复合型人工骨预制体在颌面骨缺损修复中的应用

目的探讨计算机辅助设计与制造（CAD／CAM）技术制作的复合型人工骨预制体在个性化颌面骨缺损修复中的临床应用价值。方法对6例颌面骨缺损的患者利用复合人工骨进行骨缺损修复,术前对颌面骨缺损部位进行螺旋cT扫描并三维重建,应用计算机辅助设计软件、计算机辅助制造快速成型机、复合人工骨材料及一系列的工序处理后制成三维颌面模型及个性化的颌面骨预制体．术中在模型指导下将颌面骨预制体精确定位与固定。其中3例并明显皮肤软组织缺损患者．则予同期或二期行皮肤软组织缺损的修复。结果全部颌面预制体术中能准确快速的就位及固定．无预制体断裂等发生,转移修复皮肤软组织缺损的皮瓣血运良好．除1例经口内切口患者术后部分伤口裂开予二期清创缝合后伤口愈合外,余伤口愈合良好。随访6个月至4年,无预制体移位、排斥等并发症发生,双侧颌面外形基本对称,外形满意。结论应用CAD／CAM制成的个性化复合材料颌面骨预制体能达到颌面骨缺损的精确重建．有效地解决植入体塑形困难．简化了手术程序及缩短手术时间．且并发症少,效果良好,值得临床推广应用。     

An implant-supported overdenture in an edentulous upper jaw

An implant-supported overdenture is a good alternative treatment to a conventional denture for patients with complaints about the retention and stability of their removable complete denture. These complaints more often have to do with the mandibular than the maxillary denture. Implant-supported overdentures offer better results in the mandible than in the maxilla. In cases of insujficient bone volume in the maxilla for inserting implants, maxillary sinus floor elevation using an autogenous bone graft from the oral cavity or the iliac crest may be carried out. Treatment of the edentulous maxilla by inserting 6 implants followed by manufacturing a bar-clip mesostructure and an implant-supported overdenture is the most successful, followed closely by the treatment option of inserting 4 implants and fabricating a similar mesostructure and overdenture. Aftercare by routine preventive examinations is required.     

Computer-aided design and manufacturing in craniomaxillofacial surgery: the new state of the art

The goal of this article was to illustrate the ease in which virtual surgery and computer-aided design and manufacturing can be used by the craniomaxillofacial surgeon to create tremendously accurate postoperative results and provide confidence with even the most complex three-dimensional bony reconstructions. With advancements in software technology and three-dimensional printing, our ability to plan and execute precise bony reconstruction has become a reality. With this technology, guides can be made to ensure exact bony repositioning or replacement. These guides can help guide cutting of the bone and can act as splints to precisely reposition the bone and direct plate placement. With use of these computer-aided design and manufacturing guides and the addition of guidance technology, the position of the bone can be guaranteed intraoperatively. We review our unique and advanced method in approaching some of these problems and illustrate the application of these techniques in mandibular reconstruction, orthognathic surgery, maxillofacial trauma, and temporomandibular joint reconstruction. This technology continues to evolve, and our indications for its application continue to grow. This article represents only a small portion of the types of cases in which these techniques have already been applied.     

Maxillary implant-supported bar overdenture and mandibular implant-retained fixed denture using CAD/CAM technology and 3-D design software: a clinical report

The implant-supported bar overdenture and the implant-retained fixed complete denture are appropriate treatment choices for patients with inadequate bone volume in the posterior maxilla and mandible, respectively. Computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology has broadened the scope and application of those treatment options, allowing for prosthodontically-driven implant placement and ideal substructure design for optimal esthetics and biomechanics. This report describes the fabrication of a maxillary implant-supported milled titanium bar with attachments and an overdenture, and a mandibular implant-retained fixed complete denture with milled titanium substructure.     

Immediate implant placement and complete mouth rehabilitation with CAD-CAM titanium frameworks and cemented crowns for a patient with severe periodontal disease: A clinical report

The technique of immediate implantation has been widely used to reduce treatment time and bone loss after extraction. However, immediate implant placement in infected extraction sockets is generally contraindicated. This clinical report describes a treatment protocol for immediate implantation after the extraction of teeth with generalized chronic periodontitis. The technique used for the oral rehabilitation used computer-assisted design and computer-assisted manufacturing (CAD-CAM) titanium frameworks and cemented zirconia crowns. The titanium frameworks overcame suboptimal implant position and the cemented crowns provided excellent function and esthetics despite the locations of screw-access openings. No clinical complications occurred during a 13-month follow-up.     

Oral features and computerized rehabilitation of a young patient with CHARGE syndrome using minimally invasive long-term interim CAD-CAM restorations

Patients with CHARGE syndrome (where CHARGE stands for coloboma of the iris or retina, heart defects or cardiac malformations, atresia/stenosis of the choanae, retardation of growth and development, genital anomalies, and ear abnormalities) present several orofacial anomalies. Their treatment depends on the specific type of manifestation. To perform the complex oral rehabilitation and achieve a conservative, esthetic, and functional exploration of the definitive treatment goal, computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) polymers can be used as long-term interim restorations. This article reports the treatment of a young patient with CHARGE syndrome combined with oral alterations. CAD-CAM polymers offer an intermediate treatment with satisfying esthetics and function at low biological cost until bone growth is completed. This period facilitates additional planning for the definitive restoration.     

牙本质作为骨移植材料的研究进展

随着口腔材料学的不断发展,不同类型的骨移植材料被应用于修复牙槽骨。牙本质来源于天然的牙体组织,作为一种新兴的骨移植材料在骨再生领域中应用广泛,其不仅具有优异的生物相容性,骨诱导、骨引导能力,且来源广泛、抗原性低、制作简单。将废弃的牙齿进行再次利用,为患者节省骨粉费用,并且含有骨形态发生蛋白和多种生长因子,吸收速率与新骨形成速率适宜,动物实验和临床研究均证实了其良好的骨再生效果。本文就牙本质在骨再生领域中的研究进展作一综述。     

Individueller Gesichtsschutz nach Frakturversorgung am Nasenbein und Jochbogen bei Profifußballern

Background. The treatment of sport accidents in professional athletes requires special treatment modalities, especially concerning quick rehabilitation. Case report. As early as 5 days after treatment of a nasal bone fracture under local anesthesia on an outpatient basis, an individual nasal shield out of silicone and acrylate could be manufactured from a facial impression for a professional soccer player. This shield enabled unlimited participation in the ensuing premier league matches 7 and 14 days after the accident. The same treatment was performed for another team member after closed reposition of a zygomatic arch fracture. Treatment modalities and manufacturing of the facial protection masks in these two cases are presented as examples.     

Digitally designed,personalized bone cement spacer for staged TMJ and mandibular reconstruction — Introduction of a new technique

The aim of this paper is to introduce an innovative workflow for staged reconstruction of the mandible, including the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), using a temporary, patient-specific spacer. In cases of partial mandibular resection including disarticulation, sometimes needed to treat inflammatory bone disease, the spacer is intended to retain symmetry of the hard tissues, to preserve the soft tissues, and to act as a bactericidal agent. When complete healing of the affected surrounding tissues has occurred, final reconstruction using a patient-matched total TMJ endoprosthesis, in combination with an autogenous free bone flap, can be performed as a second-stage procedure. The crucial steps of the workflow are virtual surgical planning, manufacturing of a two-part silicone mold, and chairside manufacturing of the spacer using an established bone cement with gentamycin. The method was first introduced in two patients suffering from therapy-resistant chronic osteomyelitis. The presented protocol of staged surgery allows a much safer and predictable reconstruction compared with immediate reconstruction. The workflow also minimizes the potential risk of endoprosthesis infection — one of the major risks of implant failure.     

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计算机辅助设计和制作系统（CAD／CAM）应用于牙科学领域已有20余年历史，其快速发展和不断完善为口腔种植修复治疗提供越来越广泛的服务。无牙颌患者因颌骨条件较差，传统的黏膜支持式义齿通常存在固位不佳、咀嚼功能恢复不良的问题。种植体支持的固定义齿彻底改善了无牙颌患者的固位和稳定，但种植固定长桥的制作及就位困难。利用CAD／CAM制作的无牙颌修复体具有精确的边缘密合性、良好的机械学性能及生物相容性，本文介绍CAD／CAM技术发生、发展、制作过程及临床应用注意事项，并通过运用CAD／CAM技术完成1例颌骨重度萎缩无牙颌患者的种植修复。     

计算机辅助颌骨畸形术前计划研究进展

颌骨畸形的治疗中,传统的方法需要X线头影测量与石膏模型外科技术的辅助。近年来,随着计算机辅助手术技术的兴起,计算机辅助设计和制造技术、快速原型技术越来越多地应用于颌骨畸形的术前规划和辅助治疗中。本文就计算机辅助颌骨畸形术前计划研究进展做一综述。     

Risk of Prion Disease Transmission through Bovine‐Derived Bone Substitutes: A Systematic Review

Background: Despite the causal association between variant Creutzfeldt – Jakob disease and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), bovine origin graft materials are widely used during dental surgical procedures. The aim of this study was to assess the risk of BSE transmission through anorganic bovine bone substitutes. Methods: Electronic database of MEDLINE was searched to identify relevant studies regarding our focused questions, presence of BSE prion infectivity in raw bovine bone, BSE prion inactivation by bone substitute manufacturing process, protein contents in anorganic bovine bone substitutes, and validity of current BSE diagnostic methods. Search terms yielded 1,704 titles. After title/abstract screening and duplicates removal, 36 full‐text articles were screened for inclusion. Results: A total of 16 studies were included in the final analysis. No eligible studies were identified regarding the efficacy of BSE prion inactivation by the treatments used for anorganic bovine bone manufacturing. BSE infectivity and PrP^Sc, pathological prion, were detected in bovine bone marrow and serum samples. Proteins were detected in Tutoplast® (bovine), Bio‐Oss®, and tibia samples treated at the similar condition for Bio‐Oss deproteinization. Inconsistent results of different BSE diagnostic tests were not unusual findings (Iwata et al. 2006; Arnold et al. 2007; Murayama et al. 2010), and a study by Balkema‐Buschmann and colleagues showed an apparent discrepancy between BSE infectivity and detection of PrP(27‐30), the current surrogate marker for prion disease infectivity. Conclusion: This review indicates that bovine‐derived graft biomaterials may carry a risk of prion transmission to patients.     

快速原型在口腔颌面修复中的应用(2)--下颌骨替代物的个体化制造

目的 :实现人体下颌骨的个体化形状匹配与修复 ,使患者保持面部及口腔美观、恢复口腔咀嚼功能。方法 :运用以曲面反求和快速原型为核心的个体化设计和个体化制造技术完成人体下颌骨的个体匹配。结果 :造出的人工下颌骨的形状、大小与人体下颌骨一致。结论 :快速原型在人工骨替代物的个体化制造中具有独特的优势和广阔的应用前景     

Fractures related to occlusal overload with single posterior implants: a clinical report

This clinical report describes 2 patient situations in which fractures related to occlusal overload occurred with a single posterior implants. The initial clinical presentation of both patients appeared to be screw loosening, but upon further examination, implant and abutment fractures were identified. Several factors are described that have been implicated in the etiology of implant fractures, including occlusal overload, implant location, inadequate fit of the prosthesis, design of the prosthesis, progressive bone loss, metal fatigue, implant diameter, manufacturing defects, and galvanic activity. This article describes the management of implant and abutment fractures and discusses possible mechanisms of failure for the patient situations presented. Careful treatment planning and execution of implant therapy is necessary to minimize the risk of implant and component fractures.     

正畸治疗策略中牙周支持组织改建的风险考量

随着成年正畸患者比例的增加,牙周状况对正畸治疗效果的影响以及正畸治疗与牙周支持组织改建的关系逐渐成为焦点。越来越多的正畸医师意识到,正畸治疗前牙周炎症应得到有效控制。牙周炎可增加正畸治疗的难度,导致额外的牙槽骨吸收;因此,降低牙周炎患者在正畸治疗过程中牙周组织健康状况恶化的风险成为临床医师关注的重点。除牙周炎外,正畸治疗也有可能导致牙龈退缩。另外,正畸治疗中应考虑特定类型的牙槽骨缺损情况:如骨开窗、骨开裂与正畸牙移动的关系。本文主要从牙周炎与正畸、牙龈退缩与正畸以及骨开窗和(或)骨开裂与正畸三方面阐述正畸治疗中牙周支持组织的风险考量。     

Surgical and prosthetic reconsiderations in patients with maxillectomy

Summary The purpose of this study was to establish and evaluate new possibilities for rehabilitation of patients with obturator prosthesis who had undergone partial or total maxillectomy because of tumour ablation surgery. Eleven patients with maxillary defects were reconstructed with a computer‐aided design/computer‐aided manufacturing designed prosthesis. Missing retention was gained by inserting implants in the remaining bone, so that an expansion of the surgical defect to gain further retention could be avoided. All patients were treated successfully according to the previously described treatment plan. The Obturator Functioning Scale (OFS) of the Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Centre was applied to evaluate the functional quality of the obturator prosthesis and patient’s satisfaction. It showed good results in all fields of functional outcome and social acceptance.     

减数正畸治疗中中切牙牙根及牙槽骨形态变化的锥形束CT测量分析

目的： 研究减数正畸治疗对成人患者中切牙牙根吸收及牙槽骨形态的影响。方法： 选取11例行减数正畸治疗的成年患者,于治疗前、后进行全牙列锥形束CT（CBCT）检查,观察治疗前、后上、下中切牙牙根吸收、牙槽骨厚度变化与牙槽骨高度缺损,采用SPSS 23.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果： 部分牙位出现牙长度减小及牙根长度减小,上颌切牙牙根长度变化量大于下颌切牙。中切牙舌腭侧颈部牙槽骨宽度表现为一定程度降低,其中上中切牙腭侧根颈部及下颌中切牙舌侧根中部牙槽骨宽度变化较为明显。下颌中切牙唇侧中部牙槽骨宽度增加,但舌腭侧牙槽骨在正畸治疗后骨开窗、骨开裂位点增多,且较上颌更明显。结论： 减数正畸治疗伴随中切牙牙根一定程度上的吸收和舌腭侧牙槽骨吸收,唇侧牙槽骨骨量增加。下颌舌侧牙槽骨吸收导致骨开窗、骨开裂位点增多。     

Interventions for replacing missing teeth: bone augmentation techniques for dental implant treatment

Background: Dental implants require sufficient bone to be adequately stabilized. For some patients implant treatment would not be an option without bone augmentation. A variety of materials and surgical techniques are available for bone augmentation. Objectives: General objectives: To test the null hypothesis of no difference in the success, function, morbidity and patient satisfaction between different bone augmentation techniques for dental implant treatment. Specific objectives: (A) to test whether and when augmentation procedures are necessary; (B) to test which is the most effective augmentation technique for specific clinical indications. Trials were divided into three broad categories according to different indications for the bone augmentation techniques: (1) major vertical or horizontal bone augmentation or both; (2) implants placed in extraction sockets; (3) fenestrated implants. Search strategy: The Cochrane Oral Health Group’s Trials Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched. Several dental journals were handsearched. The bibliographies of review articles were checked, and personal references were searched. More than 55 implant manufacturing companies were also contacted. Last electronic search was conducted on 9 January 2008. Selection criteria: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of different techniques and materials for augmenting bone for implant treatment reporting the outcome of implant therapy at least to abutment connection. Data collection and analysis: Screening of eligible studies, assessment of the methodological quality of the trials and data extraction were conducted independently and in duplicate. Authors were contacted for any missing information. Results were expressed as random‐effects models using mean differences for continuous outcomes and odd ratios for dichotomous outcomes with 95% confidence intervals. The statistical unit of the analysis was the patient. Main results: Seventeen RCTs out of 40 potentially eligible trials reporting the outcome of 455 patients were suitable for inclusion. Since different techniques were evaluated in different trials, no meta‐analysis could be performed. Ten trials evaluated different techniques for vertical or horizontal bone augmentation or both. Four trials evaluated different techniques of bone grafting for implants placed in extraction sockets and three trials evaluated different techniques to treat bone dehiscence or fenestrations around implants. Authors’ conclusions: Major bone grafting procedures of resorbed mandibles may not be justified. Bone substitutes (Bio‐Oss or Cerasorb) may replace autogenous bone for sinus lift procedures of atrophic maxillary sinuses. Various techniques can augment bone horizontally and vertically, but it is unclear which is the most efficient. It is unclear whether augmentation procedures at immediate single implants placed in fresh extraction sockets are needed, and which is the most effective augmentation procedure, however, sites treated with barrier plus Bio‐Oss showed a higher position of the gingival margin when compared to sites treated with barriers alone. Non‐resorbable barriers at fenestrated implants regenerated more bone than no barriers, however it remains unclear whether such bone is of benefit to the patient. It is unclear which is the most effective technique for augmenting bone around fenestrated implants. Bone morphogenetic proteins may enhance bone formation around implants grafted with Bio‐Oss. Titanium may be preferable to resorbable screws to fixate onlay bone grafts. The use of particulate autogenous bone from intraoral locations, also taken with dedicated aspirators, might be associated with an increased risk of infective complications. These findings are based on few trials including few patients, sometimes having short follow up, and often being judged to be at high risk of bias.     

Inhibition of alveolar bone loss in beagles with the NSAID naproxen

The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug(NSAID) naproxen was studied in 11 beagle dogs over a 13-month period to determine its effect on the progression of periodontitis. Following a 6-month pretreatment period, 5 dogs received naproxen daily at a dosage of 2.0 mg/kg for 1 month, then 0.2 mg/kg for 6 months. Six control dogs received a gelatin capsule daily as placebo. Standardized radiographs were used to measure the rate of bone loss during the pretreatment and treatment periods. In the control dogs, the rate of bone loss was seen to increase during the treatment period although the increase was not statistically significant. In dogs treated daily with naproxen, the rate of bone loss in the treatment period was significantly less at 4 months of treatment; however, at 7 months the difference, though lower than pretreatment rate, was not significant. When the percent change in rate of bone loss during the overall 7-month treatment period was compared with pretreatment rate, the control dogs demonstrated a 38% increase in rate of bone loss during the treatment period contrasting with a 61% decrease in bone loss rate in naproxen-treated dogs. The data indicate that the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug naproxen can significantly inhibit alveolar bone loss in beagles. At 4 months of treatment the rate of bone loss in the naproxen-treated dogs was significantly less than pretreatment, but at 7 months of treatment the rate was no longer statistically significantly less than baseline. This probably reflects a dose response to naproxen treatment for, after 30 days of the treatment period, the naproxen dosage was reduced 10-fold due to tolerance by the beagle.     

Tetracycline treatment of periodontal disease in the beagle dog

Longitudinal studies in this laboratory have been examining the efficacy of tetracycline HCl in the treatment of alveolar bone resorption due to chronic destructive periodontal disease in beagle dogs. Following one year of tetracycline treatment we reported a reduction in the rate of alveolar bone resorption in beagles receiving either 250 or 500 mg daily tetracycline when compared to a group of untreated control beagles. We have continued daily tetracycline treatment in either 250 or 500 mg doses in these beagles for a total of two years in order to more fully evaluate the overall efficacy of tetracycline in having an effect on the periodontal disease process. This report presents data from the conclusion of the 30 month study which was divided into a 6 month pretreatment period and a 24 month treatment period. The results indicate that tetracycline as the sole treatment modality significantly suppressed the rate of alveolar bone resorption over 18 months of the treatment period. During the subsequent six months, the rate of bone resorption in both groups of treated animals returned to baseline rate. The overall effect of daily tetracycline treatment in the 24 month treatment period, compared to a group of untreated control beagles, was the preservation of 20.6% alveolar bone in the 250 mg treated dogs and 44.2% alveolar bone in the 500 mg treated dogs.