眼科专科医院住院医师规范化培训实践与思考

眼科住院医师规范化培训(以下简称“规培”)是培养眼科医师的必要环节。我国规培模式日臻成熟,但眼科规培过程管理中仍存在诸多问题,包括专科医院和综合医院的规培协调问题、师资激励、规培学员类型多样、研究生和规培“双轨制”、如何开展显微手术技能培训等,很多具体方案和措施仍在摸索中。眼科专科医院学科体系建设相对完善,配备更充足的教学资源,有一定的规培经验,是眼科规培的主力军。汕头国际眼科中心结合国家要求创建了一套规培模式,注重规范化、标准化和个性化相结合,并通过借鉴香港及海外住院医师培训经验,丰富理论培训形式,优化操作培训环境,突出外语和科研能力训练,强调系统性临床思维。本文基于汕头国际眼科中心五年来开展眼科规培的实践经验与思考,总结当前眼科专科医院规培现状,并提出对策和建议。     

眼科学住院医师规范化培训的体会与思考

眼科住院医师规范化培训(住培)是眼科后备医疗人才培养中极其重要的环节，但反观目前我国眼科住培体系，尚存诸多不足。笔者以所在眼科住培专业基地运行为例，拟评估住院医师临床带教内容、带教模式和带教效果，以及加强规培学员思政教育及对带教老师授课能力的培训等方面进行较为全面的改革，并对此项改革所取得的成效进行报告，以期对我国眼科住院医师规范化培训模式的探索和完善提供帮助，提高我国眼科规培基地质量，为眼科发展培养更多优秀的后备人才。     

眼科住院医师委托培养效果的评估研究

目的：住院医师委托培养是我国医学教育标准化和国际化的重要举措。本研究采用客观考核和主观问卷两种方法评估我国眼科住院医师委托培养效果。方法：本研究对象为广东省深圳市政府于2012年8月至2015年7月期间委托中山大学中山眼科中心进行眼科住院医师规范化培训的9名学员。本研究对所有学员的基本信息、临床培训情况、以及考核成绩等客观指标进行统计分析,同时设计了一份包含13个问题的调查问卷,对每位学员的培训情况进行主观评估。结果：本研究纳入9名研究对象,包括2名男性和7名女性,平均年龄为(26±3)岁,学历水平情况为学士7名和硕士2名,其中有7名毕业于国家重点医学院校。3年内人均轮转眼科亚专科超过10科,平均主管病人数及参加手术例数分别为736和1219例,门诊工作总量人均6274人次,所有学员均按规定至少完成综述1篇。8名(88.89%)学员认为可以独立诊断并治疗大部分常见眼科疾病,而且能独立完成大部分眼科基本临床操作,5名(55.56%)学员可以单独完成翼状胬肉切除术、霰粒肿刮除术、前房穿刺术等。6名(66.67%)学员认为培训时间安排合理。8名(88.89%)学员对这次委托培养总体比较满意。所有9名培训学员中,最终有7名(77.8%)顺利通过中山大学第一阶段住院医师规范化培训考核。结论：培训学员对现行的眼科住院医师规范化培训方案的接受程度较高,基本达到预期的培训效果,对常见眼病能独立进行诊治。委托培养学员的学历和学习能力的差异在一定程度上影响了最终的培训考核通过率。     

督导式教学门诊在眼科住院医师规范化培训中的实践

目的：探讨督导式教学门诊在眼科住院医师规范化培训中的具体实践和教学效果。方法：通过合理排班、限制号源等措施设立每周固定的督导式教学门诊时间，安排老师和学员出诊；在教学门诊开展4个月后，通过问卷调查和临床技能考核的形式采集反馈意见并评估教学效果。结果：共有16名老师和8名学员参加了督导式教学门诊，调查问卷结果显示100%的带教老师和学员认可该教学模式，参加过教学门诊的学员临床技能考核得分显著高于对照组(t=3.631,P <0.0 5)。结论：督导式教学门诊应用于眼科住院医师规范化培训具有实际可行性，并可以提高学员的临床技能水平。     

临床指南结合TBL教学在眼科住院医师规范化培训中的应用

目的:探讨眼科临床指南结合团队式学习(team-based learning,TBL)教学课程在眼科住院医师规范化培训中的应用及教学效果。方法:本研究选取2022年1月—2023年6月在广州医科大学附属第一医院眼科进行住院医师规范化培训的15名住院医师作为研究对象,先后交替使用自学讲课、TBL教学这两种教学模式进行眼科临床指南学习,通过填写满意度调查问卷及评估出科考通过率、学业水平测试成绩、结业考通过率,从主观及客观角度探讨临床指南结合TBL学习模式的教学效果。结果:住院医师对增加眼科临床指南学习具有较高评价,且不认为会增加其学习负担。开展指南学习后,住院医师出科考试及格率、学业水平测试通过率、结业考通过率均为100%。在培养团队合作能力、改善学习氛围两方面,TBL讲课的满意度均高于自学讲课(均P<0.001)。93.3%(14/15)的住院医师更喜欢TBL教学模式。结论:眼科临床指南结合TBL教学是一种有效的教学模式,住院医师在主观满意度调查问卷及客观考试成绩的评估中,均达到满意的教学效果。     

眼科医师规范化培训期间科研能力现况调查

目的：了解眼科住院医师在规范化培训期间的科研培训现状及需求，为今后开展住院医师科研能力相关课程提供科学依据。方法：采用横断面调查的方式，在2021年7月间对北京大学第三医院眼科中心42名住院医师进行问卷调查，对结果进行数据分析。从科研现状、科研能力及科研需求3个方面来进行分析，其中科研能力通过常规科研技能掌握程度和软件的使用情况来评分，最后将各项得分汇总得到的分数为科研能力得分。对科研现状及可能能力得分进行了相关分析，其他数据按数据类型选择对应的分析方法。结果：共42名北京大学第三医院住院医师参与了问卷调查，其中男20名，女22名，平均年龄25岁。有90.5%的住院医师参与过科研工作，而科研内容主要来自及导师布置(90.5%)。只有14.3%的住院医师具备良好的科研能力(科研能力得分在18分及以上)。此外，有92.9%的住院医师认为临床研究有助于临床技能的理解，97.6%的参与者认为非常有必要进行临床研究方法的继续教育培训。结论：眼科住院医师科研能力普遍偏低，目前的规范化培训不能满足住院医师科研能力培养的需求，在课程设计及内容安排上需要更广泛更具实际意义的拓展。     

眼科住院医师规范化培训教学模式的应用研究

目的:探讨眼科住院医师规范化培训中不同教学模式的培训效果.方法:将60名于2015-01/2016-06在我中心进行住院医师规范化培训的住院医师随机平均分为讲授式教学(Lecture-Based Learning,LBL)、基于问题教学(Problem-Based Learning,PBL)和基于团队教学(Team-Based Learning,TBL)共三组,教学前后进行考核,对比考核成绩的变化.结果:教学后各组的成绩均有提高,TBL组成绩优于LBL组(P<0.001)和PBL组(P<0.001).亚组分析显示LBL可提高研究对象的基础知识(LBL vs PBL,P=0.002;LBL vs TBL,P=0.001);TBL有助于强化研究对象的临床思维能力(TBL vs LBL,P<0.001;TBL vs PBL,P<0.001).结论:TBL有助于强化培训对象的临床思维能力、提高眼科住院医师规范化培训的质量,其更适用于眼科住院医师规范化培训.     

Mini-CEX评价眼科住院医师规范化培训中SBME教学法医患沟通培训的效果

目的：利用迷你临床演练评估法(Mini-CEX)评估眼科住院医师规范化培训中结合以模拟为基础的医学教育(SBME)教学法的医患沟通能力培训的实践教学效果。

方法：选择2015-09/2017-07在昆明医科大学第一附属医院眼科学教研室住院医师规范化培训学员16名为研究对象,在常规教学和利用标准患者的SBME教学前后,分别进行真实患者医患沟通,以Mini-CEX评价分析教学效果。

结果：对于年龄相关性白内障、原发性开角型青光眼、急性细菌性结膜炎三种常见病,规培住院医的干预前医患沟通Mini-CEX评估,七个项目的平均评分,对照组及试验组学员间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。示范教学及点评修正后,对照组直接进行干预后医患沟通和Mini-CEX评估,试验组进一步SBME教学后进行干预后医患沟通和Mini-CEX评估。两组干预后七个项目评分均明显高于干预前(P<0.05),对照组和试验组平均分在7分以上学员的优秀率分别从37.5%(3/8)和37.5%(3/8)提升到87.5%(7/8)和100%(8/8)。干预后除了查体技巧和临床判断两项外,其他如医疗面谈技巧、人文关怀与专业素养、心理咨询技巧、组织效能和整体临床胜任能力五个项目,试验组评分均明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。

结论：利用标准患者的SBME教学能够提高眼科住院医师规范化培训的医患沟通能力培训的效能,Mini-CEX评估法可以简便、快速而又标准化对教学结果进行评估,两者有机结合可广泛应用于眼科住院医师医患沟通培训的实践。     

虚拟-现实手术模拟系统在眼科住院医师微创白内障手术培训中的应用效果

目的：探讨虚拟-现实手术操作训练在眼科住院医师微创白内障手术技能培训中的应用及效果。

方法：前瞻性对照研究。选取2019/2021年在南京医科大学附属眼科医院已完成3a住院医师规范化培训的20名年资相同的眼科住院医师为研究对象,通过理论考核后随机分为虚拟-现实手术操作训练(Dry-lab)组和实体动物手术操作训练(Wet-lab)组,每组各10名。Dry-lab组和Wet-lab组医师分别使用Eye SI虚拟手术模拟器和猪眼进行训练。训练结束后使用Eye SI虚拟手术模拟器和实体猪眼操作对两组住院医师的总体培训效果进行评分,使用虚拟手术模拟器对两组住院医师的模块培训效果进行评分,并采用问卷调查对两种培训方式进行客观评价。

结果：Dry-lab组医师两项操作考核总评分、模拟器考核评分、实体猪眼操作考核评分均显著高于Wet-lab组(88.03±1.34分 vs 80.35±2.87分,87.50±3.03分 vs 77.60±5.62分,88.57±1.89分 vs 83.10±3.22分,均P<0.01)。模拟器模块考核结果显示,Dry-lab组医师各模块考核评分及用时均显著优于Wet-lab组(P<0.01)。问卷调查结果显示,在培训新颖性、是否贴近真实手术体验、对显微手术技能提高的帮助程度、经过该培训是否有信心进行真实手术及手术培训的整体满意度方面,Dry-lab组医师对于培训方式的效果评价均优于Wet-lab组(P<0.05)。

结论：将虚拟-现实手术操作训练应用于眼科住院医师白内障手术技能培训可以显著提升住院医师的白内障显微手术操作技能,提高培训整体满意度,帮助住院医师在执业初期提升真实手术时的信心、心理素质、决策及处理能力,为建立眼科住院医师正式、规范化的白内障手术培训体系提供了新的标准和模式。     

智能手机图像采集在眼科住院医师规范化培训教学实践中的应用

目的：探讨智能手机自带的图像及视频采集功能配合裂隙灯检查在眼科住院医师规范化培训教学中的应用。

方法：利用手机支架将智能手机与裂隙灯显微镜一侧目镜相连接,通过调节裂隙灯光带配合前置镜、三面镜、房角镜的使用获取清晰图片或动态视频,然后在教学活动中使用无线局域网络连接、微信等软件,将影像资料传输给眼科规范化培训医师进行学习与交流,考核评价教学效果。

结果：智能手机图像采集功能配合裂隙灯检查所获得的照片及动态视频能够清晰地显示眼部组织及病变特点; 影像资料的快捷传输可以让更多的学生同时受到教育,及时互相交流; 与传统裂隙灯检查教学方式相比很大程度上提高了规培生的学习兴趣、学习参与度及学习效率。

结论：手机支架购买方便,简单易得,高像素的智能手机普及广泛,成像质量完全可以满足临床教学需要且丰富了临床教学资源; 智能手机图像采集功能配合裂隙灯检查在眼科住院医师规范化培训教学实践中值得推广。     

美国眼科住院医师的培训和继续教育

目的:本文旨在为探索适合我国国情的眼科住院医师培养模式提供借鉴和启发。方法:以美国Doheny眼科中心(Doheny Eye Institute)的眼科住院医师培训模式为主,结合约翰霍普金斯的Wilmer眼科中心(Wilmer Eye Institute)和Jules Stein眼科中心(Jules Stein Eye Institute)的培训特点,介绍美国顶尖眼科中心的住院医师培训过程,辅以对美国继续医学教育目的和要求的介绍。结果:美国有着完善和科学的临床医师培养体系,其中八年院校教育后的住院医师培训和继续医学教育(Continuing Medical Education,CME)尤为值得关注。结论:结合我国国情借鉴学习领先者的经验,是全面提高我国眼科医疗水平的重要途径。     

Impact of a month-long training program on the clinical skills of ophthalmology residents and practitioners

A cohort study was performed to assess the impact of an intensive, hands-on, supervised training program in ophthalmic clinical evaluation, for ophthalmology residents and private practitioners. All students underwent one-month training in comprehensive ophthalmology examination and investigations at a tertiary care center between January 2004 and January 2006. The training methodology included didactic lectures, video-demonstrations and hands-on training. The participants completed a self-assessment with a set of 23 questions designed to assess the level of confidence in various skills on the first and last day of the training. Of a total of 118 students, 67 (56.8%) were residents and 51 (43.2%) were practitioners. The mean score pre-training was 38.3 out of 92 (S.D. ±16.9), and was 70.6 out of 92 (S.D.± 10.1) post-training. The mean increase in the scores was 32.3 (P value < 0.001). We concluded that intensive, short-term training programs could improve the self-perceived level of confidence of ophthalmology residents and practitioners.     

浅谈眼科低年资住院医师临床培养的思路和见解

目的：探索加强眼科住院医师临床教学的新方法和新思路。

方法：通过临床教学实践经验总结提炼方法要点,并加以应用印证。

结果：倡导形象化的理论知识学习,熟练掌握眼科检查基本功,将亚专科知识体系化,启发纵向贯通式和横向发散式思维,并从临床实践回归理论,实现眼科专业知识技能的深入理解和掌握。遵循这些教学思路,住院医师临床教学成效显著。

结论：眼科学专科性较强,初步进入眼科临床的住院医师专业基础较差,需结合专科特点实施临床教学。     

Motivations and future trends: a survey of Canadian ophthalmology residents

BACKGROUND: There has been little investigation into the attitudes and aspirations of current ophthalmology residents. The object of this study was to investigate the factors influencing career choice and to identify the future plans of Canadian ophthalmology residents. METHODS: All ophthalmology residents in English Canadian ophthalmology residency training programs were invited to complete an anonymous survey in June 2006. Data were categorized by demographic variables and basic statistics; chi2 comparative analyses were performed. RESULTS: Of 128 residents surveyed, 49 (38%) responded to the survey. Having the ability to combine medicine and surgery was the most common factor influencing the decision to pursue ophthalmology (98% of respondents), with intellectual stimulation (76%) and mentorship (50%) also emerging as important factors. The majority of residents (62%) plan on pursuing fellowship training, with medical retina, anterior segment/cataract, and cornea being the most popular choices (36%, 34%, and 32%, respectively). Most residents expressed plans of pursuing fellowships abroad, and only 22% planned on training within Canada. Fourteen percent indicated an interest in performing laser refractive surgery, female residents being significantly less likely than males to express such an interest (0% vs. 21%; p < 0.02). Most residents (71%) expressed the wish to practice in an urban or suburban setting, with only 6% intending to work in a rural community. INTERPRETATION: The appeal of the dual medical and surgical nature of ophthalmology is the most common motivating factor for pursuing an ophthalmology residency. The trends identified, including the high level of interest in subspecialty training and the desire to work in an urban setting, have important implications for the future of ophthalmology in Canada.     

Virtual vitreoretinal surgical simulator as a training tool

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the feasibility and potential applicability of a virtual reality simulator for vitreoretinal surgery as a training and/or assessment tool. METHODS: The subjects of this study included medical students, ophthalmologic residents, and trained vitreoretinal surgeons. There were three study groups. Group I comprised 22 subjects who performed a navigation task. The time to complete the task was recorded. The relationship between the completion time, experience, and stereopsis was evaluated. Group II included 6 subjects who consecutively performed the navigation task to evaluate their learning curve. Group III included 16 subjects who performed the membrane peeling task. The number of retinal contacts and the completion time were recorded. The relationship between experience and stereopsis with the number of contacts and the completion time were evaluated. RESULTS: The average completion time in Group I for students, residents, and trained surgeons was 121.6, 92.5, and 70.6 seconds. There was a significant difference between students and trained surgeons (P = 0.004). In Group II, there was a significant decrease in the completion time with training (P = 0.001). In Group III, the average completion time for students, residents, and trained surgeons was 197, 144, and 118.2 seconds; the respective number of retinal contacts was 14, 8, and 3. There was a significant difference between students and residents (P = 0.05) and between residents and trained surgeons (P = 0.003) for the average completion time in Group III. There was a significant difference between students and trained surgeons (P = 0.003) for the number of contacts per average time and between students and residents (P = 0.05). There was a significant inverse correlation between stereopsis vision score and completion time in Group I and number of contacts per average time (P = 0.0004 and P = 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates potential applications of a vitreoretinal surgical simulator as a training and skills assessment tool for novice, inexperienced, and trained surgeons. A simulator can be used to teach specific techniques and train surgeons.     

Feedback of final year ophthalmology postgraduates about their residency ophthalmology training in South India

Background and Aims:

This study documents a survey of final-year ophthalmology postgraduate students on the subject of their residency training. A similar survey conducted 7 years ago published in IJO had concluded that the residency program was not up to expectations in many centers. Our study aimed to see if ophthalmology training and student perceptions differed since then.

Materials and Methods:

For our study, we added a few questions to the same questionnaire used in the article “which is the best method to learn ophthalmology? Resident doctors’ perspective of ophthalmology training” published in IJO, Vol. 56 (5).

Results:

Forty-nine students (62.02%) returned completed forms. Most students desired an orientation program on entering residency, and wished to undergo diagnostic training initially. Case-presentation with demonstration and Wet-lab learning were most preferred. There was a big difference between the number of surgeries students actually performed and the number they felt would have been ideal.

Conclusion:

On the whole, the students still felt the need for improved training across all aspects of ophthalmology.     

Ophthalmic surgical training in Karnataka and Southern India: Present status and future interests from a survey of final-year residents

Settings and Design:

This study documents a survey of final-year ophthalmology postgraduates on the subject of their surgical training and their future plans after residency.

Purpose:

This survey aimed to answer the question, What is the present status of surgical training in ophthalmic training centers? by obtaining information from students about (1) various methods used in surgical training (2) numbers and types of surgeries performed by them in the training centers (3) their plans after residency.

Materials and Methods:

A questionnaire containing 21 questions was distributed to 155 students attending an intensive 4-day teaching program. The questions related to orientation training, wet lab training, facilities for training, free surgical camps and detailed information about numbers and types of surgeries observed and performed. Completed questionnaires were collected, and responses analyzed.

Results:

One hundred and seven completed responses were analyzed. The majority had not received formal orientation training. More than half had undergone wet lab training. Most residents performed their first ophthalmic surgery during the 1^st year of residency and went to the operation theatre multiple times a week. Most of the students planned to undergo further training after residency. More than half of the students found their surgical training to be fair or satisfactory.

Conclusions:

The number and frequency of ophthalmic surgeries done by residents appear satisfactory, but further efforts from trainers on enhancing the quality and range of surgical training would benefit students and improve their satisfaction.