、认知功能障碍等患者。依据老年抑郁量表(GDS)将老年男性股骨颈骨折患者分为抑郁组和对照组。通过测定并比较两组患者的骨密度(BMD)、血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、血钙、血磷、25-羟基-维生素D[25(OH)D]、骨钙素(OC)、Ⅰ型原胶原氨基端前肽(P1NP)、血清Ⅰ型胶原羧基末端肽交联β特殊序列(β-CTX)水平，分析抑郁严重程度(GDS评分)与骨密度及骨代谢生化指标的相关性。分类变量的比较采用卡方检验，连续变量的比较采用t检验，两组连续性变量的相关性应用Pearson相关分析。 结果抑郁组患者BMD明显低于对照组(腰椎t ＝5.964、髋部t ＝2.845，P <0.05)。与对照组相比，抑郁组血清25(OH)D水平下降(t ＝3.077，P <0.05)，抑郁组血清OC水平低于对照组(t ＝2.013，P <0.05)，而血清β-CTX水平高于对照组(t ＝2.938，P <0.05)，P1NP水平与对照组差异无统计学意义(t ＝0.684，P >0.05)。抑郁严重程度(GDS评分)与BMD(r＝-0.456，P <0.05)、25(OH)D(r＝-0.546，P <0.05)、OC(r＝-0.215，P <0.05)呈负相关，与P1NP(r＝-0.115，P>0.05)相关性不显著，与β-CTX(r＝0.372，P<0.05)呈正相关。 结论抑郁症患者的骨形成标志物水平降低和骨吸收标志物水平升高，抑郁症是低骨密度和骨折的危险因素。应重视老年抑郁症患者骨代谢指标和25(OH)D的检测，及时进行维生素D的补充和有效的抗骨吸收药物治疗。     

Growth Hormone Secretion and Bone Mineral Density in Prepubertal Black and White Boys

Racial differences in bone mineral density (BMD) appear to account in part for racial differences in the incidence of osteoporosis and fractures. We previously reported that the greater BMD in adult blacks compared with whites is associated with a higher serum 17 beta-estradiol and greater secretion of growth hormone (GH) in men but not women. To determine whether these racial differences occur in prepubertal boys, we measured spontaneous overnight GH secretion, serum testosterone, 17 beta-estradiol, IGF-I, and IGFBP3, IGF-I/ IGFBP3 ratio, BMD of the total body, forearm, lumbar spine, trochanter, and femoral neck, and lean body mass and body fat in 14 healthy black and 16 white boys ages 6-7 years. Measurements of GH were obtained at 20-minute intervals for 12 hours. Results were analyzed by deconvolution and are expressed as mean +/- SE. Whereas BMD of the hip (0.755 +/- 0.020 vs 0.663 +/- 0.021 g/cm(2), P = 0.0037), trochanter (0.617 +/- 0.014 vs 0.552 +/- 0.018 g/cm(2), P = 0.0102) and femoral neck (0.710+/-0.018 vs 0.6381 +/- 0.021 g/cm(2), P = 0.0157) were significantly greater in black compared with white boys, BMD of the total body (0.768 +/- 0.010 vs 0.741 +/- 0.012 g/cm(2), NS), forearm (0.405 +/- 0.010 vs 0.380 +/- 0.008 g/cm(2), NS), and lumbar spine (0.612 +/- 0.013 vs 0.609 +/- 0.021 g/cm(2), NS) was not different in the two groups. Stepwise regression analysis showed significant correlations between BMD and race at each skeletal site except the lumbar spine and trochanter. Deconvolution analysis revealed no racial difference in any of the GH measurements. Whereas serum testosterone, serum 17 beta-estradiol, and serum IGF-I were not different, serum IGFBP-3 was higher and the molar ratio of serum IGF-l/IGFBP-3 was lower in white than in black males. In summary, prepubertal BMD is higher in black than in white males at the hip, trochanter, and femoral neck, and the racial difference does not result from differences in secretion of GH.     

河北地区不同年龄健康男性不同部位骨密度与体成分分析

目的探讨河北地区不同年龄健康男性不同部位骨密度（BMD）与体成分的关系。方法 225名受试对象年龄20～79岁,每10岁为1个年龄组,其中20～29岁28名,30～39岁35名,40～49岁40名,50～59岁42名,60～69岁39名,70～79岁41名,均检测正位腰椎（L2～4）、股骨（股骨颈、Ward三角、大转子、转子间）BMD,同时测定全身各部位肌肉和脂肪含量。结果各年龄组体质量指数（BMI）无明显差别,具有可比性。男性在40～49岁组骨质疏松发生率为5.00%,50～59岁组为13.04%,60～69岁组24.39%,70～79岁组41.86%。30～39岁组各部位BMD均为最高值,且在股骨颈、Ward三角明显高于其他年龄组（P〈0.05）,20～29岁、40～49岁、50～59岁间各部位BMD比较均无明显差异（P〉0.05）,60～69岁组L2～4、股骨颈、转子间BMD均明显高于70～79岁组（P〈0.05）;30～39岁组躯干、腿部、总肌肉含量均高于其他年龄组,但与40～49岁组比较均无明显差异（P〉0.05）,50～59岁与70～79岁组比较,躯干、总肌肉含量差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;各部位脂肪含量随增龄虽有增加趋势,但仅70～79岁组躯干、腿部、总脂肪含量较20～29岁、30～39岁组明显增加（P〈0.05）,其他年龄组各部位脂肪含量两两比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;多元线性回归分析显示男性L2～4、股骨均值BMD均与BMI、所对应的肌肉含量、年龄关系密切,与所对应的脂肪含量无相关性。结论河北地区健康男性各部位骨密度均随增龄逐渐降低,无快速骨量丢失期,各部位骨峰值出现在30～39岁之间,各部位肌肉含量均与BMD有明显相关性,与脂肪含量无关。     

Relationship Between Lipids and Bone Mass in 2 Cohorts of Healthy Women and Men

A number of recent findings seem to indicate that fat and bone metabolism are strictly connected. We investigated the relationship between lipid profile and bone mineral density (BMD) in 236 either pre- or postmenopausal women, aged 35–81 years, attending our osteoporosis center (clinic group). In order to verify the consistency of the results, 265 men and 481 women aged 68–75, participating in a population-based epidemiological investigation (community cohort), were also studied. Lumbar spine, femoral neck, total hip and total body BMD, total body fat, % fat mass and lean mass were measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). In the clinic group, lumbar spine and hip BMD Z score values were both strongly related to all measured serum lipids: the relationship was negative for HDL cholesterol (P < 0.05) and Apo A lipoprotein (P < 0.000) and positive for LDL cholesterol (P < 0.05), Apo B lipoprotein (P < 0.001) and triglycerides (P < 0.05). When BMD values were adjusted for body weight and BMI, most relationships remained statistically significant. In the community cohort, total body and hip BMD values were strongly related in both men and women to age, body weight, height, BMI, fat mass, lean mass, % fat mass. Total body and hip BMD were significantly related to serum lipids in both women and men. The relationship was negative for HDL cholesterol and positive for total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL cholesterol. Most of these relationships (triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio in women, and all measured lipids in men) remained statistically significant (P values ranging from 0.000 to 0.03) when the BMD values were adjusted also for anthropometric measures (body weight, height, fat mass). This study demonstrates for the first time that the lipid profile is strictly related to bone mass in both men and women. The interpretation of this association remains hypothetical but it might open new perspectives for understanding the mechanisms controlling bone metabolism.     

Bone mineral density and serum levels of aminoterminal propeptides and cross-linked N-telopeptides of type I collagen in elderly men

Serum levels of aminoterminal extension propeptides (PINP), the carboxyterminal telopeptide (ICTP), and the cross-linked N-telopeptides (NTx) of type I collagen were determined in 78 healthy, elderly men aged 76 +/- 5 years in 1993 and 1996 and compared with bone mineral density (BMD) measurements of their lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total body regions made using dual X-ray absorptiometry. Compared with 11 men who had normal lumbar spine (SBMD) and femoral neck BMD (NBMD), 13 of the subjects with SBMD and NBMD classified as osteopenic by t-score criterion had higher mean serum levels of PINP and alkaline phosphatase activity, but these increases were not statistically significant at the 95% confidence interval. In osteopenic men, a correlation between SBMD and NTx was detected (r = -0.66, p = 0.01). Within the entire population, the serum NTx level correlated with NBMD (r = -0.26, p < 0.05) and PINP (r = +0.63, p < 0.0001), and the change in the circulating concentration of PINP over the 3 year interval correlated with the magnitude of change in total body BMD (r = -0.28, p = 0.02), NBMD (r = -0.24, p = 0.05), and SBMD (r = -0.36, p = 0. 03) as well as with the change in serum NTx levels (r = 0.43, p < 0. 001). The change in the circulating ICTP level was also related to the change in NBMD (r = -0.24, p = 0.01). Together, weight and the serum PINP level accounted for 25% of total body BMD variance in elderly men. These results indicate that larger populations of men and women should be screened over longer time intervals to explore the value of serial measurement of serum collagen metabolites in predicting bone loss in the spine and hip.     

Bone Mineral Density and Androgen Levels in Elderly Males

To clarify the relationship of sex male hormones and bone in men, we studied in 140 healthy elderly men (aged 55–90 years) the relation between serum levels of androgens and related sex hormones, bone mineral density (BMD) at different sites, and other parameters related to bone metabolism. Our results show a slight decrease of serum-free testosterone with age, with an increase of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in a third of the elderly subjects studied. BMD decreased significantly with age in all regions studied, except in the lumbar spine. We found a positive correlation between body mass index (BMI) and BMD at the lumbar spine and femoral neck (P < 0.001). No relationship was found (uni- and multivariate regression analysis) between serum androgens or sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and BMD. We found a positive correlation of vitamin D binding protein (DBP) and osteocalcin with lumbar spine BMD and with BMI, DBP, IGF-1, and PTH with femoral neck BMD. In conclusion, there is a slight decline in free testosterone and BMD in the healthy elderly males. However, sex male hormones are not correlated to the decrease in hip BMD. Other age-related factors must be associated with bone loss in elderly males. Received: 29 April 1997 / Accepted: 9 November 1997     

老年股骨颈骨折骨密度、Singh指数的研究

目的研究骨密度和Singh指数在衡量股骨近端骨强度和预测股骨颈骨折中的意义.方法对21名60岁以上、因轻度创伤所致新鲜股骨颈骨折老年人进行股骨近端骨密度、Singh指数及Ward三角矿化骨体积进行测量.结果本组患者股骨近端骨密度减少规律,Ward三角>股骨颈>股骨粗隆,骨密度减少的下限(±s)是股骨颈1.14SD、粗隆部0.35SD、Ward三角2.04SD;Singh指数4级以下(含4级)20名(95.2%);Singh指数与MBV呈正相关(r=0.517P<0.05),与粗隆部骨密度及减少的标准差呈正相关(r=0.457,0.474P<0.05).结论骨密度较峰值骨量减少的标准差数在股骨颈大于1.14、粗隆部大于0.35、Ward三角大于2.04,加上Singh指数低于4级(含4级)提示股骨颈骨折的危险性明显增高.     

Loss of Bone Mineral Density in Women Athletes During Aging

Total and regional bone mineral density (BMD) by dual-energy-X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and bone turnover were tested in 50 highly trained women athletes and 21 sedentary control women (18–69 years; BMI < 25 kg/m²). VO_2max (ml · kg⁻¹· min⁻¹) and lean tissue mass (DXA) were significantly higher in the athletes versus controls (both P < 0.0001). Total body BMD did not decline significantly with age in the athletes whereas lumbar spine (L₂–L₄) BMD approached statistical significance (r =−0.26; P= 0.07). Significant losses of the femoral neck (r =− 0.42), Ward's triangle (r =−0.53), and greater trochanter BMD (r =−0.33; all P < 0.05) occurred with age in the athletes. In the athletes, total body BMD, L₂–L₄ BMD, and BMD of all sites of the femur were associated with lean tissue mass (r = 0.32 to r = 0.57, all P < 0.05) and VO_2max (r = 0.29 to r = 0.48, all P < 0.05). Femoral neck and greater trochanter BMD were higher in the athletes than in controls (both P < 0.05) and lumbar spine and Ward's triangle BMD approached statistical significance (both P= 0.07). Bone turnover was assessed by serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (B-ALP), urinary deoxypyridinoline cross-links (Dpd), and urinary aminoterminal cross-linked telopeptides (NTX). There were no relationships between B-ALP or Dpd with age whereas NTX increased with age (r = 0.46, P < 0.05) in the entire group. Levels of B-ALP and NTX were negatively associated with total body, L₂–L₄, femoral neck, Ward's triangle, and greater trochanter BMD (P < 0.05). B-ALP and Dpd were not significantly different between athletes and controls whereas NTX was lower in the athletes than in controls (P < 0.001). The high levels of physical activity observed in women athletes increase aerobic capacity and improve muscle mass but are not sufficient to prevent the loss of bone with aging. Received: 28 November 1997 / Accepted: 8 April 1998     

Correlation of Bone Density to Strength and Physical Activity in Young Men with a Low or Moderate Level of Physical Activity

The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship among bone mineral density (BMD), physical activity, muscle strength, and body constitution, in young men with a low or moderate level of physical exercise. Another aim was to investigate whether the head is unaffected by physical activity. The subjects consisted of 33 Caucasian healthy men, mean age 24.8 ± 2.3 years. BMDs of the total body, lumbar spine (L2-L4), femoral neck, Ward's triangle and trochanter, humerus, and head were measured using dual-energy-X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Bivariate correlations were measured among the different BMD sites and age, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), fat mass, lean body mass, amount of physical activity (hours/week), hamstrings strength, and quadriceps strength. Significant predictors were found for all BMD sites except the head. Using all these variables, only 6% of the variation in BMD of the head could be explained, whereas 46% (total body), 31% (humerus), 17% (lumbar spine), 38% (femoral neck, Ward's), and 41% could be explained for the trochanter. Physical activity and muscle strength were found to be independent significant predictors of BMD of the total body and the sites at the proximal femur. These results suggest that at the time of peak bone mass attainment, physical activity is an important predictor of the clinically relevant proximal femur in young men with a low or moderate level of physical activity. Furthermore, since head BMD was not related to the level of physical activity, we suggest that head BMD may be used as an internal standard, to control for selection bias, in studies investigating the effect of physical activity on bone mass. Received: 5 February 1996 / Accepted: 24 September 1996     

健康青年男子体成分及全身骨密度相关分析研究

目的　调查我国青年健康男子的体成分和骨密度 (BMD) ,为骨质疏松预防、诊断、治疗提供科学依据。方法　应用DEXA测定了 15 5例年龄为 18.0～ 2 3.9岁健康青年男子的体成分、全身及腰椎和前臂的BMD。结果　上肢的BMD有随年龄而增长的趋势 ,全身及其他各部位的骨矿 (BMC)和BMD各年龄组间差异无显著性 (P >0 . 0 5 ) ;全身各部位的BMD除腰椎外 ,均随着体重指数 (BMI)的增高而增加 (P <0 .0 1) ;腰椎2 4BMD与瘦体重的相关系数达到 0 .6 89(P <0 .0 1) ,与体脂含量的相关系数只有0 12 7(P >0 . 0 5 ) ;当BMI在 18. 5～ 2 4 . 9时 ,瘦体重随着BMI的增加而增加 ,当BMI升至 2 5时 ,瘦体重不再增加。结论　瘦体重可能是影响BMD的重要因素。     

Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover and Bone Loss at the Lumbar Spine and Femoral Neck: The Taiji Study

The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether biochemical markers of bone turnover predict bone loss. The survey was carried out in Taiji, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan. From a list of inhabitants aged 40–79 years, 400 participants (50 men and 50 women in each of four age groups) were selected randomly. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured, and blood and urine samples of all participants were examined to obtain values for eight biochemical markers: alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone Gla protein (BGP), type I procollagen (carboxyterminal peptide of type I procollagen; PICP), cross-linked carboxyterminal telopeptide region of type I collagen (ICTP), and urinary excretion of calcium (Ca), phosphate (P), pyridinoline (Pyr), and deoxypyridinoline (D-Pyr). Each marker was evaluated as a predictor of the rate of bone change in lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD over a 3-year period. The value of Pyr was significantly related to the change of lumbar spine BMD in men (P= 0.009), and that of BGP was found to be significant in women (P= 0.045). By contrast, none of the bone markers significantly correlated with bone loss at the femoral neck. The coefficient of determination at the lumbar spine was 5% and 7% at the femoral neck only. We conclude that biochemical markers of bone turnover cannot predict bone loss rates in middle-aged or elderly Japanese men and women over a 3-year period with sufficient accuracy for use in clinical decision making. Received: 26 January 1998 / Accepted: 9 July 1998     

Bone Mineral Content and Density in Professional Tennis Players

Total and regional bone mineral content (BMC) as well as lean and fat mass were measured in nine male professional tennis players (TPs) and 17 nonactive subjects; dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used for measuring. The mean (±SD) age, body mass, and height were 26 ± 6 and 24 ± 3 years, 77 ± 10 and 74 ± 9 kg, and 180 ± 6 and 178 ± 6 cm for the TP and the control group (CG), respectively. The whole body composition for BMC, lean mass, and fat of the TP was similar to that observed in the CG. The tissue composition of the arms and legs was determined from the regional analysis of the whole-body DXA scan. The arm region included the hand, forearm, and arm, and was separated from the trunk by an inclined line crossing the scapulo-humeral joint. In the TP, the arm tissue mass (BMC + fat + lean mass) was about 20% greater in the dominant compared with the contralateral arm because of a greater lean (3772 ± 500 versus 3148 ± 380 g, P < 0.001) and BMC (229.0 ± 43.5 versus 188.2 ± 31.9 g, P < 0.001). In contrast, no significant differences were observed either in BMC or BMD between arms in the CG. Total mass, lean mass, and BMC were greater in the dominant arm of the TP than in the CG (all P < 0.05). In the TP, BMD was similar in both legs whereas in the CG, BMD was greater in the right leg. Lumbar spine (L2–L4) BMD, adjusted for body mass and height, was 15% greater in the TP than in the CG (P < 0.05). Femoral neck BMDs (femoral neck, Ward's triangle, greater trochanter, and intertrochanteric regions) adjusted for body mass and height were 10–15% greater in the TP (all P < 0.05). Ward's triangle BMD was correlated with the maximal leg extension isometric strength (r = 0.77, P < 0.05) even when adjusted for body mass (r = 0.76, P < 0.05) and height (r = 0.77, P < 0.05). In summary, the participation in tennis is associated with increased BMD in the lumbar spine and femoral neck. These results may have implications for devising exercise strategies in young and middle-aged persons to prevent involutional osteoporosis later in life. Received: 29 April 1997 / Accepted: 14 November 1997