太子参多糖提取工艺的研究

目的 筛选太子参多糖提取优化的最佳工艺.方法 以太子参多糖为工艺筛选指标,采用正交实验设计方法筛选最佳水性工艺极其提取条件.结果 通过正交试验验证最佳水性浸提工艺组合是A1B3C3,即最佳工艺条件为料液比1∶30、提取时间150min、温度90℃.结论 采用该提取工艺,太子参多糖提取率得到提高.     

水提-醇沉法提取大黄多糖工艺优化研究

目的确定大黄多糖的最佳提取条件。方法以大黄多糖的含量为指标,以提取温度、提取时间、提取次数、料液比为因素,利用正交试验法进行试验设计,对传统水提一醇沉法提取大黄多糖的工艺进行优化研究。结果大黄粗多糖得率最高的提取条件是：提取时间3h,提取温度95℃,料液比1：30;大黄粗多糖纯度最高的条件是：提取时间1h,提取温度95℃,料液比1：10;乙醇沉淀大黄多糖的最佳浓度是80％。结论本方法实验结果可作为提取大黄多糖的工艺制定的依据。     

正交试验优化超声法提取北苍术多糖的工艺研究

目的优化北苍术多糖的超声提取工艺。方法利用超声波提取北苍术根茎中的多糖,以提取物得率和多糖提取率为指标,在单因素试验的基础上,采用4个因素(超声时间、料液比、超声温度、乙醇用量)3个水平的L9(34)正交试验优选超声提取工艺条件,并采用苯酚–浓硫酸法测定多糖。结果北苍术多糖的最佳提取工艺条件为:料液比1∶20、提取温度60℃、超声提取40min、浓缩后加入4倍量乙醇进行醇沉。在该实验条件下,苍术水提物得率为23.16%,多糖提取率为11.23%。结论超声法提取苍术中多糖简便快捷,多糖提取率高,为北苍术多糖的开发利用提供了参考。     

黑龙江林蛙卵多糖提取工艺研究

目的:研究黑龙江林蛙卵多糖的提取工艺条件。方法:采用超声法提取黑龙江林蛙卵中的粗多糖,考察了超声时间、料液比、超声前加热时间、超声温度4个因素对蛙卵中粗多糖含量的影响,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定了提取的最佳工艺条件。结果:最佳提取工艺条件为:超声时间10min,液料比40mL/g,超声前加热时间50min,超声温度68℃。结论:该方法操作简单,提取率高,重现性好,对进一步的工艺开发有较好的的参考价值。     

均匀设计法优化附子中多糖的超声提取工艺

目的:优化超声法提取附子中多糖的工艺。方法:采用均匀设计法,考察液料比、超声时间、超声温度对附子多糖提取率的影响,进行验证试验并与常规煎煮法结果比较。结果:优化的超声提取工艺为液料比10 mL/g、超声时间34 min、超声温度73℃;验证试验中多糖提取率为19.05%(RSD=0.60%,n=3),与预测值(19.44%)的相对误差为2.0%,提取率高于煎煮法的16.42%。结论:优化的超声提取工艺简单、快速、稳定,且提取率较高,适用于附子中多糖的提取。     

茯苓多糖的提取及其分子量测定

目的：优化茯苓多糖的提取工艺,测定茯苓多糖分子量及其分布。方法：采用正交试验设计对影响茯苓多糖提取的因素(超声时间、料液比、提取温度、提取时间)进行优化;以葡萄糖作标曲通过苯酚硫酸法测定茯苓多糖的含量;高效尺寸排阻色谱-多角度激光光散射-示差折光联用(HPSEC-MALLS-RI)测定其分子量及其分布。 结果：茯苓多糖的最佳提取工艺为超声时间30min,液料比1：50,提取温度100℃,提取时间4h;茯苓多糖含量为93.5%;测得茯苓多糖组分A的重均分子量为4.671×106(±1.003%)Da,组分B的重均分子量为6.144×104(±2.466%)Da。     

败酱草多糖的提取工艺研究

为了探讨败酱草多糖的最佳提取工艺条件,采用苯酚-硫酸法法测定多糖的含量,以多糖得率为试验指标,对影响多糖提取率的料液比、温度、提取时间、提取次数等因素分别进行单因素试验,在单因素试验的基础上,进行L9(34)正交试验,通过极差分析得出败酱草多糖的最佳提取工艺条件.结果表明,影响败酱草多糖提取率的最主要因素是温度,败酱草多糖的最佳提取工艺条件为温度90℃、料液比1∶20、时间3h、提取次数3 次,在此工艺条件下,提取败酱草多糖得率为3.781%.     

星点设计-响应面法优化超声波提取槐米多糖的工艺

目的：利用星点设计-响应面法优化槐米多糖的提取工艺。方法：采用超声波辅助技术提取槐米多糖,用星点设计-响应面法研究了液料比、提取时间和提取温度对提取槐米多糖的影响。结果：超声提取槐米多糖的最佳工艺为：液料比30.00ml·g-1,提取时间42.60 min,提取温度65.78℃,以此工艺条件得多糖提取率为5.11%,且表现稳定。结论：星点设计-响应面法用于优化槐米多糖提取工艺具有简便合理、可靠的特点。     

芦笋食用部分和废弃部分多糖成分的研究

目的 优化芦笋多糖提取工艺,比较芦笋不同部位多糖含量,为芦笋工业化生产以及合理利用提供理论依据。方法 以多糖提取率为指标,对多糖进行超声提取,采用单因素和正交试验,分析乙醇浓度、料液比、提取时间、提取温度对多糖提取率的影响,从而得到最佳提取工艺。结果 正交试验结果 表明,芦笋食用部分最佳提取工艺:乙醇浓度为10%,料液比为1∶15,提取时间为2 h,温度为30℃。各因素影响次序为乙醇浓度>提取温度>料液比>提取时间。废弃部分最佳提取工艺:乙醇浓度为40%,料液比为1∶20,提取时间为2.5 h,温度为30℃。各因素影响次序为乙醇浓度>提取温度>提取时间>料液比。结论 经SPSS软件进行独立样本t检验,得知芦笋食用与废弃部分粗提物中多糖的含量差异较大,需待进一步进行研究。     

响应面优化香菇多糖超声波辅助热水浸提工艺

目的研究香菇多糖超声波辅助热水浸提的最佳工艺。方法采用响应面优化法对香菇多糖超声波辅助热水浸提工艺进行条件优化,以料液比、超声功率、超声时间和超声温度为影响因素,在单因素实验的基础上,应用Box-Behnken中心组合实验方案进行四因素三水平实验设计,以多糖得率为响应值进行响应面分析。结果最佳工艺为：料液比为1：34．6,超声功率为97W,超声时间为41．3min,超声温度为81．2℃,在此条件下多糖得率为8．49％。结论此工艺合理可行,适用于香菇多糖的提取。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.