涉及中央区难治性癫(癎)的外科治疗

目的 探讨涉及中央区难治性癫(癎)的手术治疗.方法 3例患者术前除常规致癫(癎)灶评估外,还应用fMRI作皮质功能区定位.术中通过皮层EEG(ECoG)对致癫(癎)灶定位,通过皮层诱发电位(SEP)及皮质电刺激定位脑功能区,对位于功能区以外的致疒间灶行切除性手术,功能区内的致疒间灶行软脑膜下横行纤维切断术.结果 术后无神经功能障碍,术后3月,2例病人无癫(癎)发作,1例偶有部分性发作;术后8月,1例无发作,1例偶有部分性发作,1例减少75%发作. 结论术前功能区评估、术中电生理监测有助于保护皮质重要功能和提高手术癫(癎)控制率.     

多处软膜下横切术在功能区癫癎手术中的应用

目的 探讨对致癎灶位于脑主要功能区的癫癎病人,采用病灶切除加多处软膜下横切术(multiple subpial transection,MST)的治疗效果.方法 选择20例继发性癫癎病人,在术中硬脑膜切开后,先用皮层电极核实致癎灶的方位和范围,在显微镜下切除非功能区的病灶及其周围的皮层致癎灶;对功能区的病灶也予以切除.第二次用皮质脑电图检查,对功能区存在的或残留的致癎灶(棘波),使用软膜横切刀,切断癎性放电传导的神经元树突.最后用皮层电极复查,如仍有棘波存在,再补行几道横切,直至脑电波全部趋于正常为止.结果 在癫癎控制方面,除1例无改善外,其他14例都得到不同程度的控制.随访1～35个月,满意6例,显著改善6例,良好5例,较差2例,无改善1例,总有效率为95%.结论 MST能使脑主要功能区癫癎在不引起任何机能损害的情况下,术后癎性发作得到有效的控制,是神经外科目前治疗功能区顽固性癫癎的有效方法之一.     

语言功能区定位与近语言功能区癫(癎)灶切除(附11例分析)

目的 探讨以皮质电刺激为基础的语言功能区皮质的定位方法.方法 总结11例癫(癎)灶邻近语言区病人的治疗经验.将格栅状皮质电极覆盖于脑皮质表面,其中Broca区6例,Wernicke区5例;应用皮质电刺激定位出语言功能区8例,阴性3例;功能磁共振显示语言功能区移位2例.在癫(癎)灶切除过程中,采用局麻2例,术中拔除喉罩2例,常规气管插管全麻7例;术中注意保留具有语言功能的皮质.结果 术后出现-过性语言不流利2例,余9例无明显语言功能障碍.术后随访1年以上,Engel Ⅰ级8例,Ⅲ级2例,Ⅳ级1例.结论 采用埋植式颅内电极进行语言皮质功能绘图方法,可较精确地定位癫(癎)病人的语言功能区.     

皮质电刺激在儿童癫 手术功能区定位的应 用简

目的探讨埋藏电极后皮质电刺激在儿童癫癎灶切除术功能区定位的应用。方法回顾性分析10例考虑致癎灶累及功能区皮质的病儿资料,先行硬膜下皮质电极埋藏再行皮质电刺激以定位功能区。手术前后根据Karnofsky评分进行功能评估。结果10例病儿均能准确定位功能区,刺激过程无明显相关并发症出现。随访神经功能均保护良好,癫癎控制达Engle分级Ⅰ级7例,Ⅱ级2例,Ⅲ级1例。结论对致痫灶邻近功能区的癫癎病儿,行颅内电极埋藏后再行皮质电刺激可在术前明确皮质功能区位置,定位准确,精确指导术中保护功能区。     

颅内电极在语言功能区相关癫癎灶手术中的应用

目的探讨颅内电极在语言功能区相关癫癎灶手术中的应用。方法回顾性分析66例涉及语言功能区的癫癎病人的临床资料,在颅内电极监测确定癫癎灶位置之后,应用皮质电刺激技术确定语言功能区位置,二者结合制定手术方案后进行外科手术治疗。结果 11例癫癎起始区与癫癎灶部分重叠,32例皮质电极癫癎起始区与语言功能区邻近（0-1.5 cm）,23例皮质电极癫癎起始区与语言功能区相近（1.6-3.0 cm）。行前颞叶与内侧结构切除术33例,额叶癫癎灶切除术15例,多脑叶切除术16例,选择性海马切除术2例。术后5例病人出现短暂语言功能障碍,均于3个月内恢复。术后随访时间1.5~8年,术后EngelⅠ级46例（70%）,EngelⅡ级8例（12%）,EngelⅢ级7例（11%）,EngelⅣ级5例（7%）。结论颅内电极置入后的皮质脑电图监测及皮质电刺激语言功能区的定位为癫外科精确切除癫癎灶同时保护语言功能提供保证。     

双极电凝热灼联合病灶切除治疗涉及功能区癫癎的疗效观察

目的观察双极电凝热灼功能区致灶联合非功能区致灶切除治疗涉及功能区癫癎病人的疗效。方法回顾性分析40例致灶涉及功能区的癫癎病人的临床资料,行功能区致癎皮质电凝热灼及非功能区致癎灶切除。结果术后随访18-48个月,平均25个月。5例病人术后对侧有轻度的偏瘫,2例病人术后有轻度的感觉性失语,所有并发症均在1年内恢复。术后观察疗效：EngelⅠ级18例（45%）,EngelⅡ级8例（20%）,EngelⅢ级8例（20%）,EngelⅣ级6例（15%）。结论脑皮质电凝热灼术是治疗功能区癫癎有效且安全的方法,通过病灶切除联合脑皮质电凝热灼术治疗涉及功能区的癫癎,可取得良好的疗效。     

顽固性癫癎的联合性手术治疗分析

目的探讨顽固性癫癎的几种联合性手术治疗的临床效果。方法48例顽固性癫癎患者中,10例病灶位于功能区,采用病灶切除加多处软脑膜下横切(MST);22例病灶及致癎灶位于非功能区,采用病灶、致癎灶切除加周边区MST;11例病灶位于侧裂、前颞叶内或癎灶位于颞叶内,采用病灶、前颞叶切除加颞叶新皮层MST;3例致癎灶广泛存在于一侧或双侧大脑半球,采用广泛性额叶MST加胼胝体前2/3切开。结果本组48例无手术死亡及严重并发症。术后随访0.5~5年,平均3.4年。有效率(发作频率减少50%以上)91.67%,显效率(发作频率减少75%以上)81.25%,效差或无效8.33%。结论顽固性癫癎的联合性手术治疗疗效确切可靠。     

颅内电极视频脑电图对致痫灶的定位价值

目的 探讨颅内电极视频脑电图(V-EEG)对癫癎致癎灶的定位价值.方法 对经临床、影像学和常规EEG及头皮V-EEG检查不能确定致癎灶部位的10例难治性颞叶癫癎患者,应用立体定向技术及开颅术,植入硬膜下皮质条状电极或(和)深部电极进行长程V-EEG监测,观察发作期及发作间期EEG变化,结合常规EEG、V-EEG、磁共振(MRI)、单光子发射断层扫描(SPECT)检查结果以及术中皮质及深部电极EEG对癫癎灶进行综合定位,手术切除病灶;术后随访,评估疗效及颅内V-EEG的准确性.结果 10例患者颅内电极埋藏时间为3～14 d,捕捉到临床自然发作5～44次,记录到发作间期和发作期的异常放电活动;10例患者颅内电极V-EEG定位结果与术中皮质及深部电极定位结果完全一致,据此定位结果切除致癎灶;术后随访1年,按Engel疗效分级,痊愈7例,显著改善2例,良好1例.结论 颅内电极V-EEG监测可为癫癎外科治疗提供可靠的病灶定位依据.     

功能神经导航和术中磁共振引导下精确切除毗邻大脑运动功能区的致(癎)病变

目的 评估功能神经导航和术中MRI引导对毗邻运动功能区致(癎)病变切除术的效果.方法 回顾性分析接受神经导航引导手术的14例癫(癎)病人,其中10例采用术中MRI.术前MRI扫描,融合影像,设计病变切除范围及入路,三维计划输入导航系统并投射至手术显微镜辅助手术.术中复查MRI,对残余病变重新定位,实施手术切除.术后定期进行随访.结果 病人均成功实施了功能神经导航,致(癎)病变、运动区皮质和锥体束投射在手术显微镜下,精确切除病变,同时运动区皮质和锥体束获得有效保护;术中MRI末次扫描提示致(癎)灶病变的切除范围达到术前计划.术后随访6～24个月,癫(癎)发作控制达Engel Ⅰ级12例,Engel Ⅱ级2例.未出现肢体肌力下降.结论 对于毗邻运动功能区的致(癎)病变,通过功能神经导航和术中MRI精准定位病灶和功能区,可以达到精准切除病变并保护正常脑功能的目的.     

术中皮质电刺激联合皮质脑电图治疗功能区肿瘤继发性癫(癎)

目的 总结术中唤醒麻醉下,皮质电刺激(CS)联合皮质脑电图(ECoG)监测治疗功能区肿瘤继发癫(癎)的临床经验.方法 回顾性分析功能区28例胶质瘤及13例脑膜瘤继发癫(癎)病人的临床资料,采用唤醒麻醉下开颅,通过CS定位感觉、运动及语言区,ECoG定位致(癎)区,显微手术切除肿瘤及处理致(癎)灶.结果 术中CS定位功能区33例,阴性8例;ECoG发现致(癎)灶29例,无异常12例.胶质瘤全切21例,次全切7例;脑膜瘤全切12例,次全切1例.术后暂时性神经功能障碍加重或新发障碍25例,均于1个月内恢复.随访41例,时间6个月～5.5年.癫(癎)发作消失29例,明显减少12例.结论 唤醒麻醉下联合CS、ECoG治疗功能区肿瘤继发性癫(癎),能最大限度保护脑功能,安全处理致(癎)灶.     

颅内电极埋藏在Lennox-Gastaut综合症中的应用(附10例临床分析)

目的探讨颅内电极埋藏术后进行视频脑电图评估在癫痫外科手术致痫灶定位困难的Lennox-Gastaut综合症中的使用。方法收集10例Lennox-Gastaut综合症致痫灶定位困难的患者,向颅内硬膜下植入条状电极,术后进行视频脑电图评估,记录发作间歇期及发作期脑电图变化,确定癫痫病灶的起始区,通过手术方式切除致痫灶。结果本组10例患者埋藏时间为2～7天,平均4天,均记录到间歇期及发作期脑电图情况。根据脑电图结果,行脑叶切除及胼胝体切开。术后按照Engel评分I级4例,II级2例,III级2例,IV级2例。所有病例均未出现埋藏电极引起的严重并发症。结论在致痫灶定位困难的Lennox-Gastaut综合症中,采用颅内电极埋藏进行视频脑电图检测,可以较准确定位主要致痫灶,从而提高Lennox-Gastaut综合症外科治疗有效率。     

颅内电极脑电监测定位致癇灶

目的探讨颅内埋置电极脑电图(iEEG)监测定位致灶的意义及其安全性。方法对38例经无创方法难以定位的难治性癫病人,采用颅骨钻孔或骨瓣开颅方法埋置硬膜下和(或)深部电极,行长程视频脑电监测定位致灶。根据术中致灶定位、术后病理、术后疗效和EEG复查结果分析iEEG监测定位致灶的准确性。结果8例埋置深部电极,13例埋置硬膜下电极,17例联合应用硬膜下电极和深部电极。颅内电极埋置4～22d,平均9d;脑电监测8～226 h,平均128h。根据癫发作初始期iEEG,32例(84.2%)病人准确定位了致灶,无颅内出血和感染等严重并发症发生。结论选择性应用硬膜下和深部电极长程视频脑电监测是一种安全、有效的检查方法;癫发作初始期异常放电的节律和范围是可靠的致灶定位指标。     

Subdural Recording of Bereitschaftspotential Is Useful for Functional Mapping of the Epileptogenic Motor Area:

Summary: A 26-year-old man with intractable focal motor seizure beginning with tonic contraction of the left orbicularis oculi muscle had prolonged EEG monitoring with subdural grid electrodes placed over the right perirolandic cortex. Electrical stimulation of the cortex with implanted subdural electrodes showed a relatively low threshold for afterdischarges (ADS) but could not disclose the motor area for the left upper face where or near where the epileptogenic area was expected to be present. Bereitschaftspotential recorded from the subdural electrodes in association with self-paced voluntary blink (eyelid closing) disclosed the motor area specifically related to voluntary movements of the left upper face, which was most likely buried in the sulcus. This observation suggests that recording of Bereitschaftspotential from subdural electrodes is useful for mapping the motor cortex, especially in patients with focal motor seizure with low threshold for ADS to electric stimuli.     

颅内电极置入与脑功能区定位技术在功能区难治性癫疒间手术的应用

目的探讨颅内电极埋藏与脑功能区定位技术在功能区起始的难治性癫疒间手术的评估价值。方法回顾性分析7例难治性癫疒间的临床资料,头皮视频脑电图长程监测均考虑致疒间灶可能累及功能区,故行颅内电极置入术,再行皮质电极视频脑电图长程监测,记录发作间期和发作期脑电图,以判断致疒间皮质,并采用皮质电刺激行脑功能区定位,在指导术中尽可能切除致疒间皮质的同时,最大限度保护脑功能。结果癫疒间发作起始区切除2例,癫疒间起始区部分切除加周围皮质热灼5例。随访6个月~1年,术后运动及语言功能均保护良好6例,对侧肢体出现短暂运动障碍后恢复1例。结论颅内电极埋藏与脑功能区定位技术是功能区难治性癫疒间手术必要评估手段,有助于术前明确脑功能区和皮质放电区域,以及两者之间的关系,指导设计手术方式,最大限度提高病人术后生活质量。     

Electrophysiological study of intractable epileptogenicity in human epilepsy: clinical usefulness of ictal DC shifts and cavernous sinus EEG]

In order to clarify the clinical and electrophysiological features in intractable epileptogenicity in human epilepsy, we applied the new techniques, ictal DC shifts and cavernous sinus EEG recording, for presurgical evaluation of patients with intractable partial epilepsy. (1) Ictal DC shifts were successfully recorded with subdural electrodes in 8 patients with intractable neocortical epilepsy, and an analysis of ictal DC shifts would add useful information to delineate an epileptogenic area. Scalp-recorded ictal DC shifts were also investigated in 3 patients with intractable neocortical epilepsy. It also delineated the epileptogenic area, but it was vulnerable for artifacts. (2) By using the techniques of intravascular EEG recording, we recorded EEG from the bilateral cavernous sinus (cavernous sinus EEG) in patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy. Cavernous sinus EEG well sensitively recorded interictal, also ictal in selected patients, epileptiform discharges which arose from the mesial temporal structure even though they were not recorded by scalp electrodes. It is concluded that the above two techniques are clinically useful for delineating an epileptogenic area in patients with neocortical epilepsy and temporal lobe epilepsy.     

颞叶癫痫致痫灶的定位方法评价

探讨目的：用不同的方法对癫痫灶定位的评估。病程１２１．２个月,进行回顾。方法：利用症状学,神经心理学,头皮／蝶骨嵴脑电皮层脑电图,深部脑电图,ＣＴ,ＭＲＩ七种方法在４０例难治性颞叶癫痫中的应用,其中１３例患者定位的准确性通过手术后一年以上疗效的随访得到证实。结果：２１／４０例由症状学表现得到诊断,９／２７例由神经心理学测试定侧。头皮脑电图、皮层脑电图及深部脑电图的定位率分别为３０／４０、３０／３７和２９／３５。ＣＴ与ＭＲＩ的定位率分别为１２／２５和３２／４０。各种定位方法的准确性有显著差异,其中神经心理学的定位能力明显低于常规脑电图、ＭＲＩ、皮层脑电图和深部脑电图。结论：总结了各种定位方法的优劣势,指出准确的定位需要功能性定位与结构性定位方法的综合应用。最具价值的仍是侵袭性电极的检查,神经心理学的定位价值较小     

一种新型硬脑膜下条片状埋藏电极在癫痫外科中的应用

作者设计并制作了硬脑膜下条片状电极.用于癫痫致痫灶的术前、术中定位,对44例癫痫病人,用它作致痫灶定位,使手术有效率达90.9%。它比头皮脑电图灵敏度高5～10倍。避免了肌电干扰,提高了信号/噪音比率。本文详细讨论了电极制作原理,手术适应证、置放电极的手术方法.优缺点及其防治。     

Surgical treatment for intractable epilepsy: update and future]

For successful surgical treatment of intractable epilepsy, identification of the epileptogenic area and functional cortex, by using the intracranial electrodes such as subdural and depth electrodes, is important. Since 1994, via chronic subdural electrodes recording, we performed anterior temporal lobectomy with hippocampectomy for 18 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. For 10 patients with extratemporal lobe epilepsy, cortical resection of the epileptogenic cortex was performed. For the epileptogenic cortex overlapping with functional area, we added the multiple subpial transection. Favorable postoperative seizure outcome was obtained in most of the patients. Although non-invasive presurgical evaluation modalities such as MRI, video-EEG monitoring, MEG, and FDG-PET are useful in the diagnosis of epilepsy, it is impossible to localize precisely the exact epileptogenic zone and functional cortex.     

Pre- and intra-operative evaluation of epileptic children with intractable seizure disorders: the hospital for sick children

The pediatric epilepsy management team in the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada, consists of neurologists, neurophysiologists, neurosurgeons, neuropyschologists, clinical nurse specialist/nurse practitioners, social workers, EEG technologists and psychiatrists. The patients are initially referred to us for the diagnosis of seizure disorders. Epileptic foci and eloquent cortices are identified by neurophysiological studies such as EEG, MEG and SEP. Epileptogenic lesions can be visualized by MRI, the language, motor and sensory cortices by fMRI and the regions of hypoperfusion and hypometabolism in the epileptic foci, by SPECT and PET, respectively. The results of these studies are then discussed by members of the team. For patients with lesional epilepsy, an intraoperative image guided system and intraoperative electrocorticography are used, when lesionectomy, lobectomy and additional multiple subpial transection (MST) are performed. Patients without an identifiable lesion require intracranial invasive video EEG using subdural grids or depth electrodes, which are constructed based on MEG spike sources, seizure semiology and scalp video EEG. After the identification of the epileptogenic and functional zones, maximum cortical excision and MST are performed to control seizures and to minimize functional deficits. Pediatric neurologists should assess the intractability of epilepsy, identify the epileptogenic zone, determine the excisable epileptic region, and minimize postoperative side effects, thereby leading the epilepsy management team.     

Subdural Recording of Ictal DC Shifts in Neocortical Seizures in Humans

Summary: Purpose: Invasive ictal EEG recording is often necessary to delineate epileptogenic areas in patients with intractable partial epilepsy, but even intracranial ictal recordings often reveal ill-defined onset zones in neocortical epilepsy. We studied the physiologic significance of ictal direct current (DC) potentials recorded intracranially in human epilepsy.
Methods: We made intracranial ictal EEG recordings in three patients with intractable partial seizures arising from frontal, lateral temporal, and parietal neocortical areas by using closely spaced subdural electrodes (platinum in two patients and stainless steel in one patient) with both standard (1.5 Hz) and open (0.016 Hz) low-frequency filter (LFF) settings.
Results: The initial ictal pattern was localized to two to nine subdural electrodes and characterized by very low voltage and high-frequency rhythmic activity ("electrode-cremental pattern"). A slow-rising negative potential (DC potential) was seen in a slightly more restricted area (two to six electrodes) and occurred 1–10 s before the initial ictal EEG discharges in two patients.
Conclusions: These results agree with those of previous studies of ictal DC shifts in animals and suggest that ictal DC shifts may be helpful in delineating the epileptogenic area more precisely in human epilepsy.