常规与后加速超分割及常规加腔内照射治疗食管癌的远期疗效

目的　观察和比较常规分割、后程加速超分割及常规分割加腔内照射三种方式治疗局部中晚期食管癌的疗效及放射反应。方法　对 111例局部中晚期食管癌首治病例进行前瞻性随机分组研究。常规分割照射组 (常规组 ) 4 0例 :2 .0Gy/次 ,1次 /d ,5d/周 ,共 6 0Gy,30分次 ,6周完成。后程加速超分割组 (后超组 ) 4 1例 :前 3周常规分割 ,30Gy ,15分次 ,3周完成 ;后 2周加速超分割照射 ,1.5Gy/次 ,2次 /d ,5d/周 ,共 30Gy ,2 0分次 ,2周完成。常规外照射加腔内照射组 (腔内组 ) 30例 :常规外照射达 34～ 36Gy时与腔内照射同期进行 (腔内照射当天停外照射 1次 ) ,腔内照射 5 .0Gy/次 ,1次 /周 ,共 2次 ,外照射总量为 5 0Gy。结果　常规组和后超组及腔内组的 1、3、5年生存率分别为 5 7.5 %、2 2 .5 %、14 .1%和 5 7.5 %、2 9.3%、2 4 .4 %及 5 3.3%、2 6 .7%、2 3.3% ,急性放射性食管炎的发生率分别为 2 2 .5 %和 4 1.5 %及 5 0 .0 % ,出血、穿孔的发生率分别为 7.7%和 7.3%及 16 .7%。结论　虽然后程加速超分割放射治疗有提高生存率的趋势 ,但与常规分割照射组及常规外照射加腔内放射治疗组的生存率差异无显著性意义 ,但其是否在治疗中晚期食管癌方面占有绝对优势尚有待大样本前瞻性随机临床研究和长期观察     

后程加速超分割放疗和常规分割加腔内放疗食管癌的回顾性分析

目的 回顾分析和比较后程加速超分割放疗（后超组）与常规分割＋腔内放疗（腔内组）食管癌的疗效.方法 对1994年5月至1999年11月间4个小样本前瞻性研究的后超组（135例）和腔内组（130例）治疗食管癌的病例进行分析比较.后超组前3周常规分割照射3000cGy（分15次3周完成）,后2周采用加速超分割照射3000 cGy（分20次2周完成;150 cGy/次,2次/d,2次相隔6 h,5d/周）.腔内组常规分割照射5000 cGy（分25次5周完成）＋腔内照射1000 cGy（分2次）.结果 后超组和腔内组1、3、5年总生存率分别为61.8%、27.9%、19.9%和53.5%、25.2%、18.4%（P＞0.05）.后超组和腔内组急性放射性食管炎的发生率分别为61.5%和57.0%（P=0.235）,且RTOG分级3级食管炎比较两组差异也无统计学意义.结论 两种放疗方式食管癌的生存率无明显差别,但后程加速超分割技术操作方便,易于在临床中实施.     

前程超分割加后程加速超分割放射治疗食管癌的临床观察

目的观察前程超分割、后程加速超分割放射治疗食管癌的临床效果.方法前程超分割每次DT 110 cGy,2次/d,5 d/周,30～40 Gy/2.5～3.5周;后程加速超分割DT 145～150 cGy/次,2次/d,5 d/周,至总量DT 60～70 Gy/4.5～5周,两次照射间隔时间≥6 h.行常规分割放疗者设为对照组.结果前程超分割加后程加速超分割组与常规分割组的有效率及1年生存率分别为83.8%、70.9%和70.0%、46.7%,两组比较差异有显著性(P＜0.05).前程超分割加后程加速超分割组放射性食管炎较对照组重,但能耐受.结论前程超分割加后程加速超分割放射治疗食管癌,与常规放疗相比,疗程短、疗效高,可显著提高食管癌局部控制率和1年生存率.     

外照射同期配合腔内近距离照射治疗中晚期食管癌疗效观察

目的:观察外照射同期配合腔内放疗治疗中晚期食管癌的疗效及不良反应.方法:160例食管癌患者随机分为外照射加腔内放疗组(治疗组)80例、单纯外照射组(对照组)80例.治疗组:外照射开始同期腔内照射,每周先外照射4次,1.8-2Gy/次,后腔内照射1次,5Gy/次,共4-5次,腔内照射当天不做外照射;对照组:采用常规分割单纯外照射,1.8-2Gy/次,5次/周.结果:两组的1、2和3年生存率分别为88.8%、61.3%、30.0%和57.5%、45.0%、23.8%,1、2年生存率两组有统计学差异(P＜0.05).治疗组和对照组急性放射性食管炎的发生率分别为33.8%(27/80)和18.8%(15/80)(P＜0.05),但Ⅲ级及以上的食管炎发生率相当,晚期并发症无增加.结论:外照射同期加腔内照射治疗食管癌疗效优于单纯外照射.此方法对控制原发灶、减少复发和转移、提高生存率有一定临床意义.     

外照射配合^252锎中子射线腔内照射治疗食管癌的临床观察

目的观察外照射与252锎中子射线内照射结合治疗食管癌的疗效及不良反应。方法对50例局部中晚期食管癌初治患者进行前瞻性随机分组研究。大分割组：外照射40 Gy后,开始内外照射同期进行,每周六加一次内照射,内照射5 Gy/次,1次/周,共10 Gy/2次;小分割组：外照射30 Gy后,即开始内外照射同期进行,每次3.5 Gy,1次/周,共10.5 Gy/3次。两组外照射总量均为50 Gy,均采用常规分割照射,2 Gy/次,1次/日,5次/周。结果大、小分割组1、3、5年局控率分别为72.73%、58.18%、48.48%和77.52%、46.96%、41.74%（P=0.622）,1、3、5年生存率分别为81.82%、40.91%、27.27%和75.00%、32.14%、28.57%（P=0.92）;大、小分割组急性放射性食管炎发生率分别为90.90%和92.90%（P=0.80）,晚期放射性食管炎发生率分别为81.80%和50.00%（P=0.02）。结论两组局控率及生存率相当,但大分割组晚期放射性食管炎发生率明显高于小分割组。     

78例食管癌后程加速超分割放射治疗的临床研究

目的　评价后程加速超分割放射治疗食管癌的疗效。方法　自 1990年 3月至 1993年 2月对 78例食管癌病人进行了临床研究 ,随机分为两组 :常规照射组 39例 ,2 Gy/次 ,5次 /周 ,总量 6 0 Gy/ 6周 ;后程加速超分割组 39例 ,前 3周同常规组 ,共 30 Gy/ 3周 ,第 4周起 ,1.5 Gy/次 ,日 2次 ,间隔 6小时 ,照射量为 30 Gy/ 2周 ,总照射量为 6 0 Gy/ 5周。结果　后程加速超分割组局控率 97% ,常规照射组 92 % ;1、3、5年生存率分别为 85 %、49%、33%及 6 0 %、2 3%、15 % ;放射反应略高于常规照射组。结论　后程加速超分割照射能提高食管癌病人的 1、3、5年生存率     

后程加速超分割放射治疗食管癌的疗效观察

目的观察食管癌后程加速超分割放射治疗的疗效.方法自1994年12月至1996年12月收治61例食管癌病人,随机分为常规分割照射组(30例)、后程加速超分割照射组(31例).60Co或10MV-X线三野照射.常规分割照射:2Gy/次,5次/周.总剂量66Gy/6.5周.后程加速超分割照射:前四周同常规分割照射组,并40Gy/4周.第五周起缩野,每次1.3Gy,每日二次,间隔4～6小时,照射26Gy/2周,总剂量66Gy/6周.结果1、2、3年生存率后程加速超分割组为77.4%(24/31)、54.8%(17/31)、45.2%(14/31)、常规分割组为53.3%(16/30)、33.3%(10/30)、20%(6/30).后程加速超分割组明显好于常规分割组(P＜0.05).后程加速超分割组急性放射反应略重于常规分割组,但可耐受,不必中断放谢治疗.结论后程加速超分割放疗食管癌能明显提高病人1、2、3年生存率.     

外照射同期配合腔内近距离照射治疗中晚期食管癌疗效观察

目的：观察外照射同期配合腔内放疗治疗中晚期食管癌的疗效及不良反应。方法：160例食管癌患者随机分为外照射加腔内放疗组（治疗组）80例、单纯外照射组（对照组）80例。治疗组：外照射开始同期腔内照射,每周先外照射4次,1．8—2Gy／次,后腔内照射1次,5Gy／次,共4—5次,腔内照射当天不做外照射;对照组：采用常规分割单纯外照射,1．8—2Gy／次,5次／周。结果：两组的1、2和3年生存率分别为88．8％、61．3％、30．0％和57．5％、45．0％、23．8％,1、2年生存率两组有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。治疗组和对照组急性放射性食管炎的发生率分别为33．8％（27／80）和18．8％（15／80）（P〈0．05）,但Ⅲ级及以上的食管炎发生率相当,晚期并发症无增加。结论：外照射同期加腔内照射治疗食管癌疗效优于单纯外照射。此方法对控制原发灶、减少复发和转移、提高生存率有一定临床意义。     

10MV—X线体外照射加腔内~(137)Cs治疗食管癌临床观察——附200例分析

我院从1982年12月至1986年9月应用10MV—X线外照射加腔内~(137)C_s治疗食管癌100例,与同期采用10MV—X线单纯外照射治疗的食管癌100例作对照,临床分析如下。 治疗方法:外照射采用10MV X线三野等中心照射。单纯外照射组剂量7000cGy/7周;外照射加腔内组5000cGy/5周(其中有13例达6000cGy/6周)。腔内照射应用Gynetron后装机,粘膜下0.5cm处剂量分     

外照射加锎-252中子腔内照射治疗70例食管癌

目的:观察外照射加锎-252(252Cf)中子腔内照射治疗食管癌的疗效。方法:70例食管癌患者每周接受一次252Cf中子腔内照射,4Gy/次,总剂量16Gy/4周;中子治疗开始后第二天接受60Co外照射,4次/周,总剂量50~56Gy。结果:①近期疗效:CR87.1%,PR11.5%,NR1.4%;②1年生存率75.7%,2年生存率51.4%,3年生存率22.9%;③并发症发生率:放射性食管炎48.6%,食管溃疡7.1%,食管狭窄25.7%,食管瘘2.9%。结论:外照射加252Cf中子腔内照射治疗食管癌的近期疗效及1年、3年生存率与外照射结合192Ir腔内放疗相近,可能具有一定的应用前景。     

Tobacco, alcohol, diet, occupation, and carcinoma of the esophagus

Information on occupation, smoking, food and beverage consumption, and medical history were compared between 275 incident cases of carcinoma of the esophagus and 275 neighborhood controls who were matched to the cases on age (within 5 years), race, and sex. Tobacco use, mainly cigarette smoking, was a significant risk factor for carcinoma of the esophagus. Ex-smokers of cigarettes showed a reduced risk relative to those who continued to smoke, and current smokers of two or more packs per day displayed a higher risk than those who smoked less. Alcohol consumption was another significant risk factor for carcinoma of the esophagus; there was a highly significant trend with average daily dose of ethanol. Relative to controls, cases also consumed significantly more fried bacon or ham, less fresh fruits and raw vegetables, and were more likely to prefer white than whole grain bread. Finally, there was a significant association between carcinoma of the esophagus and long-term occupational exposure to metal dust; this association was largely confined to the lower one-third section of the esophagus.     

Age,Race, Sex,Stage, and Incidence of Cutaneous Lymphoma

BackgroundThe incidence of the T- and B-cell CLs has been well documented, but information pertaining to racial incidence by age, and by burden of disease (stage) have not been extensively documented.Materials and MethodsThe SEER 2004-2008 public use database was investigated. The relative incidence of CL in different races and age groups was examined. Univariate and multivariate stepwise logistic regression was performed for the likelihood of presenting at a higher stage.ResultsOf 4496 patients diagnosed with CL between 2004 and 2008; 1713 patients were diagnosed with MF, 1518 with non-MF cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, and 1265 patients with cutaneous B-cell lymphoma. For MF, there was a trend for females to be less likely to present with a higher T-stage (T3-T4) than males (odds ratio [OR], 0.73) on multivariate analysis (P = .06). For race, AA had a significantly increased risk of presenting with higher T-stage (T3-T4) MF (OR, 1.72) on multivariate analysis (P = .02), compared with white patients. For white, AA, Asian/Pacific Islander, and Native American/other/unknown, the mean age at diagnosis was 59.2, 51.5, 51.3, and 53.8. These groups presented at a significantly different age than white (P = .0001, 0.0001, and 0.0006).ConclusionNonwhite racial groups present with MF at an earlier age compared with white, and AA have increased risk of presenting with higher T-stage compared with white. These findings have significant implications regarding need for earlier diagnosis and understanding the reasons for racial disparity in age and stage of presentation.     

Fat, fiber, fruits, vegetables, and risk of colorectal adenomas

A case-control study was conducted at the National Naval Medical Center (Maryland, USA) from 1994 to 1996 to investigate the possible association between dietary factors and colorectal adenomas. Cases (n = 239) were subjects diagnosed with adenomas (146 new and 93 recurrent) by sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy. Those with no evidence of adenomas found by sigmoidoscopy were recruited as controls (n = 228). Dietary variables, assessed by a 100-item food frequency questionnaire, were analyzed by the logistic regression model, which was adjusted for age, gender and total energy intake. Variables of fat intake were further adjusted for red meat intake. An increased risk of 7% [odds ratio (OR): 1.07; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.94-1.22] per 5% energy/day from total fat was observed. Every additional 5% unit of oleic acid intake/day significantly increased the adenoma risk by 115% (OR: 2.15; 95% CI: 1.05-4.39). Red meat fat increased the risk by 20% (OR: 1.20; 95% CI: 0.71-2.04), and white meat fat decreased the risk by 67% (OR: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.19-0.95) for every additional 5% unit of respective intake/day. Risk decreased by 41% (OR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.41-0.86) for every additional 5% unit of fiber intake/day. Vegetable [OR per 100 g of vegetable intake/day: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.67-1.04] and fruit (OR per 100 g of fruit intake/day: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.82-1.03) intake showed an inverse association, and the results are suggestive of an association with the risk for adenomas. In conclusion, a strong positive association between oleic acid intake and colorectal adenoma risk was observed. This is likely to be an indicator of "unhealthy" food (meat, dairy, margarine, mayonnaise, sweet baked food) consumption in this population. Increased intake of dietary fiber was associated with a moderately decreased risk of adenomas.     

Susceptibility of Ureaplasma urealyticum to Tetracycline,Doxycycline, Erythromycin,Roxithromycin, Clarithromycin,Azithromycin, Levofloxacin and Moxifloxacin

Abstract

The in vitro activity of tetracycline, doxycycline, erythromycin, roxithromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin was tested against 63 clinical isolates of Ureaplasma urealyticum. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and the minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were determined by the broth microdilution method in A7 medium. The miC50 and miC90 of the tested agents after 24 h of incubation were as follows: Tetracycline, 0.5 and 2.0 μg/ml; doxycycline, 0.125 and 0.25 μg/ml; erythromycin, 2.0 and 8.0 μg/ml; roxithromycin, 2.0 and 4.0 μg/ml; clarithromycin, 0.25 and 1.0 μg/ml; azithromycin, 2.0 and 4.0 μg/ml; levofloxacin, 1.0 and 2.0 μg/ml; and moxifloxacin, 0.5 and 0.5 μg/ml, respectively. The MIC values after 24 h and 48 h incubation differed by no more than one dilution for all the agents with the exception of doxycycline (two dilution difference for MIC₉₀). Overall, moxifloxacin was the most active agent in vitro against U. Urealyticum, with the narrowest difference between MIC and MBC values, followed closely by levofloxacin. Clarithromycin was the most active macrolide.     

Susceptibility of Ureaplasma urealyticum to tetracycline, doxycycline, erythromycin, roxithromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin

The in vitro activity of tetracycline, doxycycline, erythromycin, roxithromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin was tested against 63 clinical isolates of Ureaplasma urealyticum. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and the minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were determined by the broth microdilution method in A7 medium. The MIC(50) and MIC(90) of the tested agents after 24 h of incubation were as follows: tetracycline, 0.5 and 2.0 μg/ml; doxycycline, 0.125 and 0.25 μg/ml; erythromycin, 2.0 and 8.0 μg/ml; roxithromycin, 2.0 and 4.0 μg/ml; clarithromycin, 0.25 and 1.0 μg/ml; azithromycin, 2.0 and 4.0 μg/ml; levofloxacin, 1.0 and 2.0 μg/ml; and moxifloxacin, 0.5 and 0.5 μg/ml, respectively. The MIC values after 24 h and 48 h incubation differed by no more than one dilution for all the agents with the exception of doxycycline (two dilution difference for MIC(90)). Overall, moxifloxacin was the most active agent in vitro against U. urealyticum, with the narrowest difference between MIC and MBC values, followed closely by levofloxacin. Clarithromycin was the most active macrolide.     

Occurrence,Efficacy, Metabolism,and Toxicity of Triclosan

Triclosan has broad-spectrum anti-microbial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is widely used in personal care products, household items, medical devices, and clinical settings. Due to its extensive use, there is potential for humans in all age groups to receive life-time exposures to triclosan, and, indeed, triclosan has been detected in human tissues and the environment. Data gaps exist regarding the chronic dermal toxicity and carcinogenicity of triclosan, which is needed for the risk assessment of triclosan. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) nominated triclosan to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) for toxicological evaluations. Currently, the NTP is conducting several dermal toxicological studies to determine the carcinogenic potential of triclosan, evaluate its endocrine and developmental-reproductive effects, and investigate the potential UV-induced dermal formation of chlorinated phenols and dioxins of triclosan. This paper reviews data on the human exposure, environmental fate, efficacy of anti-microbial activity, absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination, endocrine disrupting effects, and toxicity of triclosan.     

Histologic features of bladder cancer in Boston,USA, Manchester,UK, and Nagoya,Japan

Histologic characteristics of bladder cancer in Boston, USA, Manchester, UK, and Nagoya, Japan, were evaluated. In each of these areas broadly-based series of cases were assembled during a collaborative case-control study. The present analysis was based on 589 cases in Boston, 484 cases in Manchester, and 241 cases in Nagoya. A single pathologist reviewed a slide of the primary tumor without reference to identifying information or other data. The primary histologic type of nearly all tumors was transitional-cell, and there was little variation in the proportion of transitional-cell tumors among the study areas. Nor was there much variation in the distribution of histologic grade, the proportion of tumors showing submucosal invasion, or the proportion of tumors with a papillary surface. Age at diagnosis was strongly correlated with histologic grade. The proportion of grade III (most malignant) tumors was about twice as high among patients 80 years of age and over as among those aged less than 50. An apparent association between age and submucosal invasion was explained in large part by the relationships of histologic grade to submucosal invasion and to age. Other histologic features had only weak and inconsistent relations with age. None of the features evaluated showed consistent associations with history of cigarettesmoking or with sex.