Changes in intraocular pressure after intraocular eye surgery—the influence of measuring technique

AIM: To investigate the changes in intraocular pressure (IOP) before and after intraocular surgery measured with Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) and pascal dynamic contour tonometry (PDCT), and assessed their agreement. METHODS: Patients who underwent trans pars plana vitrectomy (TPPV) with or without cataract extraction (CE) were included. The IOP was measured in both eyes with GAT and PDCT pre- and postoperatively, where the non-operated eyes functioned as control. RESULTS: Preoperatively, mean IOP measurements were 16.3±6.0 mm Hg for GAT and 12.0±2.8 mm Hg for PDCT for the operated eyes. Postoperatively, the mean IOP dropped to 14.3±5.6 mm Hg for GAT (P=0.011) and rose up to 12.7±2.6 mm Hg for PDCT (P=0.257). Bland-Altman analysis showed a poor agreement between GAT and PDCT with a mean difference of 2.9 mm Hg preoperatively and 95% limits of agreement ranging from -3.2 to 9.0 mm Hg. Postoperatively, the mean difference was 1.2 mm Hg with 95% limits of agreement ranging from -8.3 to 10.7 mm Hg. There were no significant differences between the TPPV and TPPV+CE group, except when measured with PDCT postoperatively (P=0.012). CONCLUSION: The IOP is reduced after surgery when measured with GAT and remained stable when measured with PDCT. However, the agreement between GAT and PDCT is poor. Although PDCT may be a more accurate predictor of the true IOP, it seems less suitable for daily use in the clinical practice.     

Relationship between intraocular pressure and parameters of obesity in ocular hypertension

AIM:To evaluate the correlation between intraocular pressure(IOP)and various obesity-related health factors in patients with ocular hypertension in Korea.METHODS:A total of 40850 subjects underwent age,sex,body weight,and height assessments and automated multiphasic tests,including non-contact tonometry,automated perimetry,fundus photography,systolic/diastolic blood pressure measurement,and evaluation of obesity-related health parameters such as obesity index,body mass index(BMI),a body shape index(ABSI),and waist-to-height ratio(WtHR).Subjects were divided into ocular hypertension group and normal IOP group according to IOP after matching of age and sex.RESULTS:Of 40850 participants,1515(3.7%)had ocular hypertension,and 1515 with normal IOP were selected as controls using propensity score matching.The mean IOP of control group was 15.3±2.3 mm Hg,compared with 23.3±1.6 mm Hg in ocular hypertension group.Height,obesity index,BMI,and WtHR in the ocular hypertension group were significantly higher than in the normal IOP group(P<0.001,P<0.001,P=0.009,P=0.002).IOP of ocular hypertension was positively correlated with obesity index(P=0.027)and BMI(P=0.016),whereas IOP of control was positively correlated with blood pressure(P<0.001,P=0.002),obesity index(P<0.001),BMI(P<0.001),and WHtR(P=0.002).Systolic blood pressure(β=0.022,P<0.001)and body weight(β=0.016,P=0.02)were precursors of IOP in normal subjects,but sex(male;β=-0.231,P=0.008)and obesity index(β=-0.007,P=0.017)were precursors of ocular hypertension according to multiple regression analysis.CONCLUSION:Among various obesity-related health parameters,obesity index is the best indicator for further increase in IOP in ocular hypertension group.     

Comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of preservative-free and preservative-containing formulations of the dorzolamide/timolol fixed combination (COSOPT™) in patients with elevated intraocular pressure in a randomized clinical trial

Background  

The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and tolerability of preservative-free (PF) and preservative-containing (PC) formulations of the dorzolamide/timolol fixed combination (COSOPT™) in patients with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP).     

Does the dissection depth and thickness of the deep scleral flap affect intraocular pressure after viscocanalostomy? A clinico-pathologic correlation

BACKGROUND: Non-perforating glaucoma surgery preserves the integrity of the trabecular meshwork in order to avoid postoperative hypotony. The purpose of our study was to investigate whether the morphologic variability of the excised deep scleral flap influences the postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) after viscocanalostomy. METHODS: Light-microscopy of the deep scleral flap was performed in 17 patients who had undergone viscocanalstomy. Morphologic parameters (thickness and dissection level of the deep scleral flap) were correlated with the postoperative IOP. RESULTS: The mean thickness of the deep scleral flap was 309 +/- 95 microns; the dissection level was too deep in 5 cases (trabecular tissue excised) and too high in 6 cases (no signs of Schlemm's canal). The max. preop. IOP was 36.2 +/- 8.5 mmHg and came down to 10.6 +/- 5.7 mmHg at day 1 postop. and 12.4 +/- 4.9 mmHg at day 3/4 postop. At a median follow-up of 6 months IOP was 21.7 +/- 5.5 mmHg. A significant correlation between postop. IOP and the morphology of the deep scleral flap could not be demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS: Variations of the thickness and depth of the deep scleral flap showed little influence on the initial IOP level following viscocanalostomy. Other factors, f.e. the suturing of the external flap or invisible microruptures of the trabecular meshwork, could be of importance for the early postoperative IOP.     

The influence of δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol on intraocular pressure in the anaesthetized cat

⁹-Tetrahydrocannabinol (⁹-THC) was injected both intravenously and into the brain stem via the left vertebral artery. Contrary to results obtained with clonidine, neither the fall in intraocular pressure (IOP), nor the arterial hypotension induced by ⁹-THC, were enhanced after the central administration of the drug. For clonidine, a central mechanism underlying the ocular hypotensive effect has recently been proposed. This suggestion is based upon the enhanced fall in IOP after central administration of clonidine. The pontomedullary area is considered to be the main initial target of this drug. Obviously, the IOP-lavering mechanism of ⁹-THC is different from that of clonidine.     

Can the use of intraocular silicone oil increase the risk of sympathetic ophthalmia?

CLINICAL CASES: We report two cases of SO (sympathetic ophthalmia) among 1,456 vitrectomies and 255 silicone oil injections performed since 1990. In both patients intraocular silicone oil was used. Both cases were clinically documented and one pathologically demonstrated. DISCUSSION: No cases were reported among vitrectomies without silicone oil. We found a longer delay between injury and the onset of the disease in comparison to the literature. Pathological findings confirmed a foreign body granulomatous reaction. Chronic inflammation caused by silicone oil might be involved in the development of SO. Larger series are necessary to establish a possible relationship between silicone oil and SO.     

Effect of latanoprost/timolol and dorzolamide/tiomolol on intraocular pressure after phacoemulsification surgery

AIM: To evalaute the effect of fixed-combination latanoprost 0.005%/timolol maleate 0.5% and dorzolamide hydrochloride 2%/timolol maleate 0.5% on postoperative intraocular pressure after phacoemulsification cataract surgery. METHODS: This study is a prospective, randomized, double-masked and placebo-controlled. The study included 90 eyes of 90 patients which were scheduled to have phacoemulsification surgery. Patients were randomly assigned preoperatively to 1 of 3 groups (30 eyes of 30 patients). Two hour before surgery, the patients received one drop latanoprost/timolol (group 1), dorzolamide/timolol (group 2) and placebo (group 3, control group). The IOPs were measured at preoperative and postoperative 4, 8, and 24 hours. RESULTS: The preoperative mean intraocular pressure was not statistically significant between both drug groups and control group. In group 1 and 2, the postoperative mean IOP [group1: (14.03±3.15)mmHg and group 2: (14.16±4.43)mmHg] at 24 hours were significantly lower than the control group [(16.93±3.70)mmHg, (P<0.05)]. In addition, the postoperative mean IOP of group 1 [(14.90±3.69)mmHg] at 8 hours was significantly lower than the control group [(17.70±3.89)mmHg, (P<0.05)], but there was no significant difference between group 2 [(16.16±5.23)mmHg] and control group at 8 hours (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: When compared with placebo, the use of preoperative fixed combination of latanoprost/ timolol and dorzolamide/timolol is an effective method for preventing intraocular pressure elevation in 24 hours after phacoemulsification surgery, but did not completely prevent IOP spikes.     

沐欣滴眼液预防白内障超声乳化术后高眼压的临床观察

目的:评价沐欣滴眼液预防白内障超声乳化术后高眼压的临床效果。方法:对66例(66眼)因老年白内障在我院行白内障超声乳化 人工晶状体植入术的患者随机分成两组。试验组(33例),在术前1d和术前1h给予沐欣滴眼液1滴。对照组(33例)在术前1d和术前1h给予人工泪液1滴。记录术前眼压和术后4,6,12,24h眼压,观察心率、血压等全身和眼部并发症。结果:术后24h对照组平均眼压为(17.11±2.23mmHg),试验组为(13.50±1.65mmHg),术后每个时间点对照组平均眼压均高于试验组,差异有统计学意义。两组术后眼压最高峰均在术后6h左右。同术前眼压比较,术后高峰眼压(术后6h)试验组有19例(57%)眼压比术前更低,对照组有7例(21%)眼压比术前更低。结论:对行白内障超声乳化术 人工晶状体植入的患者,术前给予沐欣滴眼液,能有效预防术后高眼压。     

白内障超声乳化术后当日眼压升高临床观察

目的　对白内障超声乳化术后当日眼压升高进行临床观察与分析。方法　无术中并发症的晶状体超声乳化术2 0 0眼 ,分为 2 %甲基纤维素及医用透明质酸钠两组 ,对术前眼压 ,术后 4～ 8h及 2 4h眼压进行观察与分析。结果　术后当日眼压升高发生率平均为 3 5 .5 6% ,甲基纤维素组为 46 0 0 % ,医用透明质酸钠组为 2 5 0 0 % ,差别有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 1)。术后 4～ 8h为眼压升高峰值期。结论　晶状体超声乳化术后当日可发生眼压升高。对复杂病例术中应尽量选用高质量黏弹剂并于术后密切观察眼压变化。     

改良式前房放液在白内障超声乳化术后早期高眼压中的应用

目的:探讨改良式前房放液法在白内障超声乳化吸出术后早期高眼压的应用价值。方法:对我院3170眼白内障超声乳化吸出术患者中14眼出现术后早期高眼压的患者经过一次性注射器针头轻压角膜侧切口放出部分房水,降低眼压,减轻角膜水肿。结果:经过上述处理后14眼眼压下降为(11.4±5.1)mmHg,角膜透明;视力大于或等于0.7者8眼,0.3～0.5者5眼,0.2者1眼;未出现与改良式前房放液相关并发症。结论:改良式前房放液治疗白内障超声乳化术后早期高眼压简单易行、安全有效,值得推广。     

前房放液治疗白内障超声乳化吸出术后早期高眼压

目的探讨前房放液治疗白内障超声乳化吸出及人工晶状体植入术后早期高眼压合并角膜上皮水肿的可行性。方法白内障超声乳化吸出及人工晶状体植入术1572眼中31眼术后早期高眼压合并角膜上皮水肿,平均眼压46mmHg(1kPa=7.5mmHg),前房放液在裂隙灯显微镜下进行,镊子轻压上方切口后缘,缓慢放出少量房水,即可见角膜上皮水肿明显减轻或消失。结果29眼1次放液后眼压未再升高,角膜上皮水肿消失,其余2眼为后囊膜破裂患者,1眼术后第1d、2d2次放液后眼压恢复正常,1眼术后第1d、2d2次放液联合降眼压药物治疗,于术后5d眼压恢复正常。结论前房放液是治疗白内障术后早期高眼压合并角膜上皮水肿的理想方法。     

超声乳化人工晶状体植入术后眼压的观察

目的探讨晶状体超声乳化人工晶状体植入术后早期的眼压变化及术中、术后用药对术后早期的眼压变化影响。方法本组病例均为我院行晶状体超声乳化白内障吸出人工晶状体植入术的住院患者,60例,分4组进行研究。对4组病例于术前、术后2h、4h6、h、8h、10h、12h1、4h2、4h及36h进行眼压测量,并进行组间对比。结果晶状体超声乳化白内障吸出人工晶状体植入术后早期眼压有不同程度升高,术中用缩瞳剂可使术后眼压下降,但仍明显高于术前;术后用醋氮酰胺也可使眼压下降。但在用缩瞳剂后,醋氮酰胺降眼压作用被缩瞳剂的作用所掩盖。术后早期(2小时后)眼压升高,于12小时达高峰,以后眼压逐渐下降,24~36小时已降至术前水平。结论晶状体超声乳化的白内障吸出人工晶状体植入术时术中应使用小量缩瞳剂,术后口服醋氮酰胺,这样可以有效的控制术后眼压。     

超声乳化白内障吸除术对不伴青光眼剥脱综合征患者眼压的影响

目的:评价白内障超声乳化吸除术对不伴青光眼的剥脱综合征(exfoliation syndrome,XFS)患者眼压(IOP)的影响。方法:接受白内障超声乳化吸除术的不伴青光眼的剥脱综合征患者36例(38眼),不伴有剥脱综合征的白内障患者76例(76眼)。透明角膜切口白内障超声乳化吸除联合折叠人工晶状体植入,术后随访6~12mo,观察术后眼压的变化。结果:XFS组与Non-XFS组术前眼压分别为16.79±2.78mmHg,15.67±2.98mmHg(P>0.05)。XFS组术后1d;1wk;1,6,12mo眼压分别为16.32±3.26,13.59±3.55,13.24±2.38,14.53±2.27,15.10±2.09mmHg。Non-XFS组术后1d;1wk;1,6,12mo眼压分别为16.15±3.12,14.48±2.48,14.35±2.18,15.05±2.17,15.21±2.42mmHg。与手术前相比,术后1wk;1,6moXFS组患者眼压的下降程度较非XFS组的患者大(P<0.05)。术后12个mo,XFS组患者眼压仍较术前低,对照组患者眼压逐渐回到术前水平。结论:不伴青光眼的XFS患者超声乳化白内障吸出术后眼压较手术前明显下降,其下降程度大于非XFS患者。     

A four‐year prospective study on intraocular pressure in relation to phacoemulsification cataract surgery

Aim of study: To follow up prospectively the intraocular pressure (IOP) of healthy eyes with senile cataract undergoing phacoemulsification surgery over a duration of 4 years. Patients and methods: Thirty‐five patients entering first eye cataract surgery had IOP measured by applanation tonometry pre‐operatively and on day 1, at 1 month, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years and 4 years after surgery at 9 a.m. and again at 2 p.m. in the Department of Ophthalmology, Oulu University Hospital. Thirty‐four patients attended the 1‐year checkup, and the 2‐ and 4‐year results are available for 31. Results: The pre‐operative IOP was 16.0 (SD 4.3, range 6–25) mmHg in the morning and 16.4 (SD 4.0, range 8–25.5) mmHg in the afternoon. On the first postoperative day, the IOP was 2.1 ± 5.6 mmHg higher than before surgery (p = 0.029). At 1 month, the IOP morning measurement had decreased 2.8 ± 3.6 mmHg, and in the afternoon, the decrease was 3.0 ± 2.7 mmHg from the pre‐operative level. At 6 months, the decrease was 3.3 ± 2.7 mmHg in the morning and 3.6 ± 2.7 mmHg in the afternoon, at 1 year, 3.2 ± 3.0 mmHg and 3.5 ± 3.2 mmHg, at 2 years, 3.2 ± 2.4 mmHg and 3.1 ± 2.8 mmHg, and at the 4‐year postoperative checkup, 3.6 ± 3.4 mmHg and 3.6 ± 2.7 mmHg, respectively (p = 0.000 for all time‐points). Conclusions: IOP decreases by about 3 mmHg (16–23% from the pre‐operative IOP level) after phacoemulsification and remains at this reduced level with no trend towards an increase during 4 years.     

Medical control of intraocular pressure with brinzolamide 1% after phacoemulsification

Background: To compare the effectiveness of only 1 drop of topical brinzolamide 1% with dosing every 12 hours and with no ocular hypotensive medication following clear corneal phacoemulsification surgery.Methods: This prospective, randomized, double-blind study was composed of 60 eyes of 60 patients who underwent uneventful clear corneal phacoemulsification surgery under topical anesthesia. There were no intraoperative complications. Eyes were randomized to receive only 1 drop of topical brinzolamide 1% immediately after surgery, 1 drop of brinzolamide 1% every 12 (q12h) hours starting immediately after speculum removal, or no ocular hypotensive medication (control group). Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured preoperatively and at 4 to 6 hours and 18 to 24 hours postoperatively by a Perkins tonometer.Results: Preoperative IOP was not significantly different among the 3 groups. IOPs of both the brinzolamide 1 drop group (p = 0.000) and the brinzolamide q12h group (p = 0.001) were significantly lower than those of the control group at 4 to 6 hours postoperatively. The same result was observed at 18 to 24 hours postoperatively in the brinzolamide q12h group (p = 0.001) but not the brinzolamide 1 drop group (p = 0.489). The brinzolamide q12h group had significantly lower IOP compared with the brinzolamide 1 drop group (p = 0.000) at 18 to 24 hours postoperatively. None of the eyes in the medication groups, but 1 eye (5%) in the control group, had postoperative IOP elevation ≥30 mm Hg at 4 to 6 hours; such an elevation was not encountered at postoperative 18 to 24 hours. Preoperative to postoperative IOP increase of >5 mm Hg at 4 to 6 hours postoperatively was seen in 4 (20%), 4 (20%), and 14 (70%) eyes in the brinzolamide 1 drop group, the brinzolamide q12h group, and the control group, respectively.Interpretation: The current study reveals that 1 drop of brinzolamide 1% is sufficient to control IOP within the first 4 to 6 hours following uneventful phacoemulsification, whereas 12-hour dosing is necessary for prolonged control of IOP.