颌骨重建中植入骨瓣的牙种植体预后研究进展

颌骨缺损的功能性重建应包括恢复颌骨连续性以及在此基础上进行的各类义齿修复等,以重建颌骨功能和颌面部美观。血管化自体骨移植后进行种植义齿修复是颌骨缺损重建的一种有效且前沿的治疗方法。目前已有大量研究报道血管化自体骨移植后进行种植修复的临床治疗效果。本文将聚焦颌骨缺损重建中植入骨瓣的牙种植体预后,重点介绍其研究进展,系统回顾植入骨瓣中种植体的生存率、并发症及影响预后的风险因素,为颌骨缺损重建中种植修复的预后评估及临床决策提供参考。     

下颌骨缺损自体骨移植术后种植修复

目的：下颌骨缺损自体骨移植术后采用种植义齿修复。方法：6例髂骨移植患者，3例直接植入种植体；2例经颌骨骨块上置法植骨后植入种植体；1例经牵引成骨术增高牙槽突后植入种植体。2例腓骨移植患者，分别经腓骨上置法移植和牵引成骨术增高牙槽突后植入种植体。结果：8例患者最终都植入种植体，其中3例已完成上部义齿修复。结论：下颌骨缺损自体骨移植术后，常有牙槽突骨量不足，需行牙槽突Ⅱ期重建。上置法植骨和牵引成骨术能成功地重建牙槽突缺损骨量。     

血管化骨移植修复颌骨严重缺损并种植义齿修复

目的:颌骨外伤、肿瘤或其他疾病常导致上下颌骨严重缺损,此时如何重建口腔颌面部的形态和功能一直是口腔修复的难点和挑战。本研究旨在观察血管化骨移植修复颌骨缺损并种植义齿修复的临床效果。方法:对12例颌骨严重缺损患者行血管化髂骨肌瓣或血管化腓骨肌皮瓣修复骨缺损,对牙列缺损患者采用手术导板指导移植骨块的定位,7例患者在导板指导下行同期牙种植体植入术。5例患者在术后4～6月行延期牙种植体植入术。3～4月后行种植义齿修复,其中种植覆盖义齿4例,种植固定义齿8例。结果:所有病例的血管化自体骨移植均获成功。种植义齿修复后经3～24月的临床观察,X片显示种植体与移植骨间未见透射影,2例发生种植体周围软组织增生,患者对形态和功能恢复感到满意。结论:血管化骨移植并种植义齿修复用于颌骨严重缺损的功能重建可获得良好的临床效果,其远期疗效有待进一步观察。     

骨移植复合种植义齿进行颌骨缺损功能重建的临床研究

目的评估对颌骨缺损患者行自体骨移植复合种植义齿修复重建的临床疗效。方法自2007—2012年,对11例因肿瘤、外伤造成颌骨缺损的患者,进行自体骨移植及延期植入种植体,并进行种植体支持的义齿修复,对修复后患者口颌系统的功能、外观进行评价和随访。结果本研究11例患者的自体移植骨均成活;共植入41枚种植体,除2例共4枚种植体发生种植体周围龈炎外,其余种植义齿功能及美观恢复均较理想。结论由外伤或肿瘤引起的颌骨缺损采取血管化或者非血管化自体骨移植,复合种植义齿的应用,能为患者恢复较好的外形和功能;种植体周围进行角化牙龈的移植有利于种植义齿耐受摩擦及咀嚼压力,并有利于维护种植体周围黏膜组织的健康。     

上下颌游离缺失Brnemark种植义齿早期临床效果的比较研究

目的:比较上下颌游离缺失Branemark种植义齿修复早期临床效果。方法 :5例上颌 (17颗 )和7例下颌(22颗 )游离缺失Branemark种植体植入金合金烤瓷桥修复行使功能18个月后 ,比较上下颌游离缺失Branemark种植体支持固定桥义齿的稳固情况、种植体周牙龈指数和种植体周骨吸收量。结果 :上下颌游离缺失Branemark种植体支持固定桥义齿种植体周骨吸收量无显著性差异 (P>0.05) ;两者种植体周牙龈均处于正常状态 ;上下颌游离缺失种植义齿均未见种植体松动或脱落 ,基台和全冠的稳固性均良好。结论 :上下颌游离缺失Branemark种植体支持种植固定桥义齿修复效果良好     

血管化平行折叠腓骨瓣重建下颌骨肿瘤术后骨缺损

目的：探讨应用血管化平行折叠腓骨瓣重建下颌骨肿瘤术后骨缺损的临床效果。方法 ：采用血管化游离平行折叠腓骨肌皮瓣修复重建下颌骨肿瘤术后缺损9例,男6例,女3例,年龄17-61岁,平均37岁;其中,折叠修复5例,部分折叠修复4例,下颌支缺损仅行单层腓骨修复。结果：9例患者术后移植腓骨肌皮瓣均成活,颌面部及腿部术区创口一期愈合,颌面部外形满意,无开口受限,语音清晰,吞咽功能基本正常,下肢腓骨供区无明显并发症。术后3例行二期种植义齿修复,4例因经济原因行可摘义齿修复,2例暂未行义齿修复。已行修复病例义齿与余留牙咬合关系基本正常,咀嚼功能恢复良好。术后6个月复查,全景片提示移植腓骨愈合良好,移植骨高度较正常下颌骨略低。所有病例均随访1-3 a,均无复发。所有患者自我评估对颌面部外形满意。结论：应用血管化平行折叠腓骨瓣技术重建下颌骨缺损,克服了传统腓骨瓣修复后骨质高度不足的缺点,为义齿修复提供足够的骨量,能获得良好的颌面部美学形态和功能效果。     

带血管髂骨瓣移植同期种植体植入整复节段性下颌骨缺损

目的：利用血管化髂骨移植同期种植体植入早期整复节段性下颌骨缺损。方法：对5例下颌骨肿瘤患者于肿瘤切除后采用血管化的游离髂骨移植同期植入骨内种植体，术后6个月行Ⅱ期手术、义齿修复。结果：移植骨存活，植入的13枚种植体均与移植骨形成骨结合。义齿修复后随访6～48个月，种植体无松动、脱落．种植体颈部未见明显的骨质吸收。患者外形、咀嚼功能恢复满意。结论：采用该方法可早期整复节段性下颌骨缺损，运用时需注意种植体植入位置准确。     

应用腓骨肌瓣-种植体一期功能性修复下颌骨

目的 应用显微外科和种植技术,在切除肿瘤和下颌骨同时即刻行腓骨肌瓣游离移植,并同期植入种植体,对腓骨肌瓣的特点,术中注意事项,义齿修复前准备等问题进行讨论。方法 对２例下颌骨成釉细胞瘤患者在切除肿瘤和下颌骨同时行腓骨肌瓣游离移植,并植入种植体共５枚。结果 术后一年观察,移植骨存活良好,种植体与移植骨之间为骨性结合,义齿修复后功能恢复良好。     

血管化髂骨移植与下颌骨的功能重建

目的 寻求下颌骨大范围缺损的修复和功能重建的方法。方法 ７例患者用旋髂深务管为蒂的游离髂骨移植同期植入纯钛螺旋状骨内种植体。结果 术后６个月Ｘ线显示：种植体与移植骨块有结合。义齿修复后,随访６－３６个月,种植体无松动。Ｘ线片未见种植边缘骨吸收;恢复了咀嚼、语言、外形等,结论 该方法能较好地解决下颌骨大范围缺损的功能性重建。     

应用腓骨肌瓣180°折叠即刻种植牙植入修复下颌骨缺损

目的 :切除下颌骨肿瘤,同期应用血管化腓骨肌瓣180折叠即刻种植牙植入骨中修复下颌骨缺损 ,探讨腓骨肌瓣折叠及即刻种植牙植入的手术特点。方法 :对1例下颌骨造釉细胞瘤的病人行肿瘤及下颌骨切除的同时将腓骨肌瓣180折叠并移植至缺损部即刻植入种植牙一枚。结果 :六个月后曲面断层片显示种植体骨整合愈合情况良好。结论 :腓骨肌瓣180折叠即刻种植体植入可以一次手术达到恢复有牙患者下颌骨应有高度和连续性及咀嚼功能的目的     

Immediate loading of dental implants placed in revascularized fibula free flaps: a clinical report on 2 consecutive patients

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to report the clinical outcome of dental implants placed in revascularized fibula flaps for the reconstruction of severely atrophied edentulous maxillae and immediately loaded with full-arch implant-supported prostheses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two patients, a 55-year-old woman and a 59-year-old woman, who presented with severely atrophied edentulous maxillae and local anatomy incompatible with rehabilitation with conventional complete removable dentures and insufficient bone volume for placement of implants of adequate dimensions were selected for reconstruction with revascularized fibula free flaps. Three months after the reconstructive procedure, Br?nemark System dental implants (8 in the 55-year-old patient, 7 in the 59-year-old patient) were placed in the reconstructed areas and immediately loaded with implant-supported full-arch prostheses. The mean follow-up period of implants after the start of prosthetic loading was 24 months. Radiographic peri-implant bone level changes and peri-implant clinical parameters (Plaque Index, Bleeding Index, and probing depth) were evaluated. RESULTS: No implants were lost during the follow-up period. Implant survival and success rates were 100% and 93.3%, respectively. Peri-implant clinical parameters presented values consistent with those obtained for implants placed in native nonreconstructed bone and allowed to heal before loading. DISCUSSION: To the authors' knowledge, this is the first time that the successful immediate loading of implants placed in fibula free flaps for the rehabilitation of totally edentulous patients with severely resorbed maxillae or mandibles has been described. CONCLUSION: Despite the limited number of patients and the short follow-up period, immediate loading of implants placed in revascularized fibula free flaps appears to be a reliable method for the dental rehabilitation of these patients.     

Behavior of implants in bone grafts or free flaps after tumor resection

The authors compared bone resorption of autogenous bone grafts and revascularized free flaps used for the reconstruction of mandibular continuity defects following resection for tumors, before and after the placement of endosseous implants. Ten patients (group 1) were treated with autogenous bone grafts taken from the fibula or the anterior iliac crest; 8 patients (group 2) were treated with iliac or fibula revascularized flaps. Four to 8 months later, 72 endosseous implants were placed in the reconstructed areas. After a further healing period of 4-6 months, patients were rehabilitated with implant-borne prostheses. The following parameters were evaluated and compared between the two groups: 1) bone resorption of grafts and free flaps before and after implant placement; 2) peri-implant bone resorption mesial and distal to each implant, immediately after prosthetic rehabilitation and then during yearly follow-ups. Bone resorption before implant placement showed mean values of 3.53 mm in group 1, and 0.96 mm in group 2. Peri-implant bone resorption was: 0.49 mm (39 implants) in group 1, and 0.45 mm (30 implants) in group 2, at time of prosthetic rehabilitation; 0.78 mm (39 implants) in group 1, and 0.89 mm (30 implants) in group 2, 12 months after prosthetic load; 1.16 mm (24 implants) in group 1, and 1.02 mm (13 implants) in group 2, 24 months after the prosthetic load. A significant difference in bone resorption before implant placement was found between the two groups, whereas it was not found after implant placement and prosthetic load. The failure rate according to Albrektsson criteria was 4.9% (2/41 implants) in group 1, and was 3.2% (1/31) in group 2.     

Peri-implant bone loss around posterior mandible dental implants placed after distraction osteogenesis: preliminary findings

BACKGROUND: The present study evaluates implant survival and peri-implant bone loss around posterior mandible dental implants placed at sites of distraction osteogenesis. METHODS: On removal of the distraction devices, 34 dental implants were inserted into 14 posterior mandible sites in 10 healthy, non-smoking female patients. Prosthetic treatment was performed 4 months after implant placement using fixed implant prostheses. After 6 to 16.5 months, periapical radiographs were taken and evaluated for peri-implant bone loss and radiolucency. The distance between the implant margin and the first visible bone-implant contact was measured on the mesial and distal aspects of the implants using imaging software. Radiographic dimensional distortion was corrected as a function of the known true dimension of the implant. RESULTS: Of the 34 implants placed, two (5.9%) failed to integrate at reentry surgery. Both were replaced and restored during the course of the study so that a total of 34 implants was followed for 12.1 +/- 3.8 months post-restoration and 16.1 +/- 3.8 months post-insertion. Mean loss of marginal bone height was 2.6 +/- 1.0 mm. During the follow-up period, radiolucent lines along the implant surface were absent. CONCLUSIONS: The mean peri-implant bone loss in areas of alveolar bone distraction was 1.9 mm/year. A high implant survival rate was observed.     

Vertical distraction osteogenesis of fibula transplant for mandibular reconstruction: a case report

Bone continuity defects in the mandible are caused by tumor surgery, trauma, infection, or osteoradionecrosis. Today, reconstruction of long-span mandibular defects with a free fibular flap is a routine procedure. However the bone height of the mandible after reconstruction is about half that of the dentulous mandible. Therefore, the deficiency in bone height makes implant placement impractical. In our case, because it was necessary to restore the mandibular height, a vertical distraction osteogenesis was performed on the grafted mandible of the patient who was referred to our clinic with a reconstructed mandible owing to a gunshot injury. As a result, the vertical discrepancy between the fibula and the native hemimandible of the patient was corrected. And the placement of dental implants was performed without any complications. In conclusion, we believe that the vertical distraction osteogenesis of free vascularized fibula flaps is a reliable technique that optimizes implant positioning for ideal prosthetic rehabilitation.     

Clinical outcome of dental implants placed in fibula-free flaps used for the reconstruction of maxillo-mandibular defects following ablation for tumors or osteoradionecrosis

OBJECTIVES: (a) To evaluate the clinical outcome of fibula revascularized flaps used for the reconstruction of maxillary and mandibular defects due to resection for tumors or osteoradionecrosis and (b) to evaluate the survival and success rates of implants placed in the reconstructed areas. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a 8-year period (1995-2002), 59 patients, 38 males and 21 females, aged from 13 years to 69 years (mean age: 48.7 years), presenting with maxillary and mandibular defects due to resection for tumors or osteoradionecrosis, were reconstructed with fibula-free flaps. Of the 59 patients, 16 received 71 implants for the prosthetic rehabilitation of the reconstructed edentulous areas. RESULTS: Out of 59 fibula-free flaps, three failed and had to be removed, nine underwent partial necrosis involving the bone segment and/or the skin paddle but survived, while the remaining 47 healed uneventfully. The mean follow-up of patients after the reconstruction was 55 months (range: 24-120 months). The cumulative survival rate of fibula-free flaps was 94.9%. The mean follow-up of the 16 patients treated with dental implants and implant-supported prostheses was 50.2 months (range: 24-96 months). The cumulative implant success and survival rates of implants were 98.6% and 93.1% respectively. CONCLUSION: The reconstruction of maxillo-mandibular defects following ablation for tumors or osteoradionecrosis with fibula-free flaps has been demonstrated to be a reliable technique with good long-term results. Implants placed in the reconstructed areas were demonstrated to integrate normally, with success and survival rates comparable to those obtained in case of implants placed in native bone.     

Bone resorption and complications in alveolar distraction osteogenesis

Distraction osteogenesis presents an alternative procedure for augmentation of atrophic alveolar bone prior to inserting dental implants. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate complications of this method with specific focus on bone resorption during the consolidation period and the follow-up period after dental implant insertion into distracted bone. Thirty partially edentulous patients underwent a total of 36 vertical alveolar distractions with an extraosseous distraction system. Eleven devices were placed in the maxilla and 25 in the mandible. Eighty-two dental implants were inserted after a mean consolidation period of 4.5 months. Treatment results were evaluated by means of panoramic radiographs for distraction follow-up and periapical radiographs for implant follow-up. The mean length of the transport segment was 19 mm. The average alveolar height achieved was 6.4 mm with a mean resorption of 1.8 mm (21.1%) at the time of dental implant insertion. Main problems comprised oral displacement of the transport segment (n = 15) and inadequate soft tissue extension (n = 13). Eighty-two dental implants were inserted with an overall survival rate of 95.1% after 45.8 months. For periimplant marginal bone, an average resorption of 3.5 mm was recorded 50.4 months after implant insertion. Although alveolar distraction osteogenesis seems to be an effective tool to treat vertical defects of the alveolar ridge, it is not an uncomplicated procedure. A combination with vestibular augmentation of autogenous bone grafts should be considered. Overcorrection of 20% may compensate bone relapse during the consolidation period of the distracted alveolar bone. Further bone resorption after dental implantation is common.     

Oral and dental restoration of wide alveolar cleft using distraction osteogenesis and temporary anchorage devices

Closure of large alveolar clefts and restoration by a fixed bridge supported by implants is a challenge in cleft alveolus treatment. A major aesthetic concern with distraction osteogenesis is obtaining a predictable position of the implant in relation to the newly generated bony alveolar ridge. We describe the treatment of a large cleft alveolus and palate reconstruction by distraction osteogenesis utilizing temporary anchorage devices (TADs) followed by a fixed implant-supported bridge. The method consists of segmental bone transport by distraction osteogenesis using a bone-borne distractor to minimize the alveolar cleft, followed by closure of the residual small defect by bone grafting three months later. During the active transport distraction, TADs were used exerting multidirectional forces to control the distraction vector forward and laterally for better interarch relation. A vertical alveolar distraction of the newly reconstructed bone of 15 mm facilitated optimal implant placement. The endosseous implants were osteointegrated and supported a fixed dental prosthesis.In conclusion, the large cleft alveolus defect was repaired in three dimensions by distraction osteogenesis assisted by TADs, and the soft tissues expanded simultaneously. Endosseous implants were introduced in the newly reconstructed bone for a fixed dental prosthesis enabling, rehabilitation of aesthetics, eating and speaking.     

Long‐term outcome of dental implants placed in revascularized fibula free flaps used for the reconstruction of maxillo‐mandibular defects due to extreme atrophy

Purpose: The objectives of this study were to evaluate (a) the clinical outcome of revascularized fibula flaps used for the reconstruction of extremely atrophic jaws and (b) the survival rates of dental implants placed in the reconstructed areas. Materials and methods: Between 1999 and 2004, 12 patients presenting with extreme atrophy of the edentulous jaws were reconstructed with fibula free flaps. Five to 12 months after the reconstructive procedure, 75 titanium dental implants were placed in the reconstructed areas, while prosthetic rehabilitation was started 4–6 months afterward. The mean follow‐up of patients after the start of prosthetic loading was 77 months (range: 48–116). Results: An uneventful healing of the bone transplants occurred in all patients. One out of the 75 dental implants placed was not loaded due to prosthetic reasons. No dental implants failed to integrate before prosthetic loading, while three were removed during the follow‐up period. Despite the high survival rate of dental implants (95.8%), a relevant number of them presented relevant peri‐implant bone‐level loss, ranging from 1 to 7 mm for maxillary dental implants and from 1 to 4.5 mm for mandibular dental implants. Conclusion: Although no failures of the bone transplants occurred and a high long‐term survival rate of dental implants were observed, this study showed that fibula free flaps do not guarantee dimensional stability of peri‐implant bone, despite the immediate blood supply delivered by the vascular pedicle. The peri‐implant bone resorption was higher when compared with the one related to dental implants placed in native bone. To cite this article:
Chiapasco M, Romeo E, Coggiola A, Brusati R. Long‐term outcome of dental implants placed in revascularized fibula free flaps used for the reconstruction of maxillo‐mandibular defects due to extreme atrophy.
Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 22 , 2011; 83–91.
doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.01999.x     

Long-term results of mandibular reconstruction with autogenous bone grafts and oral implants after tumor resection

Objectives: (a) To evaluate retrospectively the clinical outcome of non‐vascularized bone grafts used for the reconstruction of mandibular defects following tumor resection; (b) to evaluate the clinical outcome of implants and implant‐supported prostheses placed in the reconstructed areas; and (c) to evaluate patients' satisfaction regarding function and esthetics after oral rehabilitation. Material and methods: In a 9‐year period (1995–2003), 29 patients affected by mandibular tumors involving to tooth bearing areas were treated by means of tumor resection and immediate or delayed reconstruction with autogenous non‐revascularized calvarial or iliac bone grafts. Among these patients, 16 patients were selected for dental rehabilitation of the lost dentition with implant‐supported 3fixed prosthese333s. For to 7 months later, the patients received 60 oral implants for the prosthetic rehabilitation of the reconstructed edentulous areas. Results: No total failure of the graft was observed, while partial loss of the graft was observed in one patient. The mean follow‐up of patients after the start of prosthetic loading of implants treated was 94 months (range: 36–132 months). Two patients dropped out of the follow‐up after 3 and 4 years of observation, respectively. Two implants were removed due to loss of osseointegration, while two implants, although still integrated, presented peri‐implant bone resorption values higher than those proposed by Albrektsson et al. for successful implants. Cumulative survival and success rates of implants were 96.7% and 93.3%, respectively. Conclusion: Results from this study demonstrated that bone defects following resection of mandibular tumors can be predictably reconstructed with autogenous bone grafts taken from the calvarium or the anterior iliac crest. It has also been shown that the long‐term survival and success rates of implants placed in the reconstructed areas (96.7% and 93.3%, respectively) may guarantee an excellent prognosis of implant‐supported prostheses.     

The use of fresh frozen allogeneic bone for maxillary and mandibular reconstruction.

The use of fresh frozen bone (FFB) alone, or in combination with autogenous bone (AB), for bony augmentation of the maxilla and mandible in preparation for dental reconstruction with endosseous implants has been studied. Ten patients received FFB +/- AB for augmentation of a severely atrophic mandible (n = 6) or for reconstruction of a jaw defect secondary to trauma or tumor resection (n = 4). Average follow-up was 26.3 +/- 5.4 months. At the time of implant placement, the bone grafts were found to be firm in consistency, well incorporated, and well vascularized in all 10 patients. Twenty-nine endosseous implants were placed an average of 8.3 +/- 3.1 months following bone grafting. One implant failed and was replaced, and one implant remains buried as a nonfunctional unit. All patients have been restored prosthetically by means of 28 of the 29 implants. This preliminary study indicates that FFB may be used alone or in combination with autogenous bone for augmentation or reconstruction of the atrophic maxilla and mandible. The resultant ridge is adequate to support loaded endosseous implants. A potential disadvantage is the minimal risk of disease transmission.