椎体成形术的并发症分析及预防探讨

目的分析经皮椎体成形术的并发症发生原因并提出有效的预防措施。方法回顾分析51例63椎接受经皮椎体成形术治疗的椎体压缩性骨折患者的资料,其中有11例出现并发症,本文对并发症发生原因、处理方法、预防措施进行了总结。结果 51例患者术后疼痛症状消失或缓解,优良率达98.04%。共11例出现术中及术后并发症,占21.57%。其中术后第6天因肺栓塞死亡1例,穿刺部位血肿1例,误穿椎体1例,椎体周围骨水泥外漏3例,穿刺针道泄漏至皮下1例,穿刺过程中脊髓损伤2例,椎间盘内泄漏2例。结论尽管椎体成形术在实施过程中可能出现一些并发症,但是只要合理掌握手术适应证,提高技术水平,掌握手术技巧,这些并发症是可以避免的。     

经皮椎体成形术并发症的预防及处理

目的探讨预防和处理经皮椎体成形术常见并发症的经验。方法回顾性分析56例接受经皮椎体成形术治疗椎体压缩性骨折（共75个椎体）患者的资料。结果55例患者术后疼痛症状消失或缓解,优良率达98.22%。共21例出现术中及术后并发症,占37.50%;其中骨水泥向椎体外周软组织渗漏、椎旁静脉内渗漏、椎间盘内渗漏各4例,椎管内渗漏及肋骨骨折各1例,其他并发症7例。结论经皮椎体成形术治疗椎体压缩性骨折临床疗效好,同时要重视对并发症的预防和处理。     

椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体骨折的并发症及防治

目的探讨经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体骨折的常见并发症及治疗对策。方法 对2005年10月至2010年6月应用经皮椎体成形术治疗的178例老年骨质疏松性脊柱压缩骨折进行回顾性研究,分析了并发症及治疗对策。结果本组出现并发症25例,其中肺栓塞1例,骨水泥渗漏至椎管内造成神经损伤2例,骨水泥渗漏至椎体旁以及椎间隙7例,骨水泥渗漏至椎旁静脉3例,术后邻近椎体再次骨折2例,术后10例出现发热、腹胀、恶心、呕吐等症状。肺栓塞1例抢救成功后痊愈,1例神经损伤患者术后2 d经保守治疗自行恢复,1例再次行开放手术取出椎管内骨水泥,神经功能部分恢复,其余患者经过制动等治疗后症状缓解。结论 椎体成形手术创伤小,但风险大,肺栓塞和骨水泥渗漏至椎管内造成神经损伤是最严重的并发症,及时、正确的处理可以将并发症降至最低。     

椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的并发症及预防

目的:总结经皮椎体后凸成形术(percutaneous kyphoplasty,PKP)治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折(osteo-porotic vertebral compression fractures,OVCFs)的并发症,探讨其发生原因及预防措施。方法:2003年6月～2009年12月,采用PKP治疗OVCFs患者187例共233个椎体。所有病例术前均无神经根及脊髓受压症状,年龄52~93岁,男31例,女156例。椎体周壁破坏34例47个椎体,椎体周壁无破坏153例186个椎体;手术部位:T5~L5,T10及以下椎体经椎弓根入路,T9及以上椎体经椎弓根旁入路。术后随访2~78个月,平均20.8个月。结果:患者手术均顺利完成。共出现并发症23例,发生率为12.3%。骨水泥渗漏7例共7个椎体,6例未产生临床症状,1例术后疼痛症状加重,口服消炎镇痛药3d后症状缓解;椎体周壁有破坏者和无破坏者骨水泥渗漏的发生率分别为8.5%(4/47)和1.6%(3/186),差异有显著性(P0.05);有骨水泥渗漏患者骨水泥注入量胸椎为4.53±0.31ml,腰椎为6.75±0.42ml,无渗漏者胸椎为3.50±0.40ml,腰椎为5.60±0.60ml,有骨水泥渗漏与无骨水泥渗漏患者骨水泥注入量有显著性差异(P0.05);不同手术入路和手术部位的骨水泥渗漏率无统计学差异(P0.05)。3例术中出现一过性血压降低,紧急处理后30min内恢复正常。2例术后疼痛加重,分别服用消炎镇痛药2d、7d后症状缓解。术后发生低热5例,给予对症处理后体温均恢复正常。随访过程中非手术椎体新发压缩骨折6例,4例经保守治疗,2例行PKP手术后,均恢复日常活动。结论:PKP治疗OVCFs有一定的并发症,骨水泥渗漏仍是主要并发症,严格掌握手术适应证,提高手术技术水平可减少并发症的发生。     

经皮椎体成形术后并发症及防治进展

经皮椎体成形术(percutaneous vertebroplasty，PVP)是一种经皮注射骨水泥的微创放射介入疗法，由Galibert等1984年首先应用于椎体血管瘤的治疗。在CT或X线的引导下，将骨水泥如聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(polymethylmethacrylate，PMMA)用专用注射器注入椎体，起到了增加脊柱强度和稳定性、减轻患者疼痛、缩短卧床时间以及预防椎体再塌陷发生等作用。自从PVP应用临床以来，其适应证不断扩大，目前主要应用于骨质疏松性压缩性骨折、椎体血管瘤和脊柱溶骨性肿瘤的治疗。大样本资料表明，PVP的成功率为80％～100％，并发症发生率为1％～10％。本文就当前PVP术后并发症的发生和防治作一综述。     

经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折并发症原因分析及预防

目的：分析经皮椎体成形术（percutaneous vertebroplasty,PVP）治疗骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩性骨折并发症的原因,并提出防治措施。方法：自2004年5月至2008年6月,采用C形臂X线机透视下经皮椎体成形术204例（286个椎体）,发生并发症56例,其中男18例,女38例;年龄58～93岁,平均72岁。观察其骨水泥渗漏和并发症发生情况。结果：与骨水泥渗漏相关的并发症49例,60个椎体,其中渗漏到椎管内5例,渗漏到神经根管3例,渗漏到椎旁软组织20例,渗漏到相邻椎间盘15例,渗漏到椎旁静脉丛6例。与骨水泥渗漏无关的并发症7例,其中穿刺损伤神经根3例,一过性疼痛加剧2例,一过性血压降低2例。结论：导致并发症发生的主要原因有穿刺椎体的骨皮质不完整,骨水泥本身的毒性,操作技术不规范,不能准确掌握骨水泥注入时机和注入量,术中C形臂X线机透视监测不充分等。预防措施主要有：严格掌握PVP的手术适应证,规范手术操作,术中充分的X线透视监测,准确掌握骨水泥注入时机和注入量,术中心电监护。     

经皮椎体成形术并发症及其防治进展

经皮椎体成形术以其操作方式简单、疗效快且确切、安全性高等优点,很快受到广泛关注和接受,为病理性椎体压缩性骨折的治疗开辟了新天地.但该术式仍存在骨水泥渗漏、肺栓塞、心血管反应等并发症.随着操作技术的成熟及器械的不断改进,近年来报道的并发症发生率较前下降.该文就经皮椎体成形术并发症及防治研究进展作一综述.     

经皮椎体成形术并发症分析

[目的]探讨经皮椎体成形术并发症的发生原因及防治。[方法]自2002年8月～2006年6月共行经皮椎体成形术140例233个椎体,观察术中、术后并发症;随访7～52个月（平均28.4个月）,观察经过处理后的并发症的预后及远期并发症。[结果]140例患者中,61例出现并发症,发生率为43.6%。骨水泥漏45例,其中,12例骨水泥漏出现临床症状需要处理,疼痛加重10例,胸背部及下肢放射痛1例,给予消炎止痛药物口服后3～7d后消失,双下肢软瘫1例,CT提示椎管内骨水泥漏,急诊行椎板减压取出骨水泥,术后经过抗炎、脱水、激素、营养神经、针灸等处理,3个月后恢复行走能力,26个月后,仅仅遗留下肢无力症状;一过性低血压和意识障碍2例,经过补液、吸氧等处理后于术后30～60min恢复;呼吸困难、呛咳和胸部不适3例,拍片未发现明显异常,给予补液、吸氧、抗炎等处理后于3～5d消失;皮下血肿1例,于术后1周消失;术后1～12个月,相邻椎体新发骨折10例,分别进行保守治疗或再次行PVP手术而治愈。[结论]骨水泥漏是PVP最常见的并发症,严格把握适应证和提高手术技巧有助于减少PVP并发症的发生。     

经皮椎体成形术治疗椎体压缩骨折及椎体转移瘤的并发症对比

[目的]探讨经皮椎体成形术(percutaneous vertebroplasty,PVP)治疗胸腰椎体压缩性骨折(osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures,OVCFs)与转移性肿瘤的并发症,分析发生原因及防治对策。[方法]回顾分析本院2005年7月~2014年12月行椎体成形术治疗的240例单节段胸腰椎骨折患者147例,年龄65~92岁,平均(65.4±16.5)岁;转移性肿瘤93例,年龄31~79岁,平均(51.6±14.7)岁。随访6个月~1年,平均8.8个月。记录骨折组与肿瘤组患者手术前后视觉疼痛评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)及并发症情况。[结果]240例椎体成形术患者,共发生并发症72例(30%),其中转移性肿瘤患者41例(44%),压缩性骨折患者31例(21%)。骨折组患者术前、术后1 d、术后1、3个月VAS评分分别为(7.36±1.28)分、(1.37±0.98)分、(2.87±0.48)分、(2.93±0.56)分。肿瘤组患者术前、术后1 d,术后1、3个月VAS评分分别为(7.86±3.35)分、(2.85±0.78)分、(2.88±3.55)分、(4.93±0.89)分。两组术前、术后1 d、术后1个月评分比较差异无统计学意义,术后3个月评分差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。并发症:术中推注骨水泥时一过性血压下降6例;骨水泥渗漏30例;术后发热5例;术后自觉疼痛加重5例;1例胃癌转移性肿瘤患者术后出现昏迷,经查为高钙血症。术后3个月内邻近节段再骨折25例。[结论]对骨折和骨肿瘤应用椎体成形术治疗有一定的并发症。转移性肿瘤患者并发症发生率相对较高。总结经验,提高手术技术能有效降低并发症的发生率。     

经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的并发症及防治

经皮椎体后凸成形术(PKP)治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折已在临床中广泛应用.大量的文献[1-2]对此微创于术及其并发症的预防、治疗进行了报告,但大多样本量偏小,且很多原则性意见或建议重复报道较多,对实际操作中具体的细小问题注意较少,本院从2005年3月～2009年12月收治骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折118例,对154个骨折椎行PKP手术治疗,本义总结了本组患者的并发症,并就一些存具体操作中预防并发症的体会作了详细论述,现报告如下.     

Effects of vertebroplasty for delayed-onset paraplegia caused by vertebral pseudarthrosis

Background  

The effectiveness of percutaneous vertebroplasty for osteoporotic vertebral pseudarthrosis with delayed-onset paraplegia has not been reported. We performed vertebroplasty for such patients and tried to investigate the effectiveness of this surgery.     

Innate immunity-mediated allograft rejection and strategies to prevent it

Experimental and clinical evidence has accumulated in support of the notion that oxidative injuries to allografts induce an adaptive alloimmune response which leads to acute rejection. The link between the initial injury and subsequent rejection is the innate immune system represented by injury-activated donor-derived and recipient-derived dendritic cells which interact with na?ve T cells of the recipient to induce an alloimmune T-cell response. Therefore, time is mature to consider potential therapeutic strategies that are able to suppress events of innate immunity. Such strategies refer to a "time-restricted therapeutic window" that includes treatment of the donor during organ removal and the recipient during allograft reperfusion. Major targets of such treatment include (1) mitigation of the oxidative allograft injury; (2) inhibition of injury-induced activation of complement; (3) inhibition of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated and innate lymphocyte-triggered maturation of dendritic cells; and (4) blockade of innate effector functions. A considerable variety of promising experimental studies about the prevention/inhibition of innate immune events has already been performed, including the successful experimental use of gene silencing methods, eg, using RNA interference technology with the application of small interfering RNA (siRNA). In addition, a few clinical trials with antioxidants (edaravone, SOD-mimetics), complement inhibitors (pexelizumab, TP-10) in patients with acute myocardial infarction, and TLR4 antagonists (TAK-242, E-5564) in patients with sepsis have been performed or are underway. Performance of similar clinical trials in transplant patients with antioxidative drugs, complement inhibitors, and/or TLR4 antagonists is urgently warranted; siRNAs appear to be extremely attractive for investigation in experimental allogeneic transplant models.     

Pulmonary embolism caused by polymethylmethacrylate during percutaneous vertebroplasty in orthopaedic surgery

Vertebroplasty consists of percutaneous injection of acrylic cement--polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)--into a partially collapsed vertebral body in order to obtain pain relief and augment mechanical stability of the vertebral body. Although vertebroplasty is an efficient treatment it is not free of complications. Our present case report describes a woman with pulmonary polymethylmethacrylate embolism during percutaneous vertebroplasty who presented with hypotension, arrhythmia and hypocapnia.     

Use of dextran to prevent intraperitoneal adhesions caused by maize starch powder

Experimental studies in rats demonstrated that maize starch powder used as lubricant in surgical gloves induces intraperitoneal granulomatosis with formation of adhesions. The possible use of dextran 70 to minimize these adhesions was investigated. By grading the formation of adhesions, it was found that dextran given intraperitoneally reduced the extent of adhesions.     

Use of dextran to prevent pericardial adhesions caused by maize starch powder

Maize starch powder, used as lubricant in surgical gloves, was administered into the pericardial cavity of rats and was found to induce granulomatosis with formation of pericardial adhesions. The effect of dextran 70 on the formation of these adhesions was investigated. It was found that intrapericardial dextran reduces the occurrence of pericardial adhesions.     

阶段注射法预防椎体成型术中骨水泥渗漏的实验研究

目的通过离体实验评价两阶段注射法在椎体成型术中对骨水泥渗漏的预防作用。方法50个新鲜绵羊腰椎随机分成实验组及对照组。分别采用两阶段注射法及常规椎体成型方法,在X线透视引导下向椎体内注射总量为3mL的PMMA,模拟临床椎体成型术。实验组首先向椎体后部注射0.5mL的PMMA,待其固化后,再次向椎体内注射2.5mL的PMMA。对照组以常规方法向椎体内注射3mL的PMMA。通过X线及肉眼直视,统计两组骨水泥渗漏的发生率。结果对照组有8例出现骨水泥向椎管内渗漏,而实验组中仅2例,显著低于对照组(P=0.032)。尽管实验组骨水泥总体渗漏发生率56%高于对照组44%,但无统计学差别。结论两阶段注射法可显著降低骨水泥向椎管内方向渗漏的发生率。