旋转铰链型人工膝关节置换在胫骨近端侵袭性骨肿瘤治疗中的应用

目的探讨应用旋转铰链型人工膝关节置换治疗胫骨近端原发侵袭性骨肿瘤的临床效果。方法胫骨近端原发侵袭性骨肿瘤患者30例,男17例,女13例,平均年龄28．5岁;其中骨肉瘤20例,软骨肉瘤3例,Ⅱ-Ⅲ级骨巨细胞瘤7例。对胫骨近端肿瘤进行广泛切除或根治性切除后,采用旋转铰链型人工膝关节置换重建;对骨肉瘤同时采用新辅助化疗治疗。结果30例患者平均随访4．2年。其中22例患者无局部复发或远处转移迹象,8例出现复发;术后4年MSTS功能评分提示70％的患者的各项评估在3分以上。结论对胫骨近端侵袭性骨肿瘤采用旋转铰链型膝关节置换治疗是有效的保肢方法。     

腓肠肌瓣在膝关节周围恶性肿瘤保肢术中的应用

目的探讨腓肠肌肌瓣在膝关节周围恶性肿瘤保肢术中的临床疗效。方法 42例恶性骨肿瘤患者,其中男23例,女19例;年龄16～63岁,平均27岁。位于股骨远端26例,胫骨近段16例。骨肉瘤15例,滑膜肉瘤5例,软骨肉瘤4例,恶性骨巨细胞瘤13例,纤维肉瘤3例,恶性纤维组织细胞瘤2例。采用人工特制假体修复肿瘤切除后骨缺损的同时,制备带血管蒂的腓肠肌内侧头或外侧头肌瓣覆盖胫骨或股骨假体行软组织修复和功能重建。结果本组42例病例术后均获随访且均存活,随访时间5～38个月（平均24.6个月）。按Ennek ing等[1]肢体肌肉骨骼肿瘤外科治疗重建术后功能的评估标准进行评估,本组优25例（占59.5%）,良9例（占21.4%）,中6例（占14.3%）,差2例（占4.8%）,优良率80.9%。结论膝关节周围恶性骨肿瘤切除的保肢手术中,采用腓肠肌肌瓣移位可修复软组织缺损,降低局部并发症,提高临床治疗效果。     

肿瘤型假体重建膝关节周围原发性肿瘤切除后骨缺损

目的总结膝关节周围原发性骨肿瘤保肢手术中人工关节重建的疗效和并发症。方法回顾性分析我院1995年12月至2005年12月83例应用肿瘤型假体重建膝关节周围骨肿瘤切除后骨缺损的临床资料。其中骨肉瘤58例,多中心骨肉瘤2例,皮质旁骨肉瘤1例,恶性纤维组织细胞瘤4例,骨巨细胞瘤13例,平滑肌肉瘤1例,尤文肉瘤2例,软骨肉瘤2例。根据骨缺损重建部位分组：股骨下端组44例,胫骨上端组34例,全股骨置换组5例。结果所有患者均获得随访,随访时间12～130个月,平均41个月。局部复发6例,2例晚期感染,假体松动2例,无假体断裂;假体3、5年生存率分别为88．2％、82．1％。41例植骨患者形成皮质外骨桥。肢体肌肉骨骼肿瘤外科治疗重建术后功能评分：股骨下端组19．0—29．0分,平均25．0分;胫骨上端组17．0—28．0分,平均24．4分;全股骨置换组16．0—21．0分,平均19．0分。股骨下端组和胫骨上端组功能优于全股骨置换。结论肿瘤型人工关节重建膝关节周围骨肿瘤并发症发生率低,关节功能良好。     

特制人工髋关节假体在髋部骨肿瘤的应用分析

目的探讨特制人工假体在髋部肿瘤保肢术中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析我院自1999年3月至2005年5月髋部原发肿瘤患者行特制人工假体置换术后疗效、并发症及处理资料。本组肿瘤病例中,髋臼11例,股骨近端15例;肿瘤类型:软骨肉瘤3例,骨肉瘤6例,滑膜肉瘤1例,骨巨细胞瘤12例,良性纤维组织瘤2例,动脉瘤样骨囊肿2例。假体类型:人工全髋关节假体17例,人工双极股骨头7例,马鞍式关节假体2例。结果随访时间为18个月～6年,平均4年3个月;10例恶性肿瘤局部复发率40%,保肢率60%,16例中间性及良性肿瘤复发率12.5%,保肢率87.5%,参照Enneking(MSTS)评定标准平均得分19分,优良率76.9%。结论特制人工髋关节假体具有良好的术后肢体功能,是髋部骨肿瘤较为满意的保肢治疗方法之一。     

旋转铰链型人工膝关节置换治疗胫骨近端骨肿瘤

目的 探讨定制旋转铰链型人工膝关节置换治疗胫骨近端骨肿瘤的临床效果.方法 对14例胫骨近端骨肿瘤患者(骨巨细胞瘤8例,动脉瘤样骨囊肿1例,转移性肿瘤2例,骨肉瘤3例)采用定制旋转铰链型人工膝关节置换重建,骨肉瘤同时采用新辅助化疗治疗.结果 患者切口均一期愈合,无皮肤感染及坏死发生.14例均获随访,时间12~68个月.膝关节功能采用Enneking标准进行评定:优8例,良4例,差2例.1例骨肉瘤患者术后48个月因肺转移死亡;2例转移性骨肿瘤患者局部无复发,但分别在术后9个月及24个月死于原发肿瘤;1例患者50个月后出现假体松动,翻修后效果良好;其余患者生活质量良好.结论 定制旋转铰链型人工膝关节置换治疗胫骨近端骨肿瘤能保留良好的关节功能,是有效的保肢方法.     

人工假体在膝关节周围骨肿瘤保肢治疗中的应用

目的：探讨对膝关节周围骨肿瘤切除后，采用人工全膝关节置换达到保肢的疗效。方法：1996—2000年共收治骨肿瘤患者11例，年龄18～55岁，其中恶性骨巨细胞瘤6例，骨肉瘤2例，软骨肉瘤2例，纤维肉瘤1例。股骨下端病变7例，胫骨上端病变4例。肢体功能重建方法为特制的人工全膝关节置换术。结果：本组11例经3～6年随访，8例无瘤存活，3例带瘤存活。术后肢体功能按Enneking评分系统评分，平均为21．5分，总优良率72．7％，其中股骨远端肿瘤术后平均为22．3分，胫骨近端肿瘤术后平均为20．0分。结论：采用特制的人工全膝关节置换术，能有效治疗膝关节周围低度恶性或恶性骨肿瘤，达到良好保肢效果。     

膝关节周围恶性骨肿瘤的保肢治疗

目的 探讨对膝关节周同恶性骨肿瘤切除后，采用不同方法行保肢治疗的效果，比较其优缺点：方法 自1995年1月至2004年10月收治了膝关节周围恶性骨肿瘤39例。39例39肢均行肿瘤节段截除、肢体重建手术：其中人工假体置换16例、复合骨移植16例、旋转成形7例。肿瘤按照Enneking分期：IB期13例，ⅡA期3例，ⅡB期23例。比较三种保肢手术后局部复发率、并发症和膝关节功能MSTS评分：结果 局部复发率：人工假体置换12．5％，复合骨移植12．5％，旋转成形无局部复发；术后平均膝关节功能MSTS评分：人工假体置换88％，复合骨移植88．7％，旋转成形68％，差异有统计学意义：结论 人工假体置换术和复合骨移植术应用于相对局限、无转移的膝周围恶性肿瘤术后重建，具有并发症少、恢复快、功能好等优点，但仍有一定的转移率和局部复发率。旋转成形术局部复发率低，但功能较差.     

肱骨近端恶性肿瘤的保肢治疗

目的 探讨肱骨近端恶性肿瘤切除术后的重建方法。方法 36例肱骨近端恶性肿瘤,其中骨肉瘤 11例、软骨肉瘤 6例、皮质旁骨肉瘤及纤维肉瘤各 3例、原始神经外胚层瘤及恶性纤维组织细胞瘤各 2例、转移性骨肿瘤 5例、恶性骨巨细胞瘤 4例。骨肉瘤、原始神经外胚层瘤与恶性纤维组织细胞瘤患者均接受了新辅助化疗。肿瘤关节内切除 33例,关节外切除 3例。 21例采用异体半关节移植, 4例采用人工假体置换, 6例行游离锁骨移植, 5例行带骨膜血管蒂锁骨移植。结果 随访 6～ 118个月,平均 62.7个月。死亡 11例,局部复发 3例。按 Enneking功能评价标准, 21例采用异体半关节移植的患者,平均得分 24分; 4例人工假体置换的患者,平均得分 26分; 11例采用同侧锁骨重建肱骨近端的患者,平均得分 23分。结论 肱骨近端恶性肿瘤保肢手术的重建以人工假体置换和异体半关节移植为首选,儿童的保肢可选用同侧锁骨移植。保肢术后的功能与肩袖和肩外展肌的修复密切相关。     

表面涂布抗生素骨水泥的股骨远端骨肿瘤假体对术后假体周围感染的控制作用

[目的]观察表面涂布抗生素骨水泥的股骨远端肿瘤假体在股骨远端骨肿瘤保肢治疗中的抗感染效果并评价其在临床应用的可行性。[方法]2008年6月2012年6月,79例股骨远端骨肿瘤患者在本院行瘤段切除、定制轴心式骨肿瘤假体重建治疗,其中男性51例,女性28例;年龄1446岁(平均21岁),骨肿瘤类型包括骨肉瘤41例,骨巨细胞瘤15例,软骨肉瘤10例,Ewing肉瘤7例,恶性纤维组织细胞瘤4例,纤维肉瘤2例。根据Enneking原发恶性骨肿瘤分期,在64例原发恶性骨肿瘤当中,ⅠA 2例,ⅠB 2例,ⅡA 12例,ⅡB 48例。根据假体表面是否应用抗生素骨水泥涂层,将患者分为两组,即抗感染涂层组(36例)和无抗感染涂层组(43例),抗感染涂层设计为在聚乙烯套上打孔后术中进行抗生素(硫酸庆大霉素)骨水泥涂布。术后随访观察假体周围感染、肿瘤复发和远隔转移,并评价肢体功能情况。[结果]随访350个月(平均25个月),抗感染涂层组无假体周围感染发生,无抗感染涂层组术后5例出现深部感染,经统计学分析,两组假体感染率之间差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在64例原发恶性骨肿瘤患者中,9例出现局部复发和远隔转移,其中抗感染涂层组局部复发2例,远隔转移2例;无抗感染涂层组局部复发3例,远隔转移2例。最近一次随访,MSTS93功能评分显示抗感染涂层组平均24.6分,无抗感染涂层组平均19.5分。随访期内抗感染涂层组未见假体聚乙烯套表层骨水泥脱落现象。[结论]采用聚乙烯套钻孔并涂布抗生素骨水泥于定制股骨远端肿瘤假体表面的技术能有效控制肿瘤假体重建后感染,该方法简单易行,值得临床推广。     

肩胛带骨肿瘤的外科治疗结果及评价

目的 探讨肩胛带骨肿瘤的手术切除方式、重建方法,观察术后功能恢复情况及临床结果.方法 回顾性分析1998年7月至2006年7月收治的71例肩胛骨周围骨肿瘤患者的病例资料,其中恶性肿瘤61例,骨巨细胞瘤10例.15例恶性肿瘤起源于肩胛骨,56例起源于肱骨近端.男42例,女29例;年龄11～62岁,平均36.5岁.手术方法:肩胛带离断术10例,单纯肩胛骨切除3例,肩胛骨切除、人工肩胛骨置换3例,部分肩胛骨及肱骨近端切除、假体置换8例,肱骨近端切除、假体置换47例.结果 10例骨巨细胞瘤患者肩周肌肉保留较好,术后MSTS功能评分平均28分.起源于肱骨近端的原发恶性骨肿瘤患者三角肌止点处均予以切除,术后肩外展30°～60°,MSTS功能评分平均23分.37例肱骨骨肉瘤患者中4例(10.8%)局部复发,2例骨转移,5例肺转移.7例转移患者均死亡.1例恶性骨巨细胞瘤患者出现肺转移死亡.3例尤文肉瘤患者出现肺转移死亡.5例肱骨及5例肩胛骨软骨肉瘤患者术后未见局部复发及转移.结论 肩胛带骨肿瘤切除、人工肱骨近端假体重建能保留完整肘部及手部功能、并发症少,是肩部恶性肿瘤的首选术式;肱骨近端骨肉瘤和下肢骨肉瘤比较预后较好;肱骨近端恶性肿瘤行关节内肿瘤切除和关节外肿瘤切除肿瘤的局部复发率接近,提示对多数肱骨近端恶性肿瘤可以采用关节内切除.     

Total knee arthroplasty for the stiff knee

The underlying cause of stiffness must be carefully evaluated when considering total knee arthrolasty for the stiff knee. Any previous skin incision must be recorded as well as the state of the extensor mechanism. The choice of prosthesis constraint should be decided on the state of the soft-tissues often released extensively to gain flexion. A quadriceps release or plasty and a tibial tubercle osteotomy are the current options for exposure, soft-tissue release and bone cuts. Postoperatively, the motion should be started early combined to pain control in order to obtain an average of 65° of flexion at follow-up. The complication rate remains high including recurrent stiffness, delayed wound healing and deep infection.     

Total knee arthroplasty in the valgus knee

Valgus knee deformity is a challenge in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and it is observed in nearly 10 % of patients undergoing TKA. The valgus deformity is sustained by anatomical variations divided into bone remodelling and soft tissue contraction/elongation. Bone tissue variations consist of lateral cartilage erosion, lateral condylar hypoplasia and metaphyseal femur and tibial plateau remodelling. Soft tissue variations are represented by tightening of lateral structures: lateral collateral ligament, posterolateral capsule, popliteus tendon, hamstring tendons, the lateral head of the gastrocnemius and iliotibial band. Complete pre-operative planning and clinical examination are mandatory to manage bone deformities and soft tissue contractions/elongations and to decide if a higher constrained prosthesis is necessary. Two different approaches have been described to perform TKA in a valgus knee: the anteromedial approach and the anterolateral one. In valgus knee deformity bone cuts can be performed differently in order to correct low-grade deformities and reduce great deformities. There is still debate in the literature on the sequence of lateral soft tissue release to achieve the best alignment without any instability. The aim of this article is to review the anatomical variations underlying a valgus knee, to assess the best pre-operative planning and to evaluate how to choose the grade of constraint of the implant. We will also review the main approaches and surgical techniques both for bone cuts and soft tissue management. Finally, we will report on our experience and technique.     

Total knee replacement with the Kodama-Yamamoto knee prosthesis

Since 1970, 170 knees have been operated upon using the Kodama-Yamamoto knee prosthesis. Of these 127 had the revised Mark-II prosthesis and of this group 91 cases have been followed for more than a year. Interim results suggest that the total knee score has improved. on the average, from 38 points preoperatively to 74 points after one year. A single early complication involved loosening of the prosthesis in a case of knee infection. Except for this case, no loosening and no radiolucent lines have been observed. Methacrylate bone cement is known to be harmful to bone and soft tissues, and our basic and clinical studies reveal that results improve when the total knee replacement is done without using cement.     

Medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty in the ACL-deficient knee

Symptomatic osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee develops often in association with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficiency. Two distinct pathologies should be recognised while considering treatment options in patients with end-stage medial compartment OA and ACL deficiency. Patients with primary ACL deficiency (usually traumatic ACL rupture) can develop secondary OA (typically presenting with symptoms of instability and pain) and these patients are typically young and active. Patients with primary end stage medial compartment OA can develop secondary ACL deficiency (usually degenerate ACL rupture) and these patients tend to be older. Treatment options in either of these patient groups include arthroscopic debridement, reconstruction of the ACL, high tibial osteotomy (HTO) with or without ACL reconstruction, unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA). General opinion is that a functionally intact ACL is a fundamental prerequisite to perform a UKA. This is because previous reports showed higher failure rates when ACL was deficient, probably secondary to wear and tibial loosening. Nevertheless in some cases of ACL deficiency with end-stage medial compartment OA, UKA has been performed in isolation and recent papers confirm good short- to mid-term outcome without increased risk of implant failure. Shorter hospital stay, fewer blood transfusions, faster recovery and significantly lower risk of developing major complications like death, myocardial infarction, stroke, deep vein thrombosis (as compared to TKA) make the UKA an attractive option, especially in the older patients. On the other hand, younger patients with higher functional demands are likely to benefit from a simultaneous or staged ACL reconstruction in addition to UKA to regain knee stability. These procedures tend to be technically demanding. The main aim of this review was to provide a synopsis of the existing literature and outline an evidence-based treatment algorithm.     

Arthrodesis of the knee after failed knee replacement

Arthrodesis of the knee is sometimes needed for failed total knee replacement, but fusion can be difficult to obtain. We describe a method of arthrodesis that uses the simple, inexpensive, Portsmouth external fixator. Bony union was obtained in all six patients treated with this technique. These results are compared with those obtained by other methods of arthrodesis.     

Total knee arthroplasty in the valgus knee.

The valgus knee presents a unique set of problems that must be addressed during total knee arthroplasty. Both bone and soft-tissue deformities complicate restoration of proper alignment, positioning of components, and attainment of joint stability. The variables that may need to be addressed include lateral femoral condyle or tibial plateau deficiencies secondary to developmental abnormalities, and/or wear; primary or acquired contracture of the lateral capsular and ligamentous structures; and, occasionally, laxity of the medial collateral ligament. Understanding the specific pathologic anatomy associated with the valgus knee is a prerequisite to selecting the proper surgical method to optimize component position and restore soft-tissue balance.     

影响骨关节炎患者全膝关节置换术后关节功能的相关因素分析

[目的]探讨影响骨关节炎患者全膝关节置换术后关节功能的相关因素.[方法]对41例43膝骨关节炎终末期行全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)患者术前、术后半年的膝关节功能进行HSS评分,应用Pearson相关分析及多重线性回归对术后膝关节HSS评分与患者年龄、体重指数、疼痛评分、术前膝关节活动度(ROM)、内翻畸形程度、手术前后股骨前髁偏距(ACO)变化情况,术后胫骨平台后倾角(PSA)等因素进行统计分析;并分析手术前后股骨前髁偏距(ACO)变化情况,术后胫骨平台后倾角(PSA)与术后膝关节ROM之间的关系.[结果]Pearson相关分析结果可以看出术前疼痛评分、术前膝关节ROM、术后胫骨平台PSA、手术前后股骨ACO变化与术后膝关节功能HSS评分呈正相关;体重指数、膝内翻畸形程度与术后膝关节功能HSS评分呈负相关.逐步回归分析经筛选后纳入方程的变量只有术后胫骨平台PSA (P＜0.01)、术前疼痛功能评分(P＜0.01)、体重指数(P＜0.05),根据标准回归系数的绝对值大小排序,对应变量的作用排序为术后胫骨平台PSA (0.555)＞术前疼痛评分(0.357)＞体重指数(0.187).ACO术前大于术后组的患者术后膝关节ROM明显好于ACO术前小于术后组(P＜0.05).术后胫骨平台PSA 7°～9°组术后膝关节活动度最好.[结论](1)术前疼痛评分、术前膝关节ROM、术后胫骨平台PSA、术前术后股骨ACO变化与术后膝关节HSS评分呈正相关,体重指数、膝关节内翻畸形与术后膝关节功能HSS评分呈负相关;(2)术后胫骨平台PSA、术前疼痛评分、体重指数对术后半年膝关节HSS评分影响显著;(3)股骨ACO变化对术后膝关节活动度有影响,术后胫骨平台PSA7°～9°膝关节活动度好.     

Postoperative numbness of the knee following total knee arthroplasty

Introduction

The infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve is often injured during total knee arthroplasty (TKA), leading to numbness in its distribution distal to the incision. This is illustrated in a patient who suffered full-thickness burns to the lateral aspect of the knee from a hot water bottle. However, the proportion of patients who are informed of this phenomenon (as well as the effect of informing the patient of numbness) has not previously been studied according to the authors’ knowledge. The aim of this study was to establish the proportion of patients with whom postoperative numbness was discussed during the consent procedure and whether this discussion was documented.

Methods

A total of 73 patients (103 TKAs) agreed to take part in this study between 16 May and 9 July 2011. Patients were asked about their recollection of numbness being mentioned prior to the procedure as well as whether they experienced postoperative numbness. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS®.

Results

Subjective numbness was noted in 27% of the patients in this study. The prevalence of numbness decreased with time. Patients whose consent process included a discussion of numbness were 3.3 times more likely to report numbness after TKA (p=0.003).

Conclusions

Patient education regarding postoperative numbness increases the patient’s awareness of any insensate skin that may develop. Numbness after TKA does improve with time but does not resolve completely. It is therefore recommended by the authors that numbness is discussed preoperatively with the patient and that this discussion is documented.